Obieg pieniężny na Śląsku we wczesnym średniowieczu: (od X do połowy XII wieku)
Gespeichert in:
| Beteiligte Personen: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polnisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Wrocław
Zakład Narodowy Im. Ossolińskich
2009
|
| Schlagwörter: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017621318&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017621318&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Coin circulation in Silesia from the tenth to the mid-twelfth century |
| Umfang: | 357 S. Ill., Kt. 25 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788361056089 |
Internformat
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| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Coin circulation in Silesia from the tenth to the mid-twelfth century | ||
| 505 | 0 | |a Bibliogr. S. 312 - 320 | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819336799200215040 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | 321
COIN CIRCULATION IN SILESIA FROM THE TENTH
TO THE MID-TWELFTH CENTURY
SUMMARY
Coins from the time before the thirteenth century were found on
103
sites in Silesia.
They came from
61
hoards,
29
graves,
18
settlements and eleven single or uncertain finds.
There were found at least
22,369
coins in total,
99.1
per cent of which came from hoards,
с
0.6
per cent from settlements,
с
0.21
per cent from graves and
с
0.09
per cent came from
single or uncertain finds.
The sites grouped in certain areas. One of them was central Silesia, i.e. the vicinity of
Wroclaw and the area south of this city between the
Bystrzyca,
the Olawa and the
Ślęza
ri¬
vers. Sites grouped also along the
Odra
river basin down to
Bytom Odrzański
in the north.
Another remarkable concentration was placed in the vicinity of
Głogów.
Minor concentra¬
tions surrounded Legnica and
Trzebnica.
Single sites were known from the
Nysa Łużycka
and the
Bóbr
river basins, and from the area close to the Great Poland s southern borderland.
A few finds in the
Opole
Silesia region concentrated in the vicinity of
Opole;
another few
sites were scattered along the
Odra
river, on
Głubczyce
Plateau, and in Upper Silesia.
Medieval coins began to be hoarded no earlier than in the tenth century in Silesia. The
oldest ones were deposited in the first half of the tenth century. The
Sośnica
hoard was hidden
after
954,
dirhams
from
Wszemirów
were deposited after
914.
Also single finds from
Kąty
Wrocławskie
and an unknown location in Silesia
(Śląsk
XII)
were dated to the tenth century.
Finds from no less than fifteen hoards, as well as
Obiszów
settlement, Niemcza cemetery
and
Tyniec Mały
cemetery were dated to the period between
970
and
999·
A single find of
a penny from Wojnowice could also be linked with that period. Most of the finds from the
tenth century were dated to period after
983.
In total, no less than
7,390
coins (c.
33
per
cent) were struck in the tenth century.
The majority of coins (more than
12,471)
was dated to the eleventh century. They
came from
39
hoards, two single finds, thirteen settlements and six cemeteries (at least
twelve items). Coins were hoarded from the very beginning of the eleventh century. The first
ones, from the period between
1000
and
1010,
were found on following sites: Boleslawice,
Bystrzyca, Cienkowice, Lubień, Kowale, Radzików
II,
Śląsk
IV and VI). Coins from the
period between
1025
and
1050
were found on the following sites: Legnica,
Maniów, Sobo-
cisko,
Wszemirów, Ząbkowice, Wińsko, Śląsk
II, X and XL Finds dated to the former part
of the eleventh century came from Opole-Nowa
Wieś Królewska
and
Stary Zamek
(grave
86).
Coins issued after
1060
were found in hoards from
Bałdowice, Chobienia,
the vicinity
of
Jawor
and Legnica (Jawor-okolica, Legnica-okolica), Letnica,
Pęgów, Szlichtyngowa,
Ule-
sie,
Wilków, Wrocław
Albrechtgasse
and
Śląsk
IX, and in graves from
Osiek, Stary Zamek
(grave
83, 59
and
47),
Gliniany
and Sokolniki (grave
25).
Hoards of coins from the turn of
the eleventh century were discovered in
Drożyna, Kębłowice, Śrem,
Sokolniki and
Śląsk II,
and graves from
Stary Zamek
(grave
96)
and
Wrocław, pl. Dominikański.
The majority of coins discovered in settlements and strongholds was dated to the latter
part of the eleventh century or even to the very end
ofthat
period
(Bytom Odrzański, Czeladź
322
Wielka, Milicz, Opole-Ostrówek, Wrocław-Ostrów Tumski),
though the earliest coins were
dated to the former part of the century
(Wrocław-Ostrów
Tumski,
Milicz).
The least numerous group of finds were coins dated to the former part of the twelfth cen¬
tury. They were found in hoards from Smolice and an unknown Silesian location
(Slask XIII),
in graves in
Stary Zamek
(grave
96),
Mokronos
Dolny
and Sokolniki (graves
6
and
23,
there
were Polish pennies of Boleslaus III, Ladislaus II and Boleslaus IV) and single finds of Ladi-
slaus II s pennies from
Żagań,
and coins of the same class from
Czeladź Wielka
and Ryczyn.
