Opatowice - Wzgórze Prokopiaka: 3
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| Schriftenreihe: | Studia i Materiały do Badań nad Późnym Neolitem Wysoczyzny Kujawskiej
Studia i Materiały do Badań nad Późnym Neolitem Wysoczyzny Kujawskiej |
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| ISBN: | 9788371773839 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Kośko, Aleksander |d 1948- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)140104313 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Opatowice - Wzgórze Prokopiaka |n 3 |c Aleksander Kośko, Marzena Szmyt |
| 264 | 1 | |a Poznań |b Wydawn. Poznańskie |c 2007 | |
| 300 | |a 413 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 0 | |a Studia i Materiały do Badań nad Późnym Neolitem Wysoczyzny Kujawskiej | |
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| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017008648&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819273932588449792 |
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| adam_text | Spis treści
Aleksander Kosko, Marzena Szmyt, WPROWADZENIE
9
OSADNICTWO PRADZIEJOWE NA STANOWISKU OPATOWICE
42
Rozdział
1.
Aleksander Kosko, Marzena Szmyt, PRZEBIEG BADAŃ NA STANOWISKU OPATOWICE
42 13
Rozdział
2.
Aleksander Kosko, Marzena Szmyt, CHARAKTERYSTYKA JEDNOSTEK STRATYGRAFICZNO-KUL-
TUROWYCH
19
Rozdział
3-
Aleksander Kosko, Marzena Szmyt, REJESTR ŹRÓDEŁ RUCHOMYCH (KULTUROWYCH I PRZY¬
RODNICZYCH)
53
Rozdział
4.
Aleksander Kosko, Agnieszka Przybyi, Marzena Szmyt, CERAMIKA NACZYNIOWA KULTURY PU¬
CHARÓW LEJKOWATYCH
61
Rozdział
5.
Aleksander Kosko, Marzena Szmyt, CERAMIKA NIENACZYNIOWA KULTURY PUCHARÓW LEJ¬
KOWATYCH
247
Rozdział
6.
Marzena Szmyt, CERAMIKA KULTURY AMFOR KULISTYCH
255
Rozdział
7.
Janusz Czebreszuk, CERAMIKA
2 INTERSTADIUM
EPOK NEOLITU I BRĄZU ORAZ Z CZASÓW
PÓŹNIEJSZYCH
275
Rozdział
8.
Aleksander Kosko, Marzena Szmyt, GLINA JAKO SUROWIEC BUDOWLANY
295
Rozdział
9.
Lucyna Domańska, WYTWÓRCZOŚĆ Z KRZEMIENIA
299
Rozdział
10.
Piotr Chachlikowski, PRZETWÓRSTWO I UŻYTKOWANIE SUROWCÓW KAMIENNYCH
315
Rozdział
11.
Jerzy J.
Langer,
Sławomir Pietrzak, Anita Tomaszewska, Magdalena Kamińska, Aleksander Kosko,
Marzena Szmyt, SUBSTANCJE SMOLISTE NA CERAMICE KULTURY PUCHARÓW LEJKOWATYCH
339
Rozdział
12.
Marzena Makowiecka, ZWIERZĘCE SZCZĄTKI KOSTNE
359
Rozdział
13.
Joanna Koszałka, ODCISKI ROŚLIN NA CERAMICE I POLEPIE KULTURY PUCHARÓW LEJKO¬
WATYCH ORAZ KULTURY AMFOR KULISTYCH
363
Rozdział
14.
Tomasz Stępnik, IDENTYFIKACJA TAKSONOMICZNA WĘGLI DRZEWNYCH
371
Rozdział
15.
Aleksander Kosko, Marzena Szmyt, CHRONOLOGIA ABSOLUTNA
375
Rozdział
16.
Aleksander Kosko, Marzena Szmyt, OSADNICTWO PRADZIEJOWE NA STANOWISKU OPATO¬
WICE
42 387
ZAKOŃCZENIE
399
LITERATURA
401
SUMMARY
407
ADRESY AUTORÓW
415
Contents
Aleksander Kosko, Marzena Szmyt,
INTRODUCTION
9
PREHISTORIC SETTLEMENT ON SITE OPATOWICE
42
Chapter
1.
Aleksander Kosko, Marzena
Szmyt, HISTORY OF EXPLORATION OF SITE OPATOWICE
42 13
Chapter
2.
Aleksander Kosko, Marzena
Szmyt, STRATIFICATION PECULIARITY OF THE SITE AND DESCRIP¬
TION OF STRATIGRAPHIC-CULTURAL UNITS
19
Chapter
3.
Aleksander Kosko, Marzena
Szmyt, LIST OF FINDS (CULTURAL AND NATURAL)
53
Chapter
4.
Aleksander Kosko, Agnieszka Przybył, Marzena Szmyt,
VESSEL CERAMICS OF THE FUNNEL BEAKER
CULTURE
61
Chapter
5.
Aleksander Kosko, Marzena
Szmyt, NON-VESSEL CERAMICS OF THE FUNNEL BEAKER CUL¬
TURE
247
Chapter
6.
