International Trade Mark and Sign Protection:
Gespeichert in:
| Beteilige Person: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Deutsch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
München
Beck
2009
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. Aufl. |
| Schlagwörter: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016686182&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Beschreibung: | Erscheint: Januar 2009 |
| ISBN: | 9783406578755 |
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| adam_text | IMAGE 1
CONTENTS - SUMMARY
TABLE OF CONTENTS XI
PART 1. COUNTRY REPORTS
CHAPTER 1. AUSTRIA 1
§ 1. TYPES OF SIGNS 2
§2. STATUTORY REGULATIONS AND THEIR INTERRELATIONSHIP 8
§ 3. REQUIREMENTS OF PROTECTION 10
§ 4. OWNERSHIP, TRANSFER, LICENSING 37
§ 5. LOSS OF PROTECTION 42
§ 6. CONFLICT WITH EARLIER RIGHTS 46
§ 7. SCOPE OF PROTECTION 50
§ 8. DEFENCES 69
§ 9. CLAIMS IN CASES OF INFRINGEMENT 75
§ 10. INFRINGEMENT PROCEEDINGS 78
§ 11. STRATEGY FOR THE PROTECTION OF SIGNS 80
CHAPTER 2. BELGIUM 83
§ 1. TYPES OF SIGNS 84
§2. STATUTORY REGULATIONS AND THEIR INTERRELATIONSHIP 90
§ 3. REQUIREMENTS OF PROTECTION 92
§ 4. OWNERSHIP, TRANSFER, LICENSING 100
§ 5. LOSS OF PROTECTION 104
§ 6. CONFLICT WITH EARLIER RIGHTS 108
§ 7. SCOPE OF PROTECTION 113
§ 8. DEFENCES 120
§ 9. CLAIMS IN CASES OF INFRINGEMENT 124
§ 10. INFRINGEMENT PROCEEDINGS 126
§ 11. STRATEGY FOR THE PROTECTION OF SIGNS 128
CHAPTER 3. CANADA 129
§ 1. TYPES OF SIGNS 130
§ 2. STATUTORY REGULATIONS AND THEIR INTERRELATIONSHIP 135
§ 3. REQUIREMENTS OF PROTECTION 136
§ 4. OWNERSHIP, TRANSFER, LICENSING 153
§ 5. LOSS OF PROTECTION 156
§ 6. CONFLICT WITH EARLIER RIGHTS 161
§ 7. SCOPE OF PROTECTION 164
§ 8. DEFENCES 178
§ 9. CLAIMS IN CASES OF INFRINGEMENT 183
§ 10. INFRINGEMENT PROCEEDINGS 186
§ 11. STRATEGY FOR THE PROTECTION OF SIGNS 191
CHAPTER 4. CHINA 193
§ 1. TYPES OF SIGNS 194
§ 2. STATUTORY REGULATIONS AND THEIR INTERRELATIONSHIP 205
§ 3. REQUIREMENTS OF PROTECTION 209
§ 4. OWNERSHIP, TRANSFER, LICENSING 225
§ 5. LOSS OF PROTECTION 229
§ 6. CONFLICT WITH EARLIER RIGHTS 234
§ 7. SCOPE OF PROTECTION 239
§ 8. DEFENCES 250
§ 9. CLAIMS IN CASES OF INFRINGEMENT 253
§ 10. INFRINGEMENT PROCEEDINGS 255
§ 11. STRATEGY FOR THE PROTECTION OF SIGNS 257
IX
BIBLIOGRAFISCHE INFORMATIONEN HTTP://D-NB.INFO/98988239X
DIGITALISIERT DURCH
IMAGE 2
CONTENTS - SUMMARY
CHAPTERS. CZECH REPUBLIC 261
§ 1. TYPES OF SIGNS 262
§2. STATUTORY REGULATIONS AND THEIR INTERRELATIONSHIP 273
§ 3. REQUIREMENTS OF PROTECTION 275
§ 4. OWNERSHIP, TRANSFER, LICENSING 286
§ 5. LOSS OF PROTECTION 291
§ 6. CONFLICT WITH EARLIER RIGHTS 294
§ 7. SCOPE OF PROTECTION 298
§ 8. DEFENCES 299
§ 9. CLAIMS IN THE CASE OF INFRINGEMENT 306
§ 10. INFRINGEMENT PROCEEDINGS 308
§ 11. STRATEGY FOR THE PROTECTION OF SIGNS 311
CHAPTER 6. FRANCE 313
§ 1. TYPES OF SIGNS 314
§ 2. STATUTORY REGULATIONS AND THEIR INTERRELATIONSHIP 334
§ 3. REQUIREMENTS OF PROTECTION 336
§ 4. OWNERSHIP, TRANSFER, LICENSING 384
§ 5. LOSS OF PROTECTION 393
§ 6. CONFLICT WITH EARLIER RIGHTS 397
§ 7. SCOPE OF PROTECTION 399
§ 8. DEFENCES 416
§ 9. CLAIMS IN CASES OF INFRINGEMENT 422
§ 10. INFRINGEMENT PROCEEDINGS 427
§ 11. STRATEGY FOR THE PROTECTION OF SIGNS 435
CHAPTER 7. GERMANY 437
§ 1. TYPES OF SIGNS .* 438
§ 2. STATUTORY REGULATIONS AND THEIR INTERRELATIONSHIP 446
§ 3. REQUIREMENTS OF PROTECTION 447
§ 4. OWNERSHIP, TRANSFER, MANAGEMENT, LICENSING 472
§ 5. LOSS OF PROTECTION 478
§ 6. CONFLICT WITH EARLIER RIGHTS 490
§ 7. SCOPE OF PROTECTION 493
§ 8. DEFENCES 516
§ 9. CLAIMS IN CASES OF INFRINGEMENT 528
§ 10. INFRINGEMENT PROCEEDINGS 537
§ 11. STRATEGY FOR THE PROTECTION OF SIGNS 545
CHAPTER 8. ITALY 547
PREAMBLE 548
§ 1. TYPES OF SIGNS 549
§ 2. STATUTORY REGULATIONS AND THEIR INTERRELATIONSHIP 565
§ 3. REQUIREMENTS OF PROTECTION 569
§ 4. OWNERSHIP, ASSIGNMENT, LICENSING 607
§ 5. LOSS OF PROTECTION 624
§ 6. CONFLICT WITH EARLIER RIGHTS 642
§ 7. SCOPE OF PROTECTION 655
§ 8. DEFENCES 683
§ 9. CLAIMS IN THE CASE OF INFRINGEMENT 690
§ 10. INFRINGEMENT PROCEEDINGS 699
§ 11. STRATEGY FOR THE PROTECTION OF SIGNS 707
CHAPTER 9. JAPAN 711
§ 1. TYPES OF SIGNS 712
§ 2. STATUTORY REGULATIONS AND THEIR INTERRELATIONSHIP 719
§ 3. REQUIREMENTS OF PROTECTION 721
§ 4. OWNERSHIP, TRANSFER, LICENSING 736
§ 5. LOSS OF PROTECTION 741
§ 6. CONFLICT WITH EARLIER RIGHTS 746
X
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CONTENTS - SUMMARY
§ 7. SCOPE OF PROTECTION 750
§ 8. DEFENCES 766
§ 9. CLAIMS IN CASES OF INFRINGEMENT 772
§ 10. INFRINGEMENT PROCEEDINGS 775
§ 11. STRATEGY FOR THE PROTECTION OF SIGNS 778
CHAPTER 10. PORTUGAL 779
§ 1. TYPES OF SIGNS 780
§ 2. STATUTORY REGULATIONS AND THEIR INTERRELATIONSHIP 789
§ 3. REQUIREMENTS OF PROTECTION 791
§ 4. OWNERSHIP, TRANSFER, LICENSING 815
§ 5. LOSS OF PROTECTION 825
§ 6. CONFLICT WITH EARLIER RIGHTS 833
§ 7. SCOPE OF PROTECTION 841
§ 8. DEFENCES 856
§ 9. CLAIMS IN CASE OF INFRINGEMENT 865
§ 10. INFRINGEMENT PROCEEDINGS 869
§ 11. STRATEGIES FOR THE PROTECTION OF SIGNS 874
CHAPTER 11. RUSSIA 879
§ 1. TYPES OF SIGNS 880
§ 2. STATUTORY REGULATIONS AND THEIR INTERRELATIONSHIP 893
§ 3. REQUIREMENTS OF PROTECTION 897
§ 4. OWNERSHIP, TRANSFER, LICENSING 915
§ 5. LOSS OF PROTECTION 922
§ 6. CONFLICT WITH EARLIER RIGHTS 928
§ 7. SCOPE OF PROTECTION 933
§ 8. DEFENCES 943
§ 9. CLAIMS IN CASES OF INFRINGEMENT 947
§ 10. INFRINGEMENT PROCEEDINGS 952
§ 11. STRATEGY FOR THE PROTECTION OF SIGNS 954
CHAPTER 12. SWITZERLAND 957
§ 1. TYPES OF SIGNS 958
§ 2. STATUTORY REGULATIONS AND THEIR INTERRELATIONSHIP 965
§ 3. REQUIREMENT OF PROTECTION 967
§ 4. OWNERSHIP, TRANSFER, LICENSING 987
§ 5. LOSS OF PROTECTION 991
§ 6. CONFLICT WITH EARLIER RIGHTS 995
§ 7. SCOPE OF PROTECTION 1001
§ 8. DEFENCES 1017
§ 9. CLAIMS IN CASES OF INFRINGEMENT 1021
§ 10. INFRINGEMENT PROCEEDINGS 1025
§ 11. STRATEGY FOR THE PROTECTION OF SIGNS 1027
CHAPTER 13. THE NETHERLANDS 1031
§ 1. TYPES OF SIGNS 1032
§ 2. STATUTORY REGULATIONS AND THEIR INTERRELATIONSHIP 1039
§ 3. REQUIREMENTS OF PROTECTION 1043
§ 4. OWNERSHIP, TRANSFER, LICENSING 1080
§ 5. LOSS OF PROTECTION 1086
§ 6. CONFLICT WITH EARLIER RIGHTS 1092
§ 7. SCOPE OF PROTECTION 1101
§ 8. DEFENCES 1126
§ 9. CLAIMS IN CASES OF INFRINGEMENT 1136
§ 10. INFRINGEMENT PROCEEDINGS 1141
§ 11. STRATEGY FOR THE PROTECTION OF SIGNS 1143
XI
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CONTENTS - SUMMARY
CHAPTER 14. UNITED KINGDOM 1145