A fragment of a Bohemian penny of
Bořivoj
II, excavated on Niemcza cemetery and Polish
Boleslaus Ill s penny found on settlement in
Głogów
could also be linked with that period.
The total weight of each hoard varied substantially. There were small deposits weighing
from
7
g
(Chobienia settlement, Niemcza cemetery) to
26
g
(Obiszów),
but the weight of
the majority of hoards was between
300
and
600
g. There were only nine hoards of weight
exceeding
1
kg
(1-2
kg), for example Niemcza
Łużycka
hoard, the heaviest of them, which
is believed to have weighed a few kilograms. The majority of deposits about which we pos¬
sess reliable information was hoarded in clay vessels covered up with a clay lid, or a stone, or
a wooden or iron basin, or another vessel; the silver was sometimes wrapped in little bags or
scraps of linen cloth or protected with wooden containers which left easily recognizable traits.
The analysis of depositing strategy reveals that hoards containing coins were often hidden in
easily recognizable places, for example on top of the hills, in old kurgans or on stronholds.
They were usually dug in shallowly (not deeper than
30-50
cm), which made it easier to find
them and dig out.
Hoard contents had been changing with time. The oldest hoard from
Sośnica
(t.p.q.
954)
contained only Oriental silver, i.e. intentionally broken
dirhams
and silver lumps. Other
early deposits, dated to the period after
970,
contained broken Islamic and Western-Euro¬
pean coins, raw silver and ornamentations. The percentage of
dirhams
in inventories varied
substantially from
1
per cent
(Gębice)
to more than
99
per cent
(Śląsk
VIII).
Although
present in all hoards,
dirhams
were usually less numerous than Western-European silver
coins, with the exception of
Śląsk
VIII
deposit.
Among the Western-European coins the most numerous were Bavarian and Swabian
pennies (from
с
2.6
per cent in
Radzików
to more than
87
per cent in Karwiany) found in
most hoards. Another important component of the tenth-century hoards are Bohemian pen¬
nies found in six deposits, in which they constitute
3-5
per cent to
83
per cent
(Gębice
hoard)
of the content. Other components of hoards were German pfennigs struck in Cologne, Mainz
and Worms, cross pennies of class I (less than
10
per cent of the content of hoards), scarce
Italian, English, French coins and even ancient Roman denarii or Byzantine miliaresia. They
were relatively frequently accompanied by Danish half-bracteates (up to eight per cent in
Gębice),
cut ornamentations, raw silver, sometimes also blankets. In some deposits from the
time after
985,
pennies of Otto and Adelaide (OAP) become to appear. Although at first not
frequent (as it was in the case of Kotowice,
Śląsk
VIII,
Śląsk
V hoards), OAPs were becoming
more and more popular, as in the case of
Radzików
I (dated to the period after
985)
in which
they constituted as much as
46.4
per cent of the whole content. The percentage of silver
ornamentations and raw silver in inventories was not equal, either; there were finds, in which
non-monetary currency of such class constituted the main part of weight of the whole group
323
(ex.
Radzików
— 72.2
per cent), whereas other finds were almost entirely devoid of such cur¬
rency (ex. Lasowice, where there were only two fragments of ornamentations). In most cases
non-monetary elements constituted a smaller part of the weight of tenth-century Silesian
deposits (jewelry from
0.3
per cent up to
27.7
per cent, raw silver up to
59.9
per cent).
In the former part of the eleventh century, German Imperial pfennigs (struck in various
mints) and cross pennies dominated in the inventories; other Western-European coins were
less common. There began to appear single Polish and Hungarian coins in the hoards from
the period in question. Some ancient Roman denarii, Byzantine coins and cut ornamenta¬
tions, blankets and lupms of raw silver were still encountered in deposits. OAPs were still
fairly common, constituting from
8
per cent
(Maniów)
up to
76.5
per cent
(Lubień)
of the
content
(21
per cent of all coins from this period). Cross pennies of class I and II were also
fairly frequent in the period in question; they were sometimes accompanied by cross pen¬
nies of classes IV, V and VI (the last class appeared no earlier than in the 1020s or 1030s).
Cross pennies represented from
4.2
per cent
(Wińsko)
up to
с
25
per cent
(Wszemirów)
of
inventories. The total percentage of cross pennies in hoards was
с
8
per cent. German coins
were generally not very common in Silesian hoards in the former part of the eleventh century.
These were Bavarian and Swabian pennies (c.
2.6
per cent),
Franconian (c.
2.4
per cent),
Cologne coins and their imitations (c.