Marzena
Szmyt, GLOBULAR AMPHORA CULTURE POTTERY
255
Chapter
7.
Janusz Czebreszuk,
POTTERY OF THE NEOLITHIC-BRONZE INTERSTAGE AND LATER
TIMES
275
Chapter
8.
Aleksander Kosko, Marzena
Szmyt, CLAY AS A BUILDING MATERIAL
295
Chapter
9.
Lucyna Domańska,
FLINT ARTIFACTS
299
Chapter
10.
Piotr Chachlikowski,
PROCESSING AND USE OF STONE RAW MATERIAL
315
Chapter
11.
Jerzy
J.
Langer,
Sławomir
Pietrzak, Anita Tomaszewska,
Magdalena Kamińska, Aleksander Kosko,
Marzena Szmyt, TAR
SUBSTANCES ON FUNNEL BEAKER CULTURE POTTERY
339
Chapter
12.
Marzena Makowiecka,
ANIMAL BONE REMAINS
359
Chapter
13.
Joanna
Koszałka,
PLANT IMPRESSIONS ON THE CERAMICS AND DAUB OF THE FUNNEL BEAKER
CULTURE AND THE GLOBULAR AMPHORA CULTURE
363
Chapter
14.
Tomasz Stępnik,
TAXONOMIC
IDENTIFICATION OF CHARCOALS
371
Chapter
15.
Aleksander Kosko, Marzena
Szmyt, ABSOLUTE CHRONOLOGY
375
Chapter
16.
Aleksander Kosko, Marzena
Szmyt, PREHISTORIC SETTLEMENT ON SITE OPATOWICE
42 387
CONCLUSIONS
399
BIBLIOGRAPHY
401
SUMMARY
407
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
415
Studies in and research resources for investigation
of the Late Neolithic on the
Kujawy
Plateau
Opatowice
—
Prokopiak s Mount, volume III
Summary
The present, third in the series, volume of Opatowi¬
ce studies is devoted solely to site Opatowice
42,
one of the richest complexes of sources that have
been recovered on Prokopiak s Mount in Opatowice,
Radzíejőw
district, Kujawy-Pomerania province.
Chapter
1.
History of exploration of site
Opatowice
42
Site Opatowice
42
is located centrally on the eastern
slope of Prokopiak s Mount (Fig.
1.1
and
1.2).
Imme¬
diately after its discovery
(1983),
the site s surface
(1050
sq. m, Fig.
1.3)
was carefully surveyed, while its
excavations covered three seasons between
1985
and
1988
and an area of
570.5
sq. m, i.e. over
50
per cent
of the site. There were dug
26
trenches (I
- XXVI)
of
different sizes (Fig.
1.4).
While exploring a dwelling
feature (feature
21,
see Chapter
2),
since it was ne¬
cessary to uncover it completely, some trenches were
integrated into larger units designated as surface Al¬
pha and surface Beta (Fig.
1.4).
Within the trenches,
103
ground features have been explored (Fig.
1.5;
see
Chapter
2)
and numerous movable finds (see Chap¬
ter
3),
which testify to the presence of Late Mesoli-
thic populations and those of the Funnel Beaker cul¬
ture (FBC), Globular Amphora culture (GAC), Inter¬
stage between the Neolithic and Bronze Age
(INB),
Lusatian
culture, Early and Late Middle Ages and mo¬
dern times. The majority of the finds and ground fe¬
atures are related to FBC settlement.
Chapter
2.
Stratification peculiarity of the
site and description of stratigraphic-cultural
units
At the site, a profile of present-day
podzol
soils was
identified (Table
2.1)
with traces of anthropogenic
transformations and partially preserved older soil
strata (in the form of relics of two sedentary soils; Fig.
2.1 - 2.7).
All features found at the site
(103
in num¬
ber) are of settlement character. These are: a single
dwelling feature,
36
household pits,
60
postholes,
6 -
-7
quarry pits as well as presumed traces of
ploughing and a possible ditch. Their basic morpho-
metric and consistency parameters are presented in
Tables
2.2 - 2.3
and in Figures
2.8 - 2.18.
As a rule, all
the features can be traced to FBC settlement.
A spatial analysis leads to distinguishing seven
functional complexes of features (designated as A
-
-
G; Fig.
2.19).
Complex A (Fig.
2.8)
is made up of the
remains of a dwelling structure: a house with two cel¬
lars located inside. The ground plan of the house (fe¬
ature
21)
resembled an irregular
trapezoid
with roun¬
ded corners whose longer axis ran
N -
S. The dimen¬
sions of the ground plan were as follows: base
S
—
max.
10.5
m, base
N —
max.
6.0
m, side
W
—
max.
11.5
m, side
E
—
max.
8.5
m. The maximum surface
area was about
90
sq. m. Complex
В
(Fig.
2.10)
inclu¬
des remains of another house in the form of a post
structure and its integral elements, namely, internal
and external household pits. This complex had been
largely destroyed by a later house (whose remains
form Complex A) that had been placed in the same
area. Complex
С
(Fig.