§ 1. TYPES OF SIGNS 1146
§ 2. STATUTORY REGULATIONS AND THEIR INTERRELATIONSHIP 1154
§ 3. REQUIREMENTS OF PROTECTION 1155
§ 4. OWNERSHIP, TRANSFER, LICENSING 1174
§ 5. LOSS OF PROTECTION 1179
§ 6. CONFLICT WITH EARLIER RIGHTS 1185
§ 7. SCOPE OF PROTECTION 1189
§ 8. DEFENCES 1201
§ 9. CLAIMS IN CASES OF INFRINGEMENT 1211
§ 10. INFRINGEMENT PROCEEDINGS 1217
§ 11. STRATEGY FOR THE PROTECTION OF SIGNS 1224
PART 2. BRAND STRATEGY
§ 1. INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITIONS 1228
§2. WHAT IS A BRAND? 1229
§ 3. INTERNATIONAL AND GLOBAL BRANDS 1235
§ 4. TRADEMARKS 1240
§ 5. BRANDS IN CONTEXT 1250
§ 6. FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS 1257
§ 7. BRANDS AND TRADEMARKS 1260
PART 3. BRAND VALUATION
§ 1. HOW AND WHERE THE VALUE OF A BRAND IS CREATED 1262
§ 2. ON THE ORIGIN OF BRAND VALUATION 1265
§ 3. REASONS FOR BRAND VALUATION 1267
§ 4. BRAND VALUE AND CORPORATE VALUE 1269
§ 5. MODELS FOR BRAND VALUATION 1270
§6. SELECTED BRAND VALUATION MODELS OF COMMERCIAL SUPPLIERS 1275
§ 7. BRAND VALUATION IN BUSINESS PRACTICE 1284
§ 8. CONCLUSION 1286
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART 1. COUNTRY REPORTS
CHAPTER 1. AUSTRIA 1
§ 1. TYPES OF SIGNS 2
A. TRADE MARKS 2
I. TERM AND FUNCTION 2
II. SPECIAL CATEGORIES 3
B. CORPORATE SIGNS 4
I. TERM AND FUNCTION 4
II. SPECIAL CATEGORIES 4
C. DOMAIN NAMES 4
D. TITLES 5
I. TERM AND FUNCTION 5
II. SPECIAL CATEGORIES 5
E. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 6
F. NAMES 6
G. VARIETY NAMES 7
§ 2. STATUTORY REGULATIONS AND THEIR INTERRELATIONSHIP 8
§ 3. REQUIREMENTS OF PROTECTION 10
A. TRADE MARKS 10
I. FORMAL REQUIREMENTS 10
II. SUBSTANTIVE REQUIREMENTS 12
1. CAPABILITY OF DISTINCTION 12
A) DISTINCTIVENESS 12
AA) WORD MARKS 13
BB) COMBINED MARKS (WORD AND LOGO) 14
CC) FIGURATIVE MARKS 15
DD) THREE-DIMENSIONAL MARKS 15
EE) LETTER MARKS 16
FF) NUMERAL MARKS 16
GG) COLOUR MARKS 16
HH) SOUND MARKS AND OTHERS 17
B) NEED TO PRESERVE AVAILABILITY 18
C) COMMON PARLANCE 18
2. DISTINCTIVE CHARACTER FOLLOWING USE 18
3. OTHER REQUIREMENTS FOR PROTECTION 19
III. GENUINE USE AND CONSEQUENCES OF NON-USE 19
1. SURVEY 20
2. WAYS OF USE 20
3. USE IN A MODIFIED FORM 22
4. EXTENT AND PLACE OF USE 22
5. PERIOD FOR USE 24
6. PROPER REASONS FOR NON-USE 24
7. CONSEQUENCES OF NON-USE 24
IV. PRIORITY DATE 24
V. PROTECTION FOR FOREIGN TRADE MARKS 25
B. CORPORATE SIGNS 26
I. FORMAL REQUIREMENTS 26
1. NAME 27
2. COMPANY NAME 27
3. PARTICULAR BUSINESS NAME 27
4. PRESENTATION 28
II. SUBSTANTIVE REQUIREMENTS 28
1. NAME 29
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
2. COMPANY NAME 29
3. PARTICULAR BUSINESS NAME 30
4. PRESENTATION 31
III. USE AND CONSEQUENCES OF NON-USE 32
IV. PRIORITY DATE 34
V. PROTECTION FOR FOREIGN CORPORATE SIGNS 34
C. DOMAIN NAMES 35
D. TITLES 36
E. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 36
F. NAMES 36
§ 4. OWNERSHIP, TRANSFER, LICENSING 37
A. TRADE MARKS 37
I. PROPRIETORSHIP 37
II. TRANSFER 37
III. LICENCE 38
B. CORPORATE SIGNS 38
I. PROPRIETORSHIP 39
II. TRANSFER 39
III. LICENCE 39
C. DOMAIN NAMES 39
I. PROPRIETORSHIP 39
II. TRANSFER 39
III. LICENCE 40
D. TITLES 40
I. PROPRIETORSHIP 40
II. TRANSFER AND LICENCE 40
E. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 40
F. NAMES 41
§ 5. LOSS OF PROTECTION 42
A. TRADE MARKS 42
I. NON-USE 42
II. ABSOLUTE GROUNDS OF INVALIDITY 42
III. BAD FAITH 43
IV. OTHER REASONS 43
B. CORPORATE SIGNS 43
I. NON-USE 43
II. OTHER REASONS FOR INVALIDITY 44
C. DOMAIN NAMES 44
I. NON-USE 44
II. OTHER REASONS FOR INVALIDITY 44
D. TITLES 44
E. NAMES 45
§ 6. CONFLICT WITH EARLIER RIGHTS 46
A. EARLIER TRADE MARK 47
I. LATER TRADE MARK 47
II. LATER CORPORATE SIGN 48
III. OTHER LATER TRADE MARKS AND OTHER LATER RIGHTS 48
B. EARLIER CORPORATE SIGN 48
I. LATER TRADE MARK 48
II. LATER CORPORATE SIGN 48
III. OTHER LATER TRADE MARKS AND OTHER LATER RIGHTS 49
C. EARLIER DOMAIN NAME 49
D. EARLIER TITLE 49
E. EARLIER GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATION 49
F. EARLIER NAME 49
§ 7. SCOPE OF PROTECTION 50
A. TRADE MARKS 50
I. ACTS OF INFRINGEMENT 50
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
IL PROTECTION OF IDENTITY 53
III. PROTECTION AGAINST CONFUSION 53
1. PRINCIPLES OF LIKELIHOOD OF CONFUSION 54
2. SIMILARITY OF TRADEMARKS 55
A) PHONETICAL AND VISUAL SIMILARITY 56
B) CONCEPTUAL SIMILARITY 58
3. SIMILARITY OF GOODS/SERVICES 59
4. DEGREE OF DISTINCTIVENESS 61
5. TYPES OF LIKELIHOOD OF CONFUSION 62
IV. PROTECTION OF WELL-KNOWN TRADE-MARKS 62
V. USE OF ONE S OWN NAME 63
B. CORPORATE SIGNS 63
I. ACTS OF INFRINGEMENT 64
II. PROTECTION OF IDENTITY 64
III. PROTECTION AGAINST CONFUSION 65
1. PRINCIPLES OF LIKELIHOOD OF CONFUSION 65
2. SIMILARITY OF SIGNS 65
3. COMMON FIELD OF ACTIVITY 65
4. DEGREE OF DISTINCTIVENESS 65
5. TYPES OF LIKELIHOOD OF CONFUSION 65
IV. PROTECTION OF WELL-KNOWN CORPORATE DESIGNATIONS 66
V. USE OF ONE S OWN NAME 66
C. DOMAIN NAMES 66
D. TITLES 67
E. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 67
F. NAMES 68
§ 8. DEFENCES 69
A. NON-USE 69
I. TRADE MARKS 69
II. CORPORATE SIGNS 70
B. NAME, ADDRESS, AND DESCRIPTIVE INFORMATION 70
C. EXHAUSTION 70
I. TRADEMARKS 70
II. CORPORATE SIGNS 71
D. ACQUIESCENCE 71
I. TRADEMARKS 71
II. CORPORATE SIGNS 72
E. STATUTE OF LIMITATION 72
F. ABUSE OF LAW 72
G. CONTRADICTORY EARLIER RIGHT 73
H. DECEPTION 73
I. OTHER DEFENCES 74
§ 9. CLAIMS IN CASES OF INFRINGEMENT 75
A. INJUNCTION 75
B. DAMAGES 75
C. OTHER CLAIMS 76
I. DISCLOSURE AND ACCOUNTING SEARCH 76
II. CANCELLATION 76
III. ELIMINATION 76
IV. SEIZURE AT THE BORDER 76
D. TRANSPOSITION OF COMMUNITY LAW 77
§ 10. INFRINGEMENT PROCEEDINGS 78
A. ORDINARY PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE COURT 78
B. INTERIM RELIEF 78
C. PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE PATENT OFFICE 79
I. OPPOSITION PROCEEDINGS 79
II. CANCELLATION PROCEEDINGS 79
D. CRIMINAL OFFENCES 79
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
§ 11. STRATEGY FOR THE PROTECTION OF SIGNS 80
A. PREVENTION BY RESEARCH 80
B. NECESSITY OF TRADE MARK REGISTRATION 80
C. NECESSITY OF COMPANY FORMATION 80
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 81
CHAPTER 2. BELGIUM 83
§ 1. TYPES OF SIGNS 84
A. TRADEMARKS 84
I. TERM AND FUNCTION 84
II. SPECIAL CATEGORIES 85
B. CORPORATE SIGNS 85
I. TERM AND FUNCTION 85
II. SPECIAL CATEGORIES 86
C. DOMAIN NAMES 87
D. TITLES 88