1.5
per cent) and less numerous Saxon, Lotharingian
and Frisian coins. German coins were also encountered in cemeteries, on settlements and in
loose finds.
Bohemian coins were another important part of the eleventh-century deposits; they oc¬
curred in eleven hoards in total number of
790
items
(13.3
per cent of all coins), constituting
from
1.03
per cent of content
(Wszemirów)
to
с
26
per cent
(Bystrzyca).
Bohemian pen¬
nies and their imitations were also found by archaeologists in a grave from
Stary Zamek,
on
a stronghold in
Bytom Odrzański
and in
Zawidów
find. During the period in question, Eng¬
lish pennies were still treasured in hoards and eleven inventories contained from several up to
a dozen or so of these coins (the total number was
51
items, which is
с
0.8
per cent). Danish
coins were a little bit more frequent
(65
items in total, which is
с
1.1
per cent) and inven¬
tories contained from a single up to several items of that class.
Radzików
II and
Bystrzyca
hoards contained
10
entirely preserved Danish coins and
32
fragments of such coins.
Dirhams
occurred in seven hoards, most massively in
Bystrzyca
(377.5
g
of fragmentary coins, i.e.
с
24
per cent) and constituted
0,3-31
per cent of the content of the deposits on average.
Among the coins that appeared for the first time were relatively infrequent Hungarian coins
discovered in finds dated to the period after
1037
(hoards from
Maniów, Sobocisko, Śląsk
X,
a grave from
Opole Nowa Wieś Królewska
and a stronghold from
Wrocław-Ostrów Tumski)
and a few Polish pennies of Boleslaus I (deposits from
Maniów
and Sobocisko). There was
one older find containing a Bohemian coin
ofthat
ruler (of Cach
255
class), the deposit from
Bystrzyca,
dated to the period after
1003.
Ancient Roman denarii were found in
4
hoards
and
Romaion miliarensia
were found in three hoards. Coins from Italy, Ireland and France
were similarly rare during this period.
Cut silver jewelery, raw silver lumps or ingots and seldom blankets formed, as in the
previous century, a lesser part of the inventories. Non-monetary components appeared in
11
hoards dated to the eleventh century
(61,1
per cent). Jewelery represented from
5
per cent to
324
20
per cent
(Kowale)
of the whole content and raw silver formed from
2
per cent to
57
per
cent
(Lubień)
of the content.
Cross pennies of V-VIII class were among the most frequent coins in hoards dated to
the latter part of the eleventh century. Hoards from the period in question contained from
one (Wroclaw
Albrechtgasse)
up to several hundred coins of these coins, which constituted
from
18
per cent (Sokolniki) up to
100
per cent
(Bolesławiec, Chobienia, Drożyna, Kębłów,
Letnica,
Śląsk I,
II and IX) of. The frequency of occurrence of certain classes was as follows:
class VI
(50.5
per cent), class V
(24.4
per cent), class
VII
(22.5
per cent), class
VIII (1.6
per
cent) and classes II and IV (c.
1
per cent). German pfennigs from various (mainly Saxon)
mints were also frequently deposited in the period in question. OAPs were still frequent,
although less numerous than in the previous period:
118
coins of this class (c.
1.8
per cent)
appeared in
6
hoards. Other issues came from
Franconian,
Bavarian (c.
0.4
per cent), Frisian,
Lotharingian and Flemish mints, and from the mint in Cologne. Hungarian coins,
155
items
in total (c.
2.4
per cent of all coins), were found in seven hoards that contained from a few up
to a dozen or so of them. Bohemian pennies were found in eight deposits. They appeared less
frequently than in the previous years, reaching the number of
55
items in total (c.
0.85
per
cent). Finds from the latter part of the eleventh century still happened to contain English,
Italian or Dutch coins (the latter only from Ulesie hoard). Polish coins from the this period
were issued during the reign of Boleslaus II and appeared only in four hoards
(Jawor, Śrem,
Wilków,
Wroclaw
Albrechtgasse),
three strongholds
(Bytom Odrzański, Opole-Ostrówek),
three settlements
(Czeladź Wielka, Ryczeń, Świny)
and three graves in
Stary Zamek and
Osiek.
There
was one Boleslaus
I s
penny in
Ulesie
hoard and a Ladislaus Herman s penny.
Some quantity of raw silver in form of lumps or ingots, and cut ornamentations ap¬
peared in approximately
24
per cent of finds from the latter part of the eleventh century.
The only exception was the hoard from Ulesie, treasured after
1061,
since
60
per cent of its
content was raw silver and ornamentations.
A few hoards from the latter part of the eleventh century or the very turn of that cen¬
tury contained cross pennies struck probably in Wroclaw between
1080
and
1100
(CNP
VIII,
no.