2.11)
is made up of postholes
probably marking the course of a fence that may have
been related to Complex B. Complex
D
(Fig.
2.12)
may be reconstructed either as
(DI) an
oval post
structure surrounding an empty space of about
80
sq.
m
or as (D2) a polygonal structure, possibly covered
by a roof, having about
30
sq.
m
and related to a sto¬
ne-working workshop (see Chapter
10).
Complex
E
(Fig.
2.14)
may be interpreted as a pit with an internal
post structure (a roof?). ComplexF (Fig.
2.19)
encom¬
passes six quarry pits located at the northern and so¬
uthern limits of the settled area. Complex
G
(Fig.
2.18)
includes two arrangements of furrow traces
that may testify to cereal cultivation using ploughing
on Prokopiak s Mount.
408
Studia i materiały
do badañ
nad późnym neolitem Wysoczyzny Kujawskiej
At the site, five
stratigraphie
arrangements of fe¬
atures (I-Vj Fig.
2.20)
were observed providing evi¬
dence that the site had been settled in several phases.
The most important are arrangements I and III. The
former marks at least two phases of site settlement by
FBC populations, while the latter indicates at least
four phases of site use differing by function.
Chapter
3.
List of finds (cultural and
natural)
Among finds recorded on the site (Table
3.1),
the
most numerous group is that of pottery
(34,632
frag¬
ments in total weighing
247,544
kg) belonging to
several
taxonomic
units such as FBC
(96.5%),
GAC
(2.7%),
and
INB
(0.796).
Only trace amounts of the
pottery
(0.1%)
belong to later times: to the
Lusatian
culture and to Early and Late Medieval societies or
modern ones. Among other find categories deserving
mention are a fragment of a clay spoon,
30
clay spin¬
dle whorls, flint artifacts
(473
specimens) and stone
ones
(389
pieces), lumps of daub
(208)
and animal
bones
(117
fragments). A number of samples were ta¬
ken from feature fills, which supplied charcoals among
other things. Lab examinations revealed a large num¬
ber of plant impressions on the pottery and daub,
and traces of organic substances on the pottery.
Chapter
4.
Vessel ceramics of the Funnel
Beaker culture
The assemblage of FBC pottery is the most numerous
category of finds at Opatowice
42 (96.5%
of all the
pottery) as it includes
33,420
fragments weighing in
total
241.835
kg. The location of the FBC pottery in
trenches, features and against the background of
other finds is shown in Table
3.1, 4.1
and
4.2.
An ove¬
rall graphic presentation and its detailed versions (on
different levels of exploration) are shown in Figures
4.1.A-4.1.E.
The size of the assemblage must be stressed: the
mean incidence rate at the site is almost
60
fragments
or
0.42
kg by weight per square meter. Even when
compared to other sites on Prokopiak s Mount
(cf.
Kosko
2006;
Kosko, Łuksza
2007)
this is a very high
rate.
The pottery was analyzed in consistency with the
methodology laid out in the first volume of this cycle
(Kosko, Szmyt
2006).
Typological assessments of
technological and stylistic traits are shown in Tables
4.3
and
4.4.
A selection of the pottery is depicted in Fi¬
gures
4.2 - 4.72.
The assemblage of the FBC pottery is not homoge¬
nous. There can be distinguished two subsets that re¬
flect main FBC settlement phases at the site: Op42-A
displaying classical traits and Op42-B showing late
ones.
OP42-A. Classical traits
(Wiórek-Pikutkowo
type;
Fig.
4.74)
were recorded mainly in strata (outside fe¬
atures), with the greatest concentration being located
in the eastern portion of the site. One can find among
them slightly older elements, diagnostic for phase IIIB
(following the FBC periodization in
Kujawy)
as well as
slightly younger ones corresponding to phase IIIB-C.
Consequently, within OP42-A, two
subphases
can be
distinguished: an older one
—
Opéž-Al
and a youn¬
ger one
—
OP42-A2. The case for this distinction,
however, is less strong than that for distinguishing be¬
tween
Op42-A
and OP42-B.
OP42-B, The pottery of the late FBC (Fig.
4.75 -
- 4.77)
dominates in the main concentration of potte¬
ry related to feature
21.
Materials associated with this
phase display both local (Papros type) traits and alien
or exogenous ones:
Wielkopolska (Luboń
type: chie¬
fly impressions of a so called three-strand cord) and
the Baden culture. In the latter case we deal with an
amalgamation of traits of different phases ( Early Ba¬
den and Classical Baden-Late Baden ).
Chapter
5.
Non-vessel ceramics of the Funnel
Beaker culture
Ceramics other than pottery includes a single frag¬
ment of a spoon,
29
clay spindle whorls and one hy¬
pothetical spindle whorl or a miniature wagon wheel
(Table
5.1;
Fig.
5.1 -
5·3).
All the artifacts were made
according to the FBC technology. Spatial proximity
to feature
21
(Fig.
5.4)
justifies associating them pri¬
marily with phase OP42-B.
Chapter
6.