I. TERM AND FUNCTION 88
II. SPECIAL CATEGORIES 88
E. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 88
F. NAMES 88
G. OTHER SIGNS 89
§ 2. STATUTORY REGULATIONS AND THEIR INTERRELATIONSHIP 90
§ 3. REQUIREMENTS OF PROTECTION 92
A. TRADEMARKS 92
I. FORMAL REQUIREMENTS 92
II. SUBSTANTIVE REQUIREMENTS 93
1. CAPABILITY OF DISTINCTION 93
2. DISTINCTIVE CHARACTER FOLLOWING USE 93
3. OTHER REQUIREMENTS FOR PROTECTION 93
III. GENUINE USE AND THE CONSEQUENCES OF NON-USE 93
1. SURVEY 93
2. WAYS OF USE 93
3. USED IN A MODIFIED FORM 93
4. EXTENT AND PLACE OF USE 93
5. PERIOD FOR USE 93
6. PROPER REASONS FOR NON-USE 93
7. CONSEQUENCES OF NON-USE 93
IV. PRIORITY DATE 93
V. PROTECTION FOR TRADE MARKS REGISTERED ABROAD 94
B. CORPORATE SIGNS 94
I. FORMAL REQUIREMENTS 94
II. SUBSTANTIVE REQUIREMENTS 94
1. INHERENT DISTINCTIVE CHARACTER 95
2. REPUTATION 95
3. DISTINCTIVE CHARACTER FOLLOWING USE 95
4. OTHER REQUIREMENTS FOR PROTECTION 96
III. USE AND CONSEQUENCES OF NON-USE 96
IV. PRIORITY DATE 97
V. PROTECTION FOR FOREIGN CORPORATE DESIGNATIONS 97
C. DOMAIN NAMES 98
D. TITLES 98
E. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 98
F. NAMES 99
G. OTHER SIGNS 99
§4. OWNERSHIP, TRANSFER, LICENSING 100
A. TRADE MARKS 100
B. CORPORATE SIGNS 100
C. DOMAIN NAMES 101
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. OWNERSHIP 101
II. TRANSFER AND LICENSING 101
D. TITLES 101
E. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 101
F. NAMES 102
G. OTHER SIGNS 102
I. OWNERSHIP 102
II. ASSIGNMENT 102
III. LICENSING 103
§ 5. LOSS OF PROTECTION 104
A. TRADE MARKS 104
I. NON-USE 104
II. ABSOLUTE GROUNDS OF INVALIDITY 104
III. BAD FAITH 104
IV. OTHER REASONS 104
B. CORPORATE SIGNS 104
I. NON-USE 104
II. REASONS FOR INVALIDITY 105
C. DOMAIN NAMES 105
D. TITLES 106
E. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 106
F. NAMES 107
G. OTHER SIGNS 107
§ 6. CONFLICT WITH EARLIER RIGHTS 108
A. EARLIER TRADE MARK 108
I. LATER TRADE MARK 108
II. LATER CORPORATE DESIGNATION 108
III. LATER OTHER SIGNS AND LATER OTHER RIGHTS 108
B. EARLIER CORPORATE SIGN 109
I. LATER TRADE MARK 109
II. LATER CORPORATE SIGN 110
III. OTHER LATER SIGNS AND RIGHTS 110
C. EARLIER DOMAIN NAME I LL
D. EARLIER TITLE I LL
E. EARLIER GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATION I LL
F. EARLIER NAME I LL
G. OTHER EARLIER RIGHTS 112
§ 7. SCOPE OF PROTECTION 113
A. TRADE MARKS 113
I. ACTS OF INFRINGEMENT 113
II. PROTECTION AGAINST IDENTICAL MARKS/GOODS 113
III. PROTECTION AGAINST SIMILAR MARKS/GOODS 113
1. PRINCIPLES OF LIKELIHOOD OF CONFUSION 113
2. SIMILARITY OF MARKS 113
3. SIMILARITY OF GOODS/SERVICE 113
4. DEGREE OF DISTINCTIVENESS 113
5. TYPES OF LIKELIHOOD OF CONFUSION 114
IV. PROTECTION OF WELL-KNOWN TRADEMARKS 114
V. USE OF ONE S OWN NAME 114
B. CORPORATE SIGNS 114
I. ACTS OF INFRINGEMENT 114
II. PROTECTION AGAINST IDENTICAL CORPORATE DESIGNATIONS 115
III. PROTECTION AGAINST LIKELIHOOD OF CONFUSION 115
1. PRINCIPLES OF LIKELIHOOD OF CONFUSION 115
2. SIMILARITY OF CORPORATE SIGNS 116
3. COMMON FIELD OF ACTIVITY 117
4. DEGREE OF DISTINCTIVENESS 117
5. TYPES OF LIKELIHOOD OF CONFUSION 117
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
IV. PROTECTION OF WELL-KNOWN CORPORATE DESIGNATIONS 117
V. USE OF ONE S OWN NAME 118
C. DOMAIN NAMES 118
D. TITLES 118
E. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 118
F. NAMES 118
G. OTHER RIGHTS 119
§ 8. DEFENCES 120
A. NON-USE 120
I. TRADE MARKS 120
II. CORPORATE DESIGNATIONS 120
III. OTHER SIGNS 120
B. NAME, ADDRESS AND DESCRIPTIVE INFORMATION 121
C. EXHAUSTION 121
I. TRADE MARKS 121
II. CORPORATE DESIGNATIONS 121
III. OTHER SIGNS 121
D. ACQUIESCENCE 122
I. TRADE MARKS 122
II. CORPORATE DESIGNATIONS 122
III. OTHER SIGNS AND RIGHTS 122
E. STATUTE OF LIMITATION 122
F. ABUSE OF LAW 122
G. CONTRADICTORY EARLIER RIGHT 123
H. DECEPTION 123
I. OTHER DEFENCES 123
§9. CLAIMS IN CASES OF INFRINGEMENT 124
A. INJUNCTION 124
B. DAMAGES 124
C. OTHER CLAIMS 124
I. DISCLOSURE AND ACCOUNTING SEARCH ORDERS 124
II. CANCELLATION 125
III. SEIZE ORDERS 125
IV. SEIZURE AT THE BORDER 125
§ 10. INFRINGEMENT PROCEEDINGS 126
A. ORDINARY PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE COURT 126
B. INTERIM RELIEF 126
C. PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE PATENT OFFICE 127
I. OPPOSITION PROCEEDINGS 127
II. CANCELLATION PROCEEDINGS 127
D. CRIMINAL OFFENCES 127
§ 11. STRATEGY FOR THE PROTECTION OF SIGNS 128
A. PREVENTION BY RESEARCH 128
B. NECESSITY OF TRADE MARK REGISTRATION 128
C. NECESSITY OF COMPANY FORMATION 128
CHAPTER 3. CANADA 129
§ 1. TYPES OF SIGNS 130
A. TRADE MARKS 130
I. TERM AND FUNCTION 130
II. SPECIAL CATEGORIES 131
B. CORPORATE DESIGNATIONS 131
I. TERM AND FUNCTION 131
II. SPECIAL CATEGORIES 132
C. DOMAIN NAMES 132
D. TITLES !..!!!! !!!! !! ! !! !! 132
I. TERM AND FUNCTION 132
II. SPECIAL CATEGORIES 133
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E. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 133
F. NAMES 133
G. OTHER SIGNS 134
§ 2. STATUTORY REGULATIONS AND THEIR INTERRELATIONSHIP 135
§ 3. REQUIREMENTS OF PROTECTION 136
A. TRADEMARKS 136
I. FORMAL REQUIREMENTS 137
II. SUBSTANTIVE REQUIREMENTS 137
1. CAPABILITY OF DISTINCTION 138
A) DISTINCTIVENESS 138
AA) WORD MARKS 141
BB) COMBINED WORD AND DEVICE MARKS 141
CC) DEVICE MARKS 141
DD) THREE-DIMENSIONAL MARKS 141
EE) LETTER MARKS 141
FF) NUMERAL MARKS 141
GG) COLOUR MARKS 141
HH) SOUND AND OTHER MARKS 141
B) POSSIBILITY TO SERVE IN TRADE AS A DESCRIPTIVE DESIGNATION 141 C)
GENERIC SIGNS 141
2. DISTINCTIVE CHARACTER FOLLOWING USE 142
III. GENUINE USE AND CONSEQUENCES OF NON-USE 142
1. SURVEY 142
2. WAYS OF USE 142
3. USE IN A MODIFIED FORM 143
4. EXTENT AND PLACE OF USE 144
5. PERIOD FOR USE 144
6. PROPER REASONS FOR NON-USE 145
7. CONSEQUENCES OF NON-USE 145
IV. PRIORITY DATE 145
V. PROTECTION FOR TRADE MARKS REGISTERED ABROAD 146
B. CORPORATE SIGNS 147
I. FORMAL REQUIREMENTS 147
II. SUBSTANTIVE REQUIREMENTS 148
1. INHERENT DISTINCTIVE CHARACTER 150
2. DISTINCTIVE CHARACTER FOLLOWING USE 150
3. OTHER REQUIREMENTS FOR PROTECTION 150
III. USE AND CONSEQUENCES OF NON-USE 150
IV. PRIORITY DATE 150
V. PROTECTION FOR FOREIGN CORPORATE SIGNS 151
C. DOMAIN NAMES 151
D. TITLES 151
I. FORMAL REQUIREMENTS 151
II. SUBSTANTIVE REQUIREMENTS 151
E. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 151
F. NAMES 151
G. OTHER SIGNS 152
§ 4. OWNERSHIP, TRANSFER, LICENSING 153
