Physics of solar cells: from basic principles to advanced concepts
Gespeichert in:
| Beteilige Person: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Weinheim
Wiley-VCH
2009
|
| Ausgabe: | 2., updated and expanded ed. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Physics textbook
|
| Schlagwörter: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017153475&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Umfang: | XII, 244 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9783527408573 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Titel: Physics of solar cells
Autor: Würfel, Peter
Jahr: 2009
Contents
List of Symbols IX
Preface XI
1 Problems of the Energy Econorrty ¦ .1
1.1 Energy Economy,- 1. ¦ ,:
1.2 Estimate ofthe Maximum Reserves of Fossil Energy 4
1.3 The Greenhouse Effect 6
1.3.1 Combustion 6;. • ¦¦
1.3.2 The Temperature df the Earth 7 ^
1.4 Problems 9 V
2 Photons 11
2.1 Black-body Radiation 11
2.1.1 Photon Density nY in a Cavity (Planck s Law of Radiation) 12
2.1.2 Energy Current Through an Area dA into the S olid Angle dfl 16
2.1.3 Radiation from a Spherical Surface into the Solid Angle dQ. 19
2.1.4 Radiation from a Surface Element into a Hemisphere
(Stefan-Boltzmann Radiation Law) 20
2.2 Kirchhoffs Law of Radiation for Nonblack Bodies 22
2.2.1 Absorption by Semiconductors 24
2.3 The Solar Spectrum 25
2.3.1 Air Mass 26
2.4 Concentration of the Solar Radiation 28
2.4.1 The Abbe Sine Condition 29
2.4.2 Geometrical Optics 30
2.4.3 Concentration of Radiation Using the Sine Condition 32
2.5 Maximum Efficiency of Solar Energy Conversion 33
2.6 Problems 40
VI I Contents
3 Semiconductors 43
3.1 Electrons in Semiconductors 44
3.1.1 Distribution Function for Electrons 45
3.1.2 Density of States De(ee) for Electrons 45
3.1.3 Density of Electrons 50
3.2 Holes 52
3.3 Doping 55
3.4 Quasi-Fermi Distributions 59
3.4.1 Fermi Energy and Electrochemical Potential 61
3.4.2 Work Function 66
3.5 Generation of Electrons and Holes 67
3.5.1 Absorption of Photons 67
3.5.2 Generation of Electron-Hole Pairs 71
3.6 Recombination of Electrons and Holes 74
3.6.1 Radiative Recombination, Emission of Photons 74
3.6.2 Nonradiative Recombination 77
3.6.3 Lifetimes 87
3.7 Light Emission by Semiconductors 90
3.7.1 Transition Rates and Absorption Coefficient 90
3.8 Problems 95
4 Conversion of Thermal Radiation into Chemical Energy 97
4.1 Maximum Efficiency for the Production of Chemical Energy 100
4.2 Problems 105
5 Conversion of Chemical Energy into Electrical Energy 107
5.1 Transport of Electrons and H oles 107
5.1.1 Field Current 108
5.1.2 Diffusion Current 109
5.1.3 Total Charge Current 111
5.2 Separation of Electrons and Holes 113
5.3 Diffusion Length of Minority Carriers 115
5.4 Dielectric Relaxation 117
5.5 Ambipolar Diffusion 118
5.6 Dember Effect 119
5.7 Mathematical Description 122
5.8 Problems 123
6 Basic Structure of Solar Cells 125
6.1 A Chemical Solar Cell 125
6.2 Basic Mechanisms in Solar Cells 129
6.3 Dye Solar Cell 131
6.4 The pn-Junction 132
Contents I VII
6.4.1 Electrochemical Equilibrium of Electrons in a pn-Junction in the
Dark 133
6.4.2 Potential Distribution across a pn-Junction 134
6.4.3 Current-Voltage Characteristic of the pn-Junction 137
6.5 pn-Junction with Impurity Recombination, Two-diode Model 143
6.6 Heterojunctions 145
6.7 Semiconductor-Metal Contact 148
6.7.1 Schottky Contact 150
6.7.2 MIS Contact 151
6.8 The Role of the Electric Field in Solar Cells 151
6.9 Organic Solar Cells 155
6.9.1 Excitons 156
6.9.2 Structure of Organic Solar Cells 159
6.10 Light Emitting Diodes (LED) 163
6.11 Problems 164
7 Limitations on Energy Conversion in Solar Cells 167
7.1 Maximum Efficiency of Solar Cells 167
7.2 Efficiency of Solar Cells as a Function of Their Energy Gap 170
7.3 The Optimal Silicon Solar Cell 172
7.3.1 Light Trapping 173
7.4 Thin-film Solar Cells 178
7.4.1 Minimal Thickness of a Solar Cell 179
7.5 Equivalent Circuit ISO
7.6 Temperature Dependence of the Open-circuit Voltage 181
7.7 Intensity Dependence of the Efficiency 182
7.8 Efficiencies of the Individual Energy Conversion Processes 183
7.9 Problems 185
8 Concepts for Improving the Efficiency of Solar Cells 187
8.1 Tandem Cells 187
8.1.1 The Electrical Interconnection of Tandem Cells 191
8.2 Concentrator Cells 192
8.3 Thermophotovoltaic Energy Conversion 194
8.4 Impact Ionization 195
8.4.1 Hot Electrons from Impact Ionization 198
8.4.2 Energy Conversion with Hot Electrons and Holes 198
8.5 Two-step Excitation in Three-level Systems 201
8.5.1 Impurity Photovoltaic Effect 202
8.5.2 Up-and Down-conversion of Photons 206
8.6 Problems 209
VIII I Contents
Prospects for the Future 211
Solutions 215
Appendix 235
References 239
Index 241
|
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| discipline | Physik Energietechnik |
| edition | 2., updated and expanded ed. |
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| physical | XII, 244 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2009 |
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| spellingShingle | Würfel, Peter Physics of solar cells from basic principles to advanced concepts Halbleiterphysik (DE-588)4113829-6 gnd Solarzelle (DE-588)4181740-0 gnd Physikalische Eigenschaft (DE-588)4134738-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4113829-6 (DE-588)4181740-0 (DE-588)4134738-9 (DE-588)4123623-3 |
| title | Physics of solar cells from basic principles to advanced concepts |
| title_auth | Physics of solar cells from basic principles to advanced concepts |
| title_exact_search | Physics of solar cells from basic principles to advanced concepts |
| title_full | Physics of solar cells from basic principles to advanced concepts Peter Würfel |
| title_fullStr | Physics of solar cells from basic principles to advanced concepts Peter Würfel |
| title_full_unstemmed | Physics of solar cells from basic principles to advanced concepts Peter Würfel |
| title_short | Physics of solar cells |
| title_sort | physics of solar cells from basic principles to advanced concepts |
| title_sub | from basic principles to advanced concepts |
| topic | Halbleiterphysik (DE-588)4113829-6 gnd Solarzelle (DE-588)4181740-0 gnd Physikalische Eigenschaft (DE-588)4134738-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Halbleiterphysik Solarzelle Physikalische Eigenschaft Lehrbuch |
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| Exemplar 1 | Ausleihbar Am Standort |