Globular Amphora culture pottery
The remains of settlement by GAC populations on
site Opatowice
42
are limited to an assemblage of
movable finds containing
938
ceramics fragments (to¬
tal weight of
4,023
grams) and at least four artifacts of
banded flint (see Chapter
9).
The GAC pottery was
found in all trenches (Fig.
6.1),
albeit usually in small
amounts, much smaller than those of the FBC potte¬
ry. For the most part, it was recorded on the surface
of the site, in the arable layer and immediately under¬
neath it (Tables
6.1-6.3).
The ceramics assemblage was found to include
37
rims,
14
handles,
17
bottoms, and
38
ornamented
fragments (Fig.
6.2
and
6.3).
The pottery was analyzed
in consistency with the methodology laid out in the
first volume of this cycle
(Kosko,
Szmyt
2006).
The de¬
scription of traits of all stylistically important frag-
Summary
409
ments
is given in Table
6.4.
The combination of tech¬
nological (Table
6.5
and
6.6)
and stylistic (Table
6.7
and
6.8)
traits justifies associating the ceramics in ge¬
neral with the classical horizon of the GAC in
Kujawy,
specifically with phases lib and Ilia (Szmyt
1996).
It
must be stressed that the Opatowice
42
assemblage
displays many similarities (Table
6.9
and
6.10)
to ma¬
terials from Prokopiak s Mount, which represent pha¬
se lib (Opatowice
1 —
stratum subset, rather non-
-homogenous; Szmyt
2007)
and the period of transi¬
tion between phases lib and Ilia (Opatowice
33 —
seasonal/periodic settlement; Szmyt
2006).
The most
plausible explanation is that the GAC pottery assem¬
blage from site Opatowice
42
provides evidence of a
sequence of several
(?)
short settlement episodes
occurring during phases lib and Ilia of the culture in
Kujawy.
They have never, however, brought about
more permanent forms of space use.
Chapter
7.
Pottery of the Neolithic-Bronze
Interstage and later times
The pottery assemblage that can be now linked to
the
INB
consists of
239
badly damaged fragments
whose total weight is
1.581
kg (Table
7.1).
There
were
45
specific fragments recorded among them,
namely
6
handles,
15
bottoms,
28
rims and
25
orna¬
mented fragments (Figs.
7.1 - 7.3).
For the most part,
the fragments were found in the arable layer and im¬
mediately underneath it (Table
7.2).
The technological and stylistic traits of the
INB
po¬
ttery were analyzed in accordance with the standards
laid down in the first volume of this series (Czebre-
szuk, Kosko,
Szmyt
2006).
The results of the analysis
are shown in Tables
7.3
and
7.4.
In the assemblage,
several groups of technological and stylistic traits
were distinguished (Table
7.5)
which can be linked to
a number of cultural traditions.
A small portion of the ceramic materials displays
traits characteristic of the settlement assemblages of
the oldest phase of the Corded Ware culture (CWC),
in
Kujawy
designated as phase CWC1 (Czebreszuk
1996,81 - 86).
The pottery has thick walls; it lacks any
admixture of broken stone but contains sand and
grog as tempering agents. Vessel surface is occasional¬
ly smeared with slip and rarely ornamented with, for
instance, an undulating relief strip modelled with a
finger
(Wellenleiste).
The dates for the oldest CWC in
Kujawy
fit into the early
3rd
millennium
ВС.
The second phase of CWC settlement, coinciding
with the culture s mature stage, may have had a cha¬
racter similar to the previous one. It should be linked
to the majority of pottery containing small and me¬
dium mineral temper and whose ornamentation is li¬
mited to simple cord patterns, finger impressions and
relief strips with such impressions. It is possible too
that the settlement stage is linked to pottery with a
temper of coarse broken stone and ornaments of fin¬
ger impressions. The traits listed are so unequivocal,
however, that the pottery only tentatively can be inc¬
luded in phase CWC3, dated to the middle of the
3rd
millennium
ВС
(Czebreszuk
1996, 104-106).
At the site, there are visible traces of penetration by
the populations of the classic Neman culture. This is
evidenced by a small pottery assemblage bearing orna¬
ments of perforations and stab and drag patterns. It is
not possible to date accurately this settlement episode.
In addition, a small amount of pottery
(35
frag¬
ments in total, weighing
0.105
kg) dating to later pe¬
riods and assigned to: the
Lusatian
culture
(26
frag¬
ments), early Middle Ages
(4
fragments), late Middle
Ages
(1
fragment) and modem times
(4
fragments).
Chapter
8.
Clay as a building material
The number of discovered lumps of daub is
208,
which weigh in total
1,722
g
(Table
8.1-8.2).
They
were dispersed or found in small clusters
(30
cm in
diameter) without forming larger concentrations.
The spread of daub is described in Table
8.1
supple¬
mented by Fig.
8.1.
Most of the collection comes
from layers and only short of
30
per cent
(62
frag¬
ments) were found in the fills of ground features.
The spread of daub is positively correlated with the
spread of FBC pottery, in particular of phase OP42-B.
Chapter
9·
Flint artifacts
Altogether there were
473
flint artifacts found (Tables
9.1 - 9.3),
most of which occurred in the humus lay¬
er, while features yielded
93
specimens, which acco¬
unts for approx.