A. TRADE MARKS 153
B. CORPORATE SIGNS 154
C. DOMAIN NAMES 154
D. TITLES 154
E. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 154
F. NAMES 155
G. OTHER SIGNS 155
§ 5. LOSS OF PROTECTION 156
A. TRADE MARKS 156
I. NON-USE 157
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IL ABSOLUTE GROUNDS OF INVALIDITY 158
III. BAD FAITH 158
IV. OTHER REASONS 158
B. CORPORATE SIGNS 159
I. NON-USE 159
II. REASONS FOR INVALIDITY 159
C. DOMAIN NAMES 159
D. TITLES 159
E. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 160
F. NAMES 160
G. OTHER SIGNS 160
§ 6. CONFLICT WITH EARLIER RIGHTS 161
A. EARLIER TRADE MARK 161
I. LATER TRADE MARK 161
II. LATER CORPORATE DESIGNATION 161
III. LATER OTHER SIGNS AND LATER OTHER RIGHT 161
B. EARLIER CORPORATE SIGN 162
I. LATER TRADE-MARK 162
II. LATER CORPORATE DESIGNATION 162
III. LATER OTHER SIGNS AND LATER OTHER RIGHT 162
C. EARLIER DOMAIN NAME 162
D. EARLIER TITLE 163
E. EARLIER GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATION 163
F. EARLIER NAME 163
G. EARLIER OTHER RIGHTS 163
§ 7. SCOPE OF PROTECTION 164
A. TRADE MARKS 164
I. ACTS OF INFRINGEMENT 164
II. PROTECTION AGAINST IDENTICAL MARKS/GOODS 165
III. PROTECTION AGAINST SIMILAR MARKS/GOODS 165
1. PRINCIPLES OF LIKELIHOOD OF CONFUSION 166
2. SIMILARITY OF MARKS 169
A) PHONETICAL SIMILARITY 170
B) VISUAL SIMILARITY 170
C) CONCEPTUAL SIMILARITY 172
3. SIMILARITY BETWEEN GOODS/SERVICE 172
4. DEGREE OF DISTINCTIVENESS 172
IV. PROTECTION OF WELL-KNOWN TRADE-MARKS 174
V. USE OF ONE S OWN NAME 174
B. CORPORATE SIGNS 174
I. ACTS OF INFRINGEMENT 175
II. PROTECTION AGAINST IDENTICAL CORPORATE DESIGNATIONS 175
III. PROTECTION AGAINST LIKELIHOOD OF CONFUSION 175
1. PRINCIPLES OF LIKELIHOOD OF CONFUSION 175
2. SIMILARITY OF CORPORATE SIGNS 175
3. COMMON FIELD OF ACTIVITY 175
4. DEGREE OF DISTINCTIVENESS 176
5. TYPES OF LIKELIHOOD OF CONFUSION 176
IV. PROTECTION OF WELL-KNOWN CORPORATE SIGNS 176
V. USE OF ONE S OWN NAME 176
C. DOMAIN NAMES 176
D. TITLES 176
I. ACTS OF INFRINGEMENT 177
II. PROTECTION AGAINST IDENTICAL TITLES 177
III. PROTECTION AGAINST LIKELIHOOD OF CONFUSION 177
IV. PROTECTION OF WELL-KNOWN TITLES 177
E. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 177
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F. NAMES 177
G. SCOPE OF PROTECTION OF OTHER RIGHTS 177
§ 8. DEFENCES 178
A. NON-USE 179
I. TRADE MARKS 179
II. CORPORATE DESIGNATIONS 179
III. OTHERS SIGNS 179
B. NAME, ADDRESS AND DESCRIPTIVE INFORMATION 179
C. EXHAUSTION 179
I. TRADE MARKS 179
II. CORPORATE DESIGNATIONS 180
III. OTHER SIGNS 180
D. ACQUIESCENCE 180
I. TRADEMARKS 180
II. CORPORATE DESIGNATIONS 180
III. OTHERS SIGNS AND RIGHTS 180
E. PRESCRIPTIONS UNDER THE STATUTES OF LIMITATIONS 180
F. ABUSE OF LAW 181
G. CONTRADICTORY EARLIER RIGHT 181
H. DECEPTION 181
I. OTHER DEFENCES 181
§ 9. CLAIMS IN CASES OF INFRINGEMENT 183
A. INJUNCTION 183
B. DAMAGES 184
C. OTHER CLAIMS 184
I. DISCLOSURE AND ACCOUNTING SEARCH ORDERS 184
II. CANCELLATION 185
III. SEIZE ORDERS 185
IV. SEIZURE AT THE BORDER 185
§ 10. INFRINGEMENT PROCEEDINGS 186
A. ORDINARY PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE COURT 186
B. INTERIM RELIEF 186
C. PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE PATENT OFFICE 186
I. OPPOSITION PROCEEDINGS 186
II. CANCELLATION PROCEEDINGS 187
D. CRIMINAL OFFENCES 189
§ 11. STRATEGY FOR THE PROTECTION OF SIGNS 191
A. PREVENTION BY RESEARCH 191
B. NECESSITY OF TRADE MARK REGISTRATION 191
C. NECESSITY OF COMPANY INFORMATION 191
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 192
CHAPTER 4. CHINA 193
§ 1. TYPES OF SIGNS 194
A. TRADE MARKS 194
I. TERM AND FUNCTION 194
II. SPECIAL CATEGORIES 196
B. CORPORATE SIGNS 197
I. TERM AND FUNCTION 197
II. SPECIAL CATEGORIES 199
C. DOMAIN NAMES 199
D. TITLES 201
I. TERM AND FUNCTION 201
II. SPECIAL CATEGORIES 201
E. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 201
F. NAMES 203
G. OTHER SIGNS 204
§ 2. STATUTORY REGULATIONS AND THEIR INTERRELATIONSHIP 205
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§ 3. REQUIREMENTS OF PROTECTION 209
A. TRADEMARKS 209
I. FORMAL REQUIREMENTS 209
II. SUBSTANTIVE REQUIREMENTS 210
1. CAPABILITY OF DISTINCTION 210
A) DISTINCTIVENESS 211
AA) WORD MARKS 212
BB) DEVICE MARKS 212
CC) COMBINED WORD AND DEVICE MARKS 212
DD) THREE-DIMENSIONAL MARKS 212
EE) LETTER MARKS 212
FF) NUMERAL MARKS 213
GG) COLOUR MARKS 213
HH) SOUND AND OTHER MARKS 213
B) POSSIBILITY TO SERVE IN TRADE AS A DESCRIPTIVE DESIGNATION 213 C)
GENERIC SIGNS 213
2. DISTINCTICE CHARACTER FOLLOWING USE 213
3. OTHER REQUIREMENTS FOR PROTECTION 214
III. GENUINE USE AND CONSEQUENCES OF NON-USE 215
1. SURVEY 215
2. WAYS OF USE 215
3. USE IN A MODIFIED FORM 216
4. EXTENT AND PLACE OF USE 216
5. PERIOD FOR USE 217
6. PROPER REASONS FOR NON-USE 217
7. CONSEQUENCES OF NON-USE 217
IV. PRIORITY DATE 217
V. PROTECTION FOR TRADE MARKS REGISTERED ABROAD 218
B. CORPORATE SIGNS 219
I. FORMAL REQUIREMENTS 219
II. SUBSTANTIVE REQUIREMENTS 220
1. DISTINCTIVE CHARACTER 220
2. OTHER REQUIREMENTS FOR PROTECTION 220
III. USE AND CONSEQUENCES OF NON-USE 221
IV. PRIORITY DATE 221
V. PROTECTION FOR FOREIGN CORPORATE SIGNS 222
C. DOMAIN NAMES 223
D. TITLES 223
E. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 223
F. NAMES 224
G. OTHER SIGNS 224
§4. OWNERSHIP, TRANSFER, LICENSING 225
A. TRADE MARKS 226
I. OWNERSHIP 226
II. TRANSFER 226
III. LICENSING 226
B. CORPORATE SIGNS 226
I. OWNERSHIP 226
II. TRANSFER 226
III. LICENSING 227
C. DOMAIN NAMES 227
I. OWNERSHIP 227
II. TRANSFER 227
III. LICENSING 227
D. TITLES 227
I. OWNERSHIP 227
II. ASSIGNMENT 227
III. LICENSING 227
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E. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 227
I. OWNERSHIP 227
II. TRANSFER 227
III. LICENSING 228
F. NAMES 228
I. OWNERSHIP 228
II. TRANSFER 228
III. LICENSING 228
G. OTHER SIGNS 228
I. OWNERSHIP 228
II. ASSIGNMENT 228
III. LICENSING 228
§ 5. LOSS OF PROTECTION 229
A. TRADE MARKS 229
I. NON-USE 229
II. ABSOLUTE GROUNDS OF INVALIDITY 229
III. BAD FAITH 230
IV. OTHER REASONS 230
B. CORPORATE SIGNS 231
I. NON-USE 231
II. REASONS FOR INVALIDITY 231
C. DOMAIN NAMES 231
D. TITLES 231
E. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 232
F. NAMES 232
G. OTHER SIGNS 232
§ 6. CONFLICT WITH EARLIER RIGHTS 234
A. EARLIER TRADE MARK 234
I. LATER TRADE MARK 235
II. LATER CORPORATE DESIGNATION 235