1008-1009).
One of them was the deposit from
Kębłowice,
containing also
5
frag¬
ments of
dirhams
and OAPs, and silver ornamentations. The other were:
Śrem
hoard, which
yielded also Boleslaus II s pennies, and
Drożyna
and
Śląsk
II deposits, containing only the
youngest classes of cross pennies. Lastly, cross pennies of class
VIII
were found in a few graves
and on a few settlements from the period in question. Coins dated to the former part of the
twelve century were found only in two hoards: Smolice (deposited after
1140)
and
Śląsk
XIII
(deposited after
1138).
They contained
1980
coins and included mainly coins of Polish dukes
from the reign of Ladislaus I to the reign of Ladislaus II, less numerous cross pennies of V to
VIII
classes, and one Borivoi s penny from Smolice. Polish pennies from the period in ques¬
tion were found only in graves, on settlements or as loose finds. A fragment of Borivoi s coin
was discovered in Niemcza cemetery. In all, finds from that period sum up to no more than
9%
coins analysed in this work.
:
Translated by Adam Degler
|
і
i í
SPIS TREŚCI
Wstąp
..................................................................................................................................................... 7
Wykaz skrótów
................................................................................................................................... 15
CZĘŚĆ I
Inwentarz znalezisk monet
............................................................................................................... 21
CZĘŚĆ
II
1.
Znaleziska monet z
X, XI
i pierwszej polowy
XII
wieku
.................................................... 189
la. Charakterystyka znalezisk monetarnych z
X
wieku
.................................................... 190
lb. Charakterystyka znalezisk monet z I połowy
XI
wieku
............................................. 201
lc. Charakterystyka znalezisk monet z
II
polowy
XI
wieku
............................................ 211
Id. Charakterystyka znalezisk monet z I połowy
XII
wieku (do ok.
1150
r.)
............. 220
2.
Charakterystyka grobów z monetami
(X
-
połowa
XII
wieku)
........................................ 223
Wnioski
................................................................................................................................................ 229
labele
.................................................................................................................................................... 239
Spis tabel i zestawień
......................................................................................................................... 310
Bibliografia
........................................................................................................................................... 312
Summary
................................................................................................................................................ 321
Wykaz stanowisk przedstawionych na mapach
.......................................................................... 325
Mapy
...................................................................................................................................................... 328
Ilustracje
............................................................................................................................................... 333
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Butent-Stefaniak, Barbara Malarczyk, Dorota |
| author_facet | Butent-Stefaniak, Barbara Malarczyk, Dorota |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Butent-Stefaniak, Barbara |
| author_variant | b b s bbs d m dm |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV035565659 |
| contents | Bibliogr. S. 312 - 320 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)316563658 (DE-599)BVBBV035565659 |
| era | Geschichte 900-1150 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 900-1150 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Schlesien (DE-588)4052678-1 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Schlesien |
| id | DE-604.BV035565659 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T13:37:58Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788361056089 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-017621318 |
| oclc_num | 316563658 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 357 S. Ill., Kt. 25 cm |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publishDateSearch | 2009 |
| publishDateSort | 2009 |
| publisher | Zakład Narodowy Im. Ossolińskich |
| record_format | marc |
| spellingShingle | Butent-Stefaniak, Barbara Malarczyk, Dorota Obieg pieniężny na Śląsku we wczesnym średniowieczu (od X do połowy XII wieku) Bibliogr. S. 312 - 320 Münze (DE-588)4040629-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4040629-5 (DE-588)4052678-1 |
| title | Obieg pieniężny na Śląsku we wczesnym średniowieczu (od X do połowy XII wieku) |
| title_auth | Obieg pieniężny na Śląsku we wczesnym średniowieczu (od X do połowy XII wieku) |
| title_exact_search | Obieg pieniężny na Śląsku we wczesnym średniowieczu (od X do połowy XII wieku) |
| title_full | Obieg pieniężny na Śląsku we wczesnym średniowieczu (od X do połowy XII wieku) Barbara Butent-Stefaniak ; Dorota Malarczyk |
| title_fullStr | Obieg pieniężny na Śląsku we wczesnym średniowieczu (od X do połowy XII wieku) Barbara Butent-Stefaniak ; Dorota Malarczyk |
| title_full_unstemmed | Obieg pieniężny na Śląsku we wczesnym średniowieczu (od X do połowy XII wieku) Barbara Butent-Stefaniak ; Dorota Malarczyk |
| title_short | Obieg pieniężny na Śląsku we wczesnym średniowieczu |
| title_sort | obieg pieniezny na slasku we wczesnym sredniowieczu od x do polowy xii wieku |
| title_sub | (od X do połowy XII wieku) |
| topic | Münze (DE-588)4040629-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Münze Schlesien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017621318&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017621318&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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