20
per cent of all the artifacts. The
greatest number of flint artifacts were recorded insi¬
de a large dwelling feature (feature
21)
and in tren¬
ches adjoining it on the east side. A clear majority of
flint artifacts are connected to FBC population settle¬
ment, however, over a dozen Mesolithic and several
GAC ones were distinguished as well.
To the Mesolithic,
19
flint relics were assigned
(Figs.
9.1
and
9.2)
of which
16
had been made of Baltic
erratic flint; in the case of three objects it was not possi¬
ble to identify the material as they were rather badly
burned. They show close analogies to materials from
Opatowice
1
and
33
(Domanska
2006; 2007)
and point
to the seasonal penetration of Prokopiak s Mount by
groups of hunters-gatherers in the Late Mesolithic.
There were also four specimens of banded flint se¬
parated, which were classified as belonging to the
GAC (Pig.
9.5
and
9.7,
Table
9.2).
410
Studia i materiały do badań nad późnym neolitem Wysoczyzny Kujawskiej
The remaining greater part of the assemblage may
be linked to FBC settlement dominant at the site
(Figs.
9.3 - 9.6).
It must be stressed that the flint indu¬
stry of phases Op42-A and OP42-B did not differ signi¬
ficantly. In general, the FBC materials may be descri¬
bed in the following way. Erratic Baltic flint is domi¬
nant (about
72%
of objects). Among imported raw
materials the first place is occupied by so called cho¬
colate flint
(13.3%);
several specimens of Volhynia,
Świedechów
and Jurassic (G variety) flint (Table
9.1)
were recorded too. In the group of tools the most nu¬
merous category was that of retouched flakes.
In the working of the Baltic flint, the flaking and per¬
cussion flaking techniques dominated while the core-
-flaking technique was rare (there is, however, evidence
of its use at the site). Artifacts obtained by flaking and
percussion flaking are of small size (usually below
30
mm). Chocolate flint flakes were at least in part made at
the site. Volhynia flint reached Opatowice
42
as flakes
and flake tools, while Jurassic flint of
G
variety and
Świe-
ciechów
flint were used exclusively for making axes.
Chapter
10.
Processing and use of stone raw
material
The study included
389
stone artifacts that were analy¬
zed using the criteria of raw material, typology, tech¬
nology and function (see Chachlikowski
1994; 1997).
Detailed
pétrographie
and techno-archaeological fin¬
dings are presented in Table
10.1
and
10.2.
The loca¬
tion of all stone finds against the background of site fe¬
atures is shown in Fig.
10.1.
A selection of the most dia-
gnostically valuable finds is illustrated in Figs.
10.2 -10.5.
The results of thorough analyses of stone sources
justify a conclusion that a specialized economic activi¬
ty, namely stone working, was carried out on site Opa¬
towice
42.
The signs of the activity differ radically from
the classic arrangement of post-household sources.
In this case, they represent rather complex forms of
stone-working organization, in particular, as to procu¬
rement and working of the raw material. Amongst the
source evidence of stone working, the best-explored
are stone-working workshops whose relics (clusters of
stone
débitage)
formed zones of site development cle¬
arly set aside in space by FBC communities. Material for
stone working was procured from raw erratic concre¬
tions mined from deposits forming the area under
investigation, that is from immediate neighbourhood.
Chapter
11.
Tar substances on Funnel
Beaker culture pottery
At site Opatowice
42,
a large pottery series was iden¬
tified bearing remains of black tar substances that
upon close examination were found to be materials
of organic origin: colorants/coats and post-produc¬
tion waste (carbon deposits). The series consists of
345
analytical units (in sum
382
potsherds) represen¬
ting the FBC exclusively (Fig.
11.1;
Tables
11.1 - 11.4).
This is the largest assemblage of such sources identi¬
fied so far, and not only on Prokopiak s Mount
(Lan¬
ger,
Pietrzak
2006)
but also on a broader scale (Pie-
trzak
2006).
Physicochemical examinations of
41
samples (Ta¬
ble
11.1;
Figs.
11.2-11.14)
included establishing the
melting point (PHMK apparatus), determining solubili¬
ty in organic solvents of different polarity, in water and
in water solutions of HC1 acid and NaOH base, exami¬
ning under a microscope (P2O polarizing microscope
and Philips
SEM
515
scanning electron microscope),
measuring infrared absorption (FTIR, BrukerlFS 113v)
and using electron paramagnetic resonance
EPR. In
the case of samples soluble in organic solvents advan¬
tage was taken of comparative
Chromatographie
analy¬
sis
(TLC)
using contemporary birch and pine tar stan¬
dards obtained in the Archaeometric Section, Labora¬
tory of Physicochemistry of Materials and Nanotech-
nology, AMU Faculty of Chemistry at
Śrem.
The properties of all the examined substances
show affinities with wood tars, in particular birch tar,
which contain admixtures of mineral materials and
are thermally modified. Substances Sr393 and Sr4l4
have a composite nature: they contain wood tar and
an admixture of minerals. Substances Sr4l5
-
Sr430
are typical heavy fractions of birch tar with a low mine¬
ral content.