III. LATER OTHER SIGNS AND LATER OTHER RIGHT 235
B. EARLIER CORPORATE SIGN 236
I. LATER TRADE MARK 236
II. LATER TRADE NAME 236
III. LATER OTHER SIGNS AND LATER OTHER RIGHT 237
C. EARLIER DOMAIN NAME 237
D. EARLIER TITLE 238
E. EARLIER GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATION 238
F. EARLIER NAME 238
G. EARLIER OTHER RIGHTS 238
§ 7. SCOPE OF PROTECTION 239
A. TRADE MARKS 239
I. ACTS OF INFRINGEMENT 239
II. PROTECTION AGAINST IDENTICAL MARKS/GOODS 240
III. PROTECTION AGAINST SIMILAR MARKS/GOODS 240
1. PRINCIPLES OF LIKELIHOOD OF CONFUSION 242
2. SIMILARITY OF MARKS 242
A) PHONETICAL SIMILARITY 243
B) VISUAL SIMILARITY 243
AA) SIMILARITY OF WORD MARKS 243
BB) SIMILARITY OF DEVICE TRADE MARKS 244
CC) SIMILARITY OF COMBINED TRADE MARKS 244
C) CONCEPTUAL SIMILARITY 244
3. SIMILARITY BETWEEN GOODS/SERVICE 245
4. DEGREE OF DISTINCTIVENESS 245
5. TYPES OF LIKELIHOOD OF CONFUSION 245
IV. PROTECTION OF WELL-KNOWN TRADE MARKS 246
V. USE OF ONE S OWN NAME 246
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B. CORPORATE SIGNS 246
I. ACTS OF INFRINGEMENT 247
II. PROTECTION AGAINST IDENTICAL TRADE NAMES 247
III. PROTECTION AGAINST LIKELIHOOD OF CONFUSION 247
1. PRINCIPLES OF LIKELIHOOD OF CONFUSION 248
2. SIMILARITY OF TRADE NAMES 248
3. COMMON FIELD OF ACTIVITY 248
4. DEGREE OF DISTINCTIVENESS 248
5. TYPES OF LIKELIHOOD OF CONFUSION 248
IV. PROTECTION OF WELL-KNOWN TRADE NAMES 248
V. USE OF ONE S OWN NAME 248
C. DOMAIN NAMES 248
D. TITLES 249
E. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 249
F. NAMES 249
G. OTHER SIGNS 249
§ 8. DEFENCES 250
A. NON-USE 250
I. TRADE MARKS 250
II. TRADE NAMES 250
III. OTHERS SIGNS 250
B. NAME, ADDRESS AND DESCRIPTIVE INFORMATION 251
C. EXHAUSTION 251
D. ACQUIESCENCE 251
E. STATUTE OF LIMITATION 252
F. ABUSE OF LAW 252
G. CONTRADICTORY EARLIER RIGHT 252
H. DECEPTION 252
I. OTHER DEFENCES 252
§ 9. CLAIMS IN CASES OF INFRINGEMENT 253
A. INJUNCTION 253
B. DAMAGES 253
C. OTHER CLAIMS 254
I. DISCLOSURE AND ACCOUNTING SEARCH ORDERS 254
II. CANCELLATION 254
III. SEIZE ORDERS 254
IV. SEIZURE AT THE BORDER 254
§ 10. INFRINGEMENT PROCEEDINGS 255
A. ORDINARY PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE COURT 255
B. INTERIM RELIEF 255
C. PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE TRADE MARK OFFICE 255
I. OPPOSITION PROCEEDINGS 256
II. CANCELLATION PROCEEDINGS 256
D. CRIMINAL OFFENCES 256
§ 11. STRATEGY FOR THE PROTECTION OF SIGNS 257
A. PREVENTION BY RESEARCH 257
B. NECESSITY OF TRADE MARK REGISTRATION 257
C. NECESSITY OF COMPANY FORMATION 258
TABLE OF LEGISLATION 259
CHAPTERS. CZECH REPUBLIC 261
§1. TYPES OF SIGNS 262
A. TRADE MARKS 262
I. TERM AND FUNCTION 262
II. SPECIAL CATEGORIES 263
B. CORPORATE DESIGNATIONS 263
I. TERM AND FUNCTION 263
II. SPECIAL CATEGORIES 265
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C. DOMAIN NAMES 267
D. TITLES 268
I. TERM AND FUNCTION 268
II. SPECIAL CATEGORIES 270
E. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 270
F. NAMES 271
G. OTHER SIGNS 272
§ 2. STATUTORY REGULATIONS AND THEIR INTERRELATIONSHIP 273
§ 3. REQUIREMENTS OF PROTECTION 275
A. TRADE MARKS 275
I. FORMAL REQUIREMENTS 275
II. SUBSTANTIVE REQUIREMENTS 276
III. GENUINE USE AND CONSEQUENCES OF NON-USE 280
IV. PRIORITY DATE 280
V. PROTECTION OF TRADE MARKS REGISTERED ABROAD 280
B. CORPORATE DESIGNATIONS 281
I. FORMAL REQUIREMENTS 281
II. SUBSTANTIVE REQUIREMENTS 281
1. INHERENT DISTINCTIVE CHARACTER 281
2. DISTINCTIVE CHARACTER FOLLOWONG USE 282
3. OTHER REQUIREMENTS FOR PROTECTION 282
III. USE AND CONSEQUENCES OF NON-USE 282
IV. PIORITY DATE 283
V. PROTECTION FOR FOREIGN CORPORATE SIGNS 283
C. DOMAIN NAMES 283
D. TIDES 283
I. FORMAL REQUIREMENTS 284
II. SUBSTANTIVE REQUIREMENTS 284
E. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 284
I. NATIONAL LAWS 284
II. COUNCIL REGULATION (EC) NO 510/06 284
F. NAMES 285
G. OTHER SIGNS 285
§ 4. OWNERSHIP, TRANSFER, LICENSING 286
A. TRADE MARKS 286
B. CORPORATE SIGNS 288
C. DOMAIN NAMES 288
D. TITLES 289
E. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 289
F. NAMES 289
G. OTHER SIGNS 290
§ 5. LOSS OF PROTECTION 291
A. TRADE MARKS 291
B. CORPORATE SIGNS 292
I. NON-USE 292
II. REASON FOR INVALIDITY 292
C. DOMAIN NAMES 292
D. TITLES 293
E. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 293
F. NAMES 293
G. OTHER SIGNS 293
§ 6. CONFLICT WITH EARLIER RIGHTS 294
A. EARLIER TRADE MARK 294
B. EARLIER CORPORATE SIGN 296
C. EARLIER DOMAIN NAME 296
D. EARLIER TITLE 296
E. EARLIER GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATION 296
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F. EARLIER NAME 296
G. OTHER EARLIER RIGHT 296
§ 7. SCOPE OF PROTECTION 298
§8. DEFENCES 299
A. NON-USE 300
I. TRADE MARKS 300
II. CORPORATE DESIGNATIONS 300
III. OTHER SIGNS 300
B. NAME, ADDRESS AND DESCRIPTIVE INFORMATION 300
I. TRADE MARKS 300
II. CORPORATE DESIGNATIONS 301
III. OTHER SIGNS 301
C. EXHAUSTION 301
I. TRADE MARKS 301
II. CORPORATE DESIGNATIONS 301
III. OTHER SIGNS 301
D. ACQUIESCENCE 301
I. TRADE MARKS 301
II. CORPORATE DESIGNATIONS 302
III. OTHER SIGNS AND RIGHTS 302
E. PRESCRIPTIONS UNDER THE STATUTES OF LIMITATIONS 302
I. TRADE MARKS 302
II. CORPORATE DESIGNATIONS 302
III. OTHER SIGNS 302
F. ABUSE OF LAW 303
I. TRADE MARKS 303
II. CORPORATE DESIGNATIONS 303
III. OTHER SIGNS 303
G. CONTRADICTORY EARLIER RIGHT 303
I. TRADE MARKS 303
II. CORPORATE DESIGNATIONS 304
HI. OTHER SIGNS 304
H. CANCELLATION 304
I. TRADE MARKS 304
II. CORPORATE DESIGNATIONS 304
III. OTHER SIGNS 305
I. OTHER DEFENCES 305
I. TRADE MARKS 305
II. CORPORATE DESIGNATIONS 305
III. OTHER SIGNS 305
§ 9. CLAIMS IN THE CASE OF INFRINGEMENT 306
§ 10. INFRINGEMENT PROCEEDINGS 308
A. ORDINARY PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE COURT 308
B. INTERIM RELIEF 309
C. PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE PATENT OFFICE 309
I. OPPOSITION PROCEEDINGS 309
II. CANCELLATION PROCEEDINGS 310
D. CRIMINAL OFFENCES 310
§ 11. STRATEGY FOR THE PROTECTION OF SIGNS 311
A. PREVENTION BY RESEARCH 311
B. NECESSITY OF TRADE MARK REGISTRATION 311
C. NECESSITY OF COMPANY FORMATION 311
TABLE OF STATUTES 312
CHAPTER 6. FRANCE 313
§ 1. TYPES OF SIGNS 314
A. TRADE MARKS 314
I. TERM AND FUNCTION 314
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II. SPECIAL CATEGORIES 319
B. CORPORATE SIGNS 324
I. TERM AND FUNCTION 324
II. SPECIAL CATEGORIES 326