At Opatowice
42,
there were several instances en¬
countered of covering the whole surface of a vessel
with tar substances. This may suggest, on the one
hand, the desire of its makers to achieve certain
aesthetic values (black shiny surface) and, on the
other, an attempt to improve its usability, e.g. making
a container more tight, protecting the contents (food,
liquids) against microorganisms or insects ( raw coats
emit insect-repelling odour, which can be removed by
heating when volatile components evaporate).
Chapter
12.
Animal bone remains
The site yielded
117
fine animal bone remains of
which only
19
were positively identified as to their
species (Table
12.1).
Among them, there were
14
bone fragments of cattle and
5
belonging to a sheep
or goat (Table
12.2).
The age at death of the cattle
was determined relying on two molar teeth (lower or
upper ones found in feature
21).
They came from ani¬
mals that were at least
3.5
years old (adultus)
.
A man¬
dible of the same species (from feature
21)
belonged
to an individual
7-14
months old
(juvenis).
Summary
411
Chapter
13.
Plant impressions on the
ceramics and daub of the Funnel Beaker
culture and the Globular Amphora culture
To an archaeobotanical analysis were subjected FBC
and GAC potsherds and lumps of daub that bore
plant impressions. In
132
cases plant impressions
were identified as belonging to
16
taxa
(Table
13.1;
Fig.
13.1).
Among archaeobotanical data chronologically re¬
lated to the FBC, preserved as impressions on pottery
(113
identifications), crop plant impressions
(68
iden¬
tifications) dominate (Table
13.2).
These are cereals
(almost only wheat varieties) and vegetables (peas).
In
16
cases cereals Cerealia indet. were identified.
Among the forms indentified as to their species, the
most frequent were wheat remains
(50
identifica¬
tions): einkorn Triticum monococcum
(18),
emmer
Triticum dicoccon
(12),
common wheat Triticum
cf.
aestivum
(4)
and, possibly, spelt Triticum
cf.
spelta
(1);
in
15
cases wheat varieties could not be identified.
Other identified cereals included a grain of barley
Hordeum
vulgare
while among other crops there
were remains of peas Pisum sativum. The other
plants included primarily the remains of grasses Po-
aceae indet.
(27
identifications). To the group of we¬
eds were assigned the finds of rye
brome
grass
Bro¬
mus
secalinus. In addition, there were traces of go-
osefoot Chenopodium sp. found as well as
brome
grass
Bromus sp.
and diaspores of plants probably be¬
longing to the following families: asteraceous (com-
positae) Asteraceae, labiates Lamiaceae, fabaceous
Fabaceae and caryophyllaceous Caryophyllaceae.
On the daub linked to FBC settlement
(17
identifi¬
cations; Table
13.2),
the dominant species are wild
grasses Poaceae indet., cereals Cerealia indet., as
well as
emmer
wheat Triticum dicoccon and small
spelt Triticum monococcum.
On GAC pottery
(2
identifications; Table
13.2)
the¬
re were found only single impressions of wheat Triti¬
cum sp. and cereals Cerealia indet.
Chapter
14.
Taxonomie
identification of
charcoals
In total,
500
bits of charcoal were examined (Table
14.1
and
14.2)
of which
74.4
per cent
(372
pieces)
were remains of pine Pinus sp. and only
0.4
per cent
(2
pieces) belonged to oak Quercus sp. Additionally,
5.2
per cent of the charcoals
(26
pieces) were defined
generally as coniferous while
0.8
per cent
(4
pieces)
were identified as deciduous. There were also identi¬
fied pieces of bark
(19.2%,
or
%
pieces) including
burnt ones
(4.2%
or
21
pieces). The pine (Pinus sp.)
or other conifers were identified in a vast majority of
features, regardless of their functional differences. In
one feature (no.
58)
only bark fragments were identi¬
fied. The remains of the oak Quercus sp. were found
only in feature
52
while the relics of other deciduous
trees were discovered in features
52
and
63.
In both
cases, they were accompanied by pieces of pine Pi¬
nus sp.
Chapter
15.
Absolute chronology
For site Opatowice
42
we have ten radiocarbon dates
(Tables
15.1 -15.3;
Figs.
15.1 - 15.3)
that were deter¬
mined by three laboratories: at the Silesian University
of Technology at
Gliwice
(Gd),
Ukraine s National
Academy of Sciences in Kiev (Kiev) and the Adam
Mickiewicz
University in
Poznań
(Ροζ).
For two deter¬
minations charcoals were used (Gd-2763, Gd-2764),
in one case finely ground animal bones were dated
(Kiev-5601), in three cases organic (tar) substances
covering vessel surfaces were used (Poz-11140,
Poz-11169 and Poz-15056), and finally in four cases
the content of carbon in ceramic body was examined
(Kiev-13237, Kiev-13238, Poz-15502, Poz-17483). The
samples were calibrated (Figs.
15.1 - 15.3)
using the
following computer software: OxCal v.
3.10
(Bronk-Ramsey
2005)
and CalPal v.
2007
(Weninger,
Joris, Danzeglocke 2007).
Furthermore, three 14C dates (Poz-11169, Poz-15-
502,
Poz-17483) raise interpretation problems and
therefore have been ignored. They were all procured
by examining the same fragment of FBC pottery. The¬
re were three determinations of 14C content made
using first a layer of tar and then the ceramic body.
The results differ considerably (or specifically: dates
for the tar are much older than those for the ceramic
body) and the reasons for this remain unknown for
the time being. The work on this issue shall be conti¬
nued.
All conclusions concerning the absolute chrono¬
logy of site setdement phases (OP42-A1, OP42-A2,
Op42-B)
and site penetration phases
^42^ -
Op42-k) are shown in Table
15.4.
Table
15-5,
in turn,
sums up chronological findings concerning the settle¬
ment phases of Opatowice
42
against the background
of sites published earlier, namely, Opatowice
33
(Kos¬
ko,
Szmyt
2006)
and Opatowice
1
(Kosko, Szmyt
2007).
Chapter
16.
Prehistoric settlement on site
Opatowice
42
The sequence of settling site Opatowice
42
is com¬
menced by Late Mesolithic communities. The effect
of their sojourn is die first of the distinguished pha-
412
Studia i materiały do badań nad późnym neolitem Wysoczyzny Kujawskiej
ses
of penetration
(Орег-а),
which left behind
19
flint artifacts (cores, flakes and tools) found in the
central portion of the site (see Chapter
9).
The next
penetration phase
(Op42-b)
is evidenced by the
charcoal radiocarbon dating
(4530-4360
ВС)
that
could be linked to the hypothetic furrow traces re¬
ported in Chapter
2,
which may testify to cereal cul¬
tivation using ploughing on Prokopiak s Mount. The
oldest of the settlement phases (Op42-Al) is asso¬
ciated with farming communities of the FBC (phase
IIIB; see Chapter
4).
The manifestations of their ac¬
tivities at the site have been for the most part de¬
stroyed (or rather covered up) by subsequent human
activity. The second settlement phase
(Op42-A2)
co¬
incides with the presence of a group of FBC people
of phase IIIB-C in the area under investigation (Chap¬
ter
4).
The traces of their stay are concentrated in the
north-eastern part of the site, where once a post
structure stood and where a stone working shop was
located. The third and main settlement phase
(Op42-B) is linked to FBC communities of phase
IVB/VB (Chapter
4).
At the site, there was then a sin¬
gle-house settlement (see Chapter
2).
The house was
remodelled in the period when it was occupied (buil¬
ding phases: an older one
—
ОР42-В/СОГПРІЄХ
В
and a younger one
—
С^г-В/сотріех
A). Its inha¬
bitants pursued varied economic activities. They are
very well documented in the sources analyzed, which
makes it possible to reconstruct almost in full the
everyday life of the Late Neolithic settlers. Two pe¬
netration phases
(Op42-c
and Op42-e) coincide
with GAC communities of phases lib and Ilia in
Kuja¬
wy
(see Chapter
6).
Due to the one-sided nature of
the sources, it cannot be determined of how many
anthropogenic episodes they are made of. Between
the GAC episodes there could have fitted a phase
(Op42-d) determined by the short-lived presence of
the populations of the oldest CWC (phase CWC1) at
the site (see Chapter
7).
Late Corded populations
(phase CWC3?) were present at the site in the sixth
penetration phase (Op42-f). At present, it is not po¬
ssible to determine with any greater accuracy the
chronology of the next penetration phase (Op42-g),
related to the populations of the Neman culture
(Chapter
7)
whose traces can be found also in other
places on Prokopiak s Mount
(cf.
Czebreszuk, Szmyt
1999).
The last four anthropogenic episodes at the
site (Chapter
7)
fall on the Bronze Age
(ОР42-І1.),
Early and Late Middle Ages (Op42-i and Op42-j) as
well as on modern times (Op42-k).
Any more detailed description of everyday life of
inhabitants is possible only in the case of settlements
OP42-A1,
Op42-A2
and OP42-B.
Settlement OP42-A1. The oldest FBC settlement
(Fig.
16.1)
was created ca.
3600 - 3500
ВС.
It covered
the area of central trenches. No traces of dwelling
structures can be linked to it. The stratigraphy, ho¬
wever, shows that there were quarry pits worked wi¬
thin the settlement, which can be interpreted as
traces of prospecting aimed at identifying the mineral
resources of the Mount (deposits of stones and possi¬
bly clay and sand). Hypothetically, to the settlement
can be linked one of the stone working shops identi¬
fied at the site.
Settlement OP42-A2. The most diagnostically
useful area for assessing the settlement phase in qu¬
estion is the eastern part of the site (Fig.
16.2).
In the
context of a relatively homogenous pottery assembla¬
ge displaying
Wiórek-Pikutkowo
technological and
stylistic traits, a functional complex of features (D)
was recorded here consisting for the most part of po-
stholes. It can be interpreted in two ways: either as
a post structure of a fence type surrounding an oval
space of about
80
sq.