C. DOMAIN NAMES 329
D. TITLES 331
I. TERM AND FUNCTION 331
II. SPECIAL CATEGORIES 331
E. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 331
F. NAMES 332
G. OTHER SIGNS 332
§ 2. STATUTORY REGULATIONS AND THEIR INTERRELATIONSHIP 334
§ 3. REQUIREMENTS OF PROTECTION 336
A. TRADE MARKS 336
I. FORMAL REQUIREMENTS 336
1. THE APPLICATION FOR REGISTRATION 337
2. THE OBSERVATION AND OPPOSITION PROCEDURE 339
A) OBSERVATIONS 339
B) THE OPPOSITION 339
3. THE REGISTRATION 340
4. THE RENEWAL 341
6. WELL-KNOWN TRADEMARKS 342
II. SUBSTANTIVE REQUIREMENTS 342
1. GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION 343
2. DISTINCTIVE CHARACTER 343
A) STATUTORY REGULATIONS 343
B) CONTENT 344
3. TYPES OF TRADE MARK 349
A) WORD MARKS 349
AA) WORDS AND COMBINATION OF WORDS 349
BB) SURNAME 350
CC) PSEUDONYMS 353
DD) GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES 353
EE) LETTERS, NUMERALS AND ABBREVIATIONS 354
B) COMBINED WORD AND DEVICE MARKS 355
C) DEVICE MARKS 355
D) THREE-DIMENSIONAL MARKS 356
E) COLOUR MARKS 356
F) SOUND MARKS 358
G) OLFACTORY MARKS 359
4. LAWFUL CHARACTER 360
A) ARTICLE 6 TER OF THE PARIS CONVENTION 360
B) PUBLIC POLICY 361
C) DECEPTION 361
5. AVAILABILITY 362
A) PRIOR RIGHTS DUE TO A TRADE MARK 363
B) PRIOR RIGHTS RESULTING FROM A COMPANY NAME 364
C) PRIOR RIGHTS RESULTING FROM A TRADE NAME OR A SHOP SIGN 365
D) PRIOR RIGHTS RESULTING FROM AN APPELLATION OF ORIGIN 366
E) PRIOR RIGHTS RESULTING FROM COPYRIGHT 367
F) PRIOR RIGHTS RESULTING FROM A PERSONALITY RIGHT 368
G) PRIOR RIGHTS RESULTING FROM THE NAME AND IMAGE OF A LOCAL AUTHORITY
368
H) OTHER POSSIBLE PRIOR RIGHTS 368
III. GENUINE USE AND CONSEQUENCES OF NON-USE 370
1. SURVEY 370
2. WAYS OF USE 372
3. USE IN A MODIFIED FORM 372
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4. EXTENT AND PLACE OF USE 374
5. PERIOD FOR USE 375
6. PROPER REASONS FOR NON-USE 376
7. CONSEQUENCES OF UNJUSTIFIED NON-USE 376
IV. PRIORITY DATE 377
V. THE PROTECTION FOR FOREIGN TRADE MARKS 377
B. CORPORATE SIGNS 378
I. FORMAL REQUIREMENTS 378
II. SUBSTANTIVE REQUIREMENTS 379
III. USE AND CONSEQUENCES OF NON-USE 379
IV. PROTECTION FOR FOREIGN CORPORATE SIGNS 379
C. DOMAIN NAMES 380
D. TITLES 380
E. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 380
I. THE NATIONAL REGULATION 380
II. THE COMMUNITY REGULATION 382
§4. OWNERSHIP, TRANSFER, LICENSING 384
A. TRADE MARKS 385
I. TRANSFER 387
II. LICENSING 388
B. CORPORATE SIGNS 392
C. DOMAIN NAMES 392
D. TIDES 392
E. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 392
§ 5. LOSS OF PROTECTION 393
A. TRADE MARKS 393
I. NON-USE 393
II. DILUTION 393
III. DECEPTION 393
IV. BAD FAITH 394
V. ABSOLUTE GROUNDS OF INVALIDITY 394
B. CORPORATE SIGNS 394
C. DOMAIN NAMES 394
D. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 396
§6. CONFLICT WITH EARLIER RIGHTS 397
A. EARLIER TRADE MARK 397
B. EARLIER CORPORATE SIGN 397
C. EARLIER DOMAIN NAME 397
D. EARLIER TITLE 397
E. EARLIER GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATION 398
F. OTHER EARLIER RIGHTS 398
§ 7. SCOPE OF PROTECTION 399
A. TRADE MARKS 399
I. ACTS OF INFRINGEMENT 400
1. REPRODUCTION OF THE IDENTICAL SIGN 401
2. PROTECTION AGAINST IDENTICAL PRODUCTS 405
3. PROTECTION AGAINST SIMILAR GOODS 405
4. IMITATION OF THE SIGNS 407
A) PHONETICAL SIMILARITY 407
B) VISUAL SIMILARITY 408
C) CONCEPTUAL OR INTELLECTUAL SIMILARITY 408
5. LIKELIHOOD OF CONFUSION 409
6. PROTECTION OF THE WELL-KNOWN NATURE OF A TRADEMARK 410
7. USE OF ONE S OWN NAME 410
II. OTHER CRIMINAL ACTS 410
B. CORPORATE SIGNS 413
C. DOMAIN NAMES 413
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D. TITLES 414
E. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 414
§ 8. DEFENCES 416
A. NON-USE, DILUTION, DECEPTION 416
B. NAME, ADDRESS AND DESCRIPTIVE INFORMATION 416
F. EXHAUSTION 417
D. ACQUIESCENCE 418
E. STATUTE OF LIMITATION 419
F. ABUSE OF LAW 419
G. OTHER DEFENCES 420
§ 9. CLAIMS IN CASES OF INFRINGEMENT 422
A. INJUNCTION 422
B. DAMAGES 422
C. OTHER CLAIMS 424
I. CANCELLATION 424
II. FINES AND IMPRISONMENT 424
III. PUBLICATION AND OTHER SUPPLEMENTARY MEASURES 425
§ 10. INFRINGEMENT PROCEEDINGS 427
A. PREVENTIVE ACTIONS 427
I. SEIZE ORDERS 427
II. SEIZURE AT THE BORDER 430
B. ORDINARY PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE COURT 431
C. INTERIM RELIEF 433
§ 11. STRATEGY FOR THE PROTECTION OF SIGNS 435
A. PREVENTION BY RESEARCH 435
B. NECESSITY OF TRADE MARK REGISTRATION 435
C. NECESSITY OF COMPANY FORMATION 436
CHAPTER 7. GERMANY 437
§ 1. TYPES OF SIGNS 438
A. TRADE MARKS 438
I. TERM AND FUNCTION 438
II. SPECIAL CATEGORIES 440
B. CORPORATE SIGNS 441
I. TERM AND FUNCTION 441
II. SPECIAL CATEGORIES 441
C. DOMAIN NAMES 443
D. TITLES 443
E. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 444
F. NAMES 445
G. OTHER SIGNS 445
§ 2. STATUTORY REGULATIONS AND THEIR INTERRELATIONSHIP 446
§ 3. REQUIREMENTS OF PROTECTION 447
A. TRADE MARKS 447
I. FORMAL REQUIREMENTS 447
II. SUBSTANTIVE REQUIREMENTS 448
1. CAPABILITY OF DISTINCTION 448
A) DISTINCTIVENESS 448
AA) WORD MARKS 450
BB) FIGURATIVE AND WORD MARKS 450
CC) FIGURATIVE MARKS 450
DD) THREE-DIMENSIONAL MARKS 451
EE) LETTER MARKS 451
FF) NUMERAL MARKS 452
GG) COLOUR MARKS 452
HH) SOUND MARKS ETC 452
B) NEED TO KEEP FREE 452
C) COMMON PARLANCE 455
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2. DISTINCTIVE CHARACTER FOLLOWING USE 455
3. OTHER REQUIREMENTS FOR PROTECTION 456
III. USE AND THE CONSEQUENCES OF LACK OF USE 457
1. SURVEY 457
2. WAYS OF USE 457
3. USE IN A MODIFIED FORM 458
4. EXTENT AND PLACE OF USE 458
5. PERIOD FOR USE 459
6. PROPER REASONS FOR NON-USE 459
7. CONSEQUENCES OF NON-USE 459
IV. PRIORITY DATE 460
V. PROTECTION OF FOREIGN TRADEMARKS 461
B. CORPORATE SIGNS 462
I. FORMAL REQUIREMENTS 462
II. SUBSTANTIVE REQUIREMENTS 462
1. INHERENT DISTINCTIVE CHARACTER 462
2. DISTINCTIVE CHARACTER FOLLOWING USE 464
3. OTHER REQUIREMENTS FOR PROTECTION 464
III. GEOGRAPHICAL SCOPE OF PROTECTION 464
IV. USE AND CONSEQUENCES OF LACK OF USE 464
V. PRIORITY DATE 465
VI. PROTECTION FOR FOREIGN TRADE NAMES 465
C. DOMAIN NAMES 466
D. TITLES 466
I. FOUNDATION 466
II. REQUIREMENTS 467
E. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 467
I. NATIONAL LEGISLATION 467
II. REGULATION (EC) NO 510/2006 (CERTAIN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS AND
FOODSTUFFS) 468
III. REGULATIONS (EC) NO 479/2008 (WINE) AND (EC) NO 110/2008 (SPIRITS)
.. 470 F. NAMES 470
§ 4. OWNERSHIP, TRANSFER, MANAGEMENT, LICENSING 472
A. TRADE MARKS 472
B. CORPORATE SIGNS 474
C. DOMAIN NAMES 475
D. TITLES 476
E. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 476
F. NAMES 476
§ 5. LOSS OF PROTECTION 478
A. TRADE MARKS 478
I. NON-USE 478
II. ABSOLUTE GROUNDS FOR REFUSAL 480
III. BAD FAITH 482
IV. OTHER GROUNDS FOR CANCELLATION 482
B. CORPORATE SIGNS 486
I. LACK OF USE 486
II. OTHER GROUNDS FOR INVALIDITY 486
C. DOMAIN NAMES 487
D. TITLES 488
E. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 488
F. NAMES 489
G. OTHER SIGNS 489
§ 6. CONFLICT WITH EARLIER RIGHTS 490
A. EARLIER TRADE MARK 490
B. EARLIER CORPORATE SIGN 490
C. EARLIER DOMAIN NAME 491
D. EARLIER TITLE 491
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E. EARLIER GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATION 491
F. EARLIER NAME 492
G. OTHER EARLIER RIGHTS 492
§ 7. SCOPE OF PROTECTION 493
A. TRADE MARKS 493
I. ACTS OF INFRINGEMENT 494
1. ESSENCE OF USAGE 494
2. WAYS OF USE 496
II. PROTECTION OF IDENTITY 498
III. PROTECTION AGAINST CONFUSION 498
1. PRINCIPLES OF LIKELIHOOD OF CONFUSION 498
2. TRADEMARK/SIGN IDENTITY OR SIMILARITY 499
3. GOODS/SERVICES IDENTITY OR SIMILARITY 501
4. DEGREE OF DISTINCTIVENESS OF EARLIER TRADEMARK 501
5. TYPES OF LIKELIHOOD OF CONFUSION 502
IV. PROTECTION OF WELL-KNOWN TRADEMARKS 503
V. USE OF ONE S OWN NAME 505
B. CORPORATE SIGNS 505
I. ACTS OF INFRINGEMENT 506
II. PROTECTION AGAINST IDENTICAL CORPORATE SIGNS 507
III. PROTECTION AGAINST LIKELIHOOD OF CONFUSION 507
IV. PROTECTION OF WELL-KNOWN CORPORATE SIGNS 509
V. USE OF ONE S OWN NAME AND COEXISTENCE SITUATIONS 509
C. DOMAIN NAMES 510
D. TITLES 510
E. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 511
F. NAMES 514
G. OTHER RIGHTS 515
§ 8. DEFENCES 516
A. NON-USE 516
B. NAME, ADDRESS AND DESCRIPTIVE INFORMATION 517
C. EXHAUSTION 519
D. ACQUIESCENCE 520
E. STATUTE OF LIMITATION 522
F. ABUSE OF LAW 524
G. CONTRADICTORY EARLIER RIGHT 525
H. DECEPTION 525
I. OTHER DEFENCES 525
§ 9. CLAIMS IN CASES OF INFRINGEMENT 528
A. INJUNCTION 528
B. PAYMENT 529
I. CLAIMS IN DAMAGES 529
II. UNJUST ENRICHMENT CLAIMS 529
III. AGENCY WITHOUT SPECIFIC AUTHORISATION CLAIMS 530
C. OTHER CLAIMS 530
I. DISCLOSURE AND ACCOUNTING SEARCH 530
II. CANCELLATION 532
III. ELIMINATION 532
IV. SEIZURE AT THE BORDER 534
V. OTHER CLAIMS 535
D. ALTERNATIVE PROTECTIVE DEVICES 536
§ 10. INFRINGEMENT PROCEEDINGS 537
A. ORDINARY PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE COURT 537
I. INJUNCTION 537
II. DECLARATORY ACTION 538
III. CLAIM IN DAMAGES 539
IV. ACTION FOR DISCLOSURE OF INFORMATION 539
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V. ELIMINATION ACTION 539
VI. DEFENSIVE COUNTER-ACTION TO OPPOSITION 540
B. INTERIM RELIEF 540
C. ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES 541
D. NON-JUDICIAL PROCEDURE BEFORE DOMAIN NAME ARBITRAL BODIES 544 E. THE
RISKS INVOLVED IN LEGAL PROCEEDINGS 544
§ 11. STRATEGY FOR THE PROTECTION OF SIGNS 545
CHAPTER 8. ITALY 547
PREAMBLE 548
§ 1. TYPES OF SIGNS 549
A. TRADE MARKS 549
I. TERM AND FUNCTION 549
II. SPECIAL CATEGORIES 551
B. CORPORATE SIGNS 556
I. TERM AND FUNCTION 556
II. SPECIAL CATEGORIES 557
C. DOMAIN NAMES 559
D. TITLES 559
I. TERM AND FUNCTION 559
II. SPECIAL CATEGORIES 560
E. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 560
F. NAMES 562
G. OTHER SIGNS 563
§2. STATUTORY REGULATIONS AND THEIR INTERRELATIONSHIP 565
§ 3. REQUIREMENTS OF PROTECTION 569
A. TRADE MARKS 569
I. FORMAL REQUIREMENTS 569
II. SUBSTANTIVE REQUIREMENTS 573
1. CAPABILITY OF DISTINCTION 573
A) DISTINCTIVENESS 574
B) POSSIBILITY OF SERVING IN TRADE AS A DESCRIPTIVE DESIGNATION 575 C)
GENERIC SIGNS 578
2. DISTINCTIVE CHARACTER FOLLOWING USE 580
3. OTHER REQUIREMENTS FOR PROTECTION 582
III. GENUINE USE AND THE CONSEQUENCES OF NON-USE 586
1. SURVEY 586
2. WAYS OF USE 587
3. USE IN A MODIFIED FORM 588
4. EXTENT AND PLACE OF USE 589
5. PERIOD FOR USE 590
6. PROPER REASONS FOR NON-USE 590
7. CONSEQUENCES OF NON-USE 590
IV. PRIORITY DATE 591
V. PROTECTION FOR TRADE MARKS REGISTERED ABROAD 592
B. CORPORATE SIGNS 593
I. FORMAL REQUIREMENTS 593
II. SUBSTANTIVE REQUIREMENTS 595
1. INHERENT DISTINCTIVE CHARACTER 595
2. DISTINCTIVE CHARACTER FOLLOWING USE 596
3. OTHER REQUIREMENTS FOR PROTECTION 596
III. USE AND CONSEQUENCES OF NON-USE 596
IV. PRIORITY DATE 598
V. PROTECTION FOR FOREIGN CORPORATE SIGNS 599
C. DOMAIN NAMES 600
D. TITLES 602
I. FORMAL REQUIREMENTS 602
II. SUBSTANTIVE REQUIREMENTS 602
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E. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 603
F. NAMES 606
G. OTHER SIGNS 606
§4. OWNERSHIP, ASSIGNMENT, LICENSING 607
A. TRADE MARKS 607
I. OWNERSHIP 607
II. ASSIGNMENT 608
III. LICENSING 611
B. CORPORATE SIGNS 612
I. OWNERSHIP 612
II. ASSIGNMENT 613
III. LICENSING 615
C. DOMAIN NAMES 615
I. OWNERSHIP 615
II. ASSIGNMENT AND LICENSING 615
D. TITLES 615
I. OWNERSHIP 615
II. ASSIGNMENT AND LICENSING 617
E. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 617
I. OWNERSHIP 617
II. ASSIGNMENT AND LICENSING 619
F. NAMES 619
I. OWNERSHIP 619
II. ASSIGNMENT AND LICENSING 623
G. OTHER SIGNS 623
§ 5. LOSS OF PROTECTION 624
A. TRADE MARKS 624
I. NON-USE 625
II. ABSOLUTE GROUNDS FOR INVALIDITY 628
HI. BAD FAITH 629
IV. OTHER REASONS 631
B. CORPORATE SIGNS 635
I. NON-USE 635
II. REASONS FOR INVALIDITY 636
C. DOMAIN NAMES 638
D. TITLES 638
E. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 639
F. NAMES 640
G. OTHER SIGNS 641
§6. CONFLICT WITH EARLIER RIGHTS 642
A. EARLIER TRADE MARK 642
I. LATER MARK 642
II. LATER CORPORATE DESIGNATION 648
III. OTHER LATER SIGNS AND RIGHTS 648
B. EARLIER CORPORATE DESIGNATION 649
I. LATER TRADE MARK 649
II. LATER CORPORATE DESIGNATION 650
III. OTHER LATER SIGNS AND RIGHTS 651
C. EARLIER DOMAIN NAME 651
D. EARLIER TITLE 651
E. EARLIER GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 651
F. EARLIER NAME 652
G. EARLIER OTHER RIGHTS 652
§ 7. SCOPE OF PROTECTION 655
A. TRADE MARKS 655
I. ACTS OF INFRINGEMENT 655
II. PROTECTION AGAINST IDENTICAL MARKS/GOODS 659
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III. PROTECTION AGAINST SIMILAR MARKS/GOODS 660
1. PRINCIPLES OF LIKELIHOOD OF CONFUSION 662
2. SIMILARITY OF MARKS 663
3. SIMILARITY BETWEEN GOODS/SERVICES 665
4. DEGREE OF DISTINCTIVENESS 668
5. TYPES OF LIKELIHOOD OF CONFUSION 670
IV. PROTECTION OF WELL-KNOWN TRADE MARKS 671
V. USE OF ONE S OWN NAME 673
B. CORPORATE SIGNS 674
I. ACTS OF INFRINGEMENT 676
II. PROTECTION AGAINST IDENTICAL CORPORATE DESIGNATIONS 676
III. PROTECTION AGAINST LIKELIHOOD OF CONFUSION 677
1. PRINCIPLES OF LIKELIHOOD OF CONFUSION 677
2. SIMILARITY OF CORPORATE DESIGNATIONS 677
3. COMMON FIELD OF ACTIVITY 678
4. DEGREE OF DISTINCTIVENESS 679
5. TYPES OF LIKELIHOOD OF CONFUSION 680
IV. PROTECTION OF WELL-KNOWN CORPORATE DESIGNATIONS 680
V. USE OF ONE S OWN NAME 680
C. DOMAIN NAMES 681
D. TITLES 681
E. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 681
F. NAMES 682
G. OTHER RIGHTS 682
§8. DEFENCES 683
A. NON-USE 683
I. TRADEMARKS 683
II. CORPORATE SIGNS 684
III. OTHER SIGNS 684
B. NAME, ADDRESS AND DESCRIPTIVE INFORMATION 684
C. EXHAUSTION 684
I. TRADE MARKS 684
II. CORPORATE SIGNS AND OTHER SIGNS 685
D. ACQUIESCENCE 685
I. TRADE MARKS 685
II. CORPORATE SIGNS AND OTHER SIGNS 686
E. PRESCRIPTION UNDER THE STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS 687
F. ABUSE OF LAW 687
G. CONTRADICTORY EARLIER RIGHT 687
H. DECEPTION 689
I. OTHER DEFENCES 689
§ 9. CLAIMS IN THE CASE OF INFRINGEMENT 690
A. INJUNCTION 690
B. DAMAGES 692
C. OTHER CLAIMS 695
I. DISCLOSURE AND ACCOUNTING SEARCH ORDERS 695
II. CANCELLATION 696
III. SEIZURE ORDERS 696
IV. SEIZURE AT THE BORDER 697
V. PUBLICATION OF THE DECISION 698
§ 10. INFRINGEMENT PROCEEDINGS 699
A. ORDINARY PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE COURT 699
B. INTERIM RELIEF 699
C. PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE PATENT OFFICE 703
I. OPPOSITION PROCEEDINGS 703
II. CANCELLATION PROCEEDINGS 703
D. CRIMINAL OFFENCES 703
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§ 11. STRATEGY FOR THE PROTECTION OF SIGNS 707
A. PREVENTION BY RESEARCH 707
B. NECESSITY OF TRADE MARK REGISTRATION 707
C. NECESSITY OF COMPANY FORMATION 708
ABBREVIATIONS 709
CHAPTER 9. JAPAN 711
§ 1. TYPES OF SIGNS 712
A. TRADE MARKS 712
I. TERM AND FUNCTION 712
II. SPECIAL CATEGORIES 714
B. CORPORATE SIGNS 715
C. DOMAIN NAMES 717
D. TITLES 717
E. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 717
F. NAMES 718
G. OTHER SIGNS 718
§ 2. STATUTORY REGULATIONS AND THEIR INTERRELATIONSHIP 719
§ 3. REQUIREMENTS OF PROTECTION 721
A. TRADE MARKS 721
I. FORMAL REQUIREMENTS 721
II. SUBSTANTIVE REQUIREMENTS 722
1. CAPABILITY OF DISTINCTION 723
A) DISTINCTIVENESS 723
AA) WORD MARKS 724
BB) COMBINED WORD AND DEVICE MARKS 724
CC) DEVICE MARKS 724
DD) THREE-DIMENSIONAL MARKS 724
EE) LETTER MARKS 724
FF) NUMERAL MARKS 724
GG) COLOUR MARKS 724
HH) SOUND MARK AND OTHER MARKS 725
B) POSSIBILITY TO SERVE IN TRADE AS A DESCRIPTIVE DESIGNATION 725
AA) WORD MARKS 725
BB) THREE-DIMENSIONAL MARKS 725
C) GENERIC SIGNS 726
2. DISTINCTIVE CHARACTER FOLLOWING USE 726
3. OTHER REQUIREMENTS FOR PROTECTION 726
III. GENUINE USE AND CONSEQUENCES OF NON-USE 726
1. SURVEY 727
2. WAYS OF USE 727
3. USE IN A MODIFIED FORM 728
4. EXTENT AND PLACE OF USE 728
5. PERIOD FOR USE 729
6. PROPER REASONS FOR NON-USE 729
7. CONSEQUENCES OF NON-USE 729
IV. PRIORITY DATE 729
V. PROTECTION FOR TRADEMARKS REGISTERED ABROAD 730
B. CORPORATE SIGNS 731
I. FORMAL REQUIREMENTS 731
II. SUBSTANTIVE REQUIREMENTS 732
1. INHERENT DISTINCTIVE CHARACTER 732
2. DISTINCTIVE CHARACTER FOLLOWING USE 732
III. USE AND CONSEQUENCES OF NON-USE 732
IV. PRIORITY DATE 733
V. PROTECTION FOR FOREIGN CORPORATE SIGNS 733
C. DOMAIN NAMES 734
D. TITLES 734
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E. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 735
F. NAMES 735
§4. OWNERSHIP, TRANSFER, LICENSING 736
A. TRADE MARKS 736
I. OWNERSHIP 736
II. TRANSFER 737
III. LICENSING 737
B. CORPORATE SIGNS 738
I. OWNERSHIP 738
II. TRANSFER 738
III. LICENSING 738
C. DOMAIN NAMES 739
I. OWNERSHIP 739
II. TRANSFER 739
III. LICENSING 739
D. TITLES 739
I. OWNERSHIP 739
II. TRANSFER 739
III. LICENSING 739
E. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 739
F. NAMES 740
I. OWNERSHIP 740
II. TRANSFER AND LICENSING 740
G. OTHER SIGNS 740
§ 5. LOSS OF PROTECTION 741
A. TRADEMARKS 741
I. NON-USE 741
II. ABSOLUTE GROUNDS OF INVALIDITY 742
III. BAD FAITH 743
IV. OTHER REASONS 743
B. CORPORATE SIGNS 744
I. NON-USE 744
II. REASONS FOR INVALIDITY 744
C. DOMAIN NAMES 744
D. TITLES 744
E. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 744
F. NAMES 744
G. OTHER SIGNS 745
§ 6. CONFLICT WITH EARLIER RIGHTS 746
A. EARLIER TRADE MARK 746
I. LATER TRADE MARK 747
II. LATER CORPORATE DESIGNATION 747
III. LATER OTHER SIGNS AND LATER OTHER RIGHT 747
B. EARLIER CORPORATE SIGN 747
I. LATER TRADE MARK 748
II. LATER CORPORATE DESIGNATION 748
III. LATER OTHER SIGNS AND LATER OTHER RIGHT 748
C. EARLIER DOMAIN NAME 748
D. EARLIER TITLE 748
E. EARLIER GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATION 748
F. EARLIER NAME 749
§ 7. SCOPE OF PROTECTION 750
A. TRADE MARKS 750
I. ACTS OF INFRINGEMENT 750
II. PROTECTION AGAINST IDENTICAL MARKS/GOODS 752
III. PROTECTION AGAINST SIMILAR MARKS/GOODS 752
1. PRINCIPLES OF LIKELIHOOD OF CONFUSION 754
2. SIMILARITY OF MARKS 755
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A) PHONETICAL SIMILARITY 755
AA) CHARACTERS 755
BB) WORDS IN ANOTHER LANGUAGE 756
CC) PARTS OF A MARK 756
DD) ORDER OF THE LETTERS OR WORDS 757
B) VISUAL SIMILARITY 757
C) CONCEPTUAL SIMILARITY 757
3. SIMILARITY OF GOODS/SERVICES 758
4. DEGREE OF DISTINCTIVENESS 759
5. TYPES OF LIKELIHOOD OF CONFUSION 759
IV. PROTECTION OF WELL-KNOWN TRADE MARKS 760
V. USE OF ONE S OWN NAME 761
B. CORPORATE SIGNS 761
I. ACTS OF INFRINGEMENT 762
II. PROTECTION AGAINST IDENTICAL CORPORATE SIGN 763
III. PROTECTION AGAINST LIKELIHOOD OF CONFUSION 763
1. PRINCIPLES OF LIKELIHOOD CONFUSION 764
2. SIMILARITY OF CORPORATE SIGNS 764
3. COMMON FIELD OF ACTIVITY 764
4. DEGREE OF DISTINCTIVENESS 764
5. TYPES OF LIKELIHOOD OF CONFUSION 765
IV. PROTECTION OF WELL-KNOWN CORPORATE SIGNS 765
V. USE OF ONE S OWN NAME 765
C. DOMAIN NAMES 765
D. TITLES 765
E. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 765
F. NAMES 765
§ 8. DEFENCES 766
A. NON-USE 766
I. TRADE MARKS 766
II. CORPORATE DESIGNATIONS 766
B. NAME, ADDRESS AND DESCRIPTIVE INFORMATION 767
C. EXHAUSTION 767
I. TRADE MARKS 767
II. CORPORATE DESIGNATIONS 768
III. OTHER SIGNS 769
D. ACQUIESCENCE 769
I. TRADE MARKS 769
II. CORPORATE DESIGNATIONS 769
III. OTHER SIGNS AND RIGHTS 