т.,
with its longer axis oriented
N -
S, or as a post load-bearing structure of a pentago¬
nal building of about
30
sq. m. The complex of featu¬
res can be linked to a large portion of stone artifacts
recorded here and interpreted as an alleged work¬
shop (concentration C, see Chapter
10).
Settlement OP42-B. In
3350 - 3100
ВС,
in the area
under investigation, there stood a single-house settle¬
ment of an FBC community of phase IVB/VB. The type
of the settlement can be defined as semi-permanent
or seasonal-rotational
(Kosko,
Szmyt
2006, 279 - 281).
In the time it was used, continuing the same formula
of space development, the form of the house changed
(it was remodelled)
,
which justifies distinguishing two
construction phases:
An older one (Op42-B/zf B), for which a diagnostic
role is played by a dwelling-economic structure of
about
35
sq.
m
(Fig.
16.3),
and a younger one
(Op42-B/zf A)
,
which is identified by a dwelling econo¬
mic structure of about
90
sq.
m
(Fig.
16.4).
Judging by
the pottery scatter, one has to conclude that in both
construction phases the settlement range covered at
least
900 -1000
sq. m. The spatial organization of the
settlement, relying on the scatter of pottery and other
movable objects and on the functional identification
of features, can be presented as a sequence of four zo¬
nes: household (hut), courtyard, farmyard and bor¬
derland.
The ground plan of the older building was polygo¬
nal and its longer axis ran from south-east to nor¬
th-west. To the hut, several
(4 - 5)
storage pits were
connected. The younger building (feature
21)
was
located in part in the place of the older building. Its
ground plan resembled
a trapezoid
whose maximum
area was about
90
sq. m. Inside the younger structure,
there was a great number of movable finds, mostly
FBC pottery. A vast majority of all movable finds were
concentrated in the eastern half of the structure. On
its useable level, there were very many potsherds, a si-
Summary
413
gnificant portion of the spindle whorls and stone and
flint products, and
débitage.
Integral elements of the
structure were two pits, that must have served as cel¬
lars, located next to the gable wall symmetrically with
respect to each other in the north-eastern corner (fe¬
ature
90)
and in the north-western one (feature
92).
Along the eastern wall of the hut one can distingu¬
ish a courtyard defined as an area where household
chores concentrated and, consequently, a very large
number of movable finds accumulated. This space
was in principle left undeveloped being, as it were, an
extension of the interior of the hut.
Useless inorganic waste, resulting from accidental
destruction of wares or tools, or originating from
different industries (e.g. stone or flint working), was
usually left in place. There are no signs of taking such
materials outside the house or the courtyard. Quite
on the contrary, it is these zones of the settlement
that were the principal dump of inorganic waste,
which, as a result, was an integral component of the
useable level (dirt floor) of the hut and the courtyard
surface.
The farmyard was a space where activities less or¬
ganizationally cumulated were carried out. The space
is characterized by a gradual thinning of finds. It is
there that most of the economic features were loca¬
ted, which are now identified as storage pits. The cha¬
racter of their fills and the paucity of movable finds
contained therein prevent us from accurately defining
the purpose of these features. It is noteworthy, ho¬
wever, that even when the pits had ceased to be used,
they were not recycled as waste dumps.
Further on, the borderland of the settlement stre¬
tched, of which little is known. At neighbouring site
Opatowice
1
(Kosko, Szmyt
2007),
this zone compri¬
sed quarry pits later recycled as waste dumps. At Opa¬
towice
42
no such situation has been found.
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Kośko, Aleksander 1948- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)140104313 |
| author_facet | Kośko, Aleksander 1948- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Kośko, Aleksander 1948- |
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| building | Verbundindex |
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| id | DE-604.BV035202209 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T13:25:46Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788371773839 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-017008648 |
| oclc_num | 643734474 |
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| owner_facet | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-12 |
| physical | 413 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2007 |
| publishDateSearch | 2007 |
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| publisher | Wydawn. Poznańskie |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Studia i Materiały do Badań nad Późnym Neolitem Wysoczyzny Kujawskiej |
| spellingShingle | Kośko, Aleksander 1948- Opatowice - Wzgórze Prokopiaka |
| title | Opatowice - Wzgórze Prokopiaka |
| title_auth | Opatowice - Wzgórze Prokopiaka |
| title_exact_search | Opatowice - Wzgórze Prokopiaka |
| title_full | Opatowice - Wzgórze Prokopiaka 3 Aleksander Kośko, Marzena Szmyt |
| title_fullStr | Opatowice - Wzgórze Prokopiaka 3 Aleksander Kośko, Marzena Szmyt |
| title_full_unstemmed | Opatowice - Wzgórze Prokopiaka 3 Aleksander Kośko, Marzena Szmyt |
| title_short | Opatowice - Wzgórze Prokopiaka |
| title_sort | opatowice wzgorze prokopiaka |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017008648&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017008648&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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| work_keys_str_mv | AT koskoaleksander opatowicewzgorzeprokopiaka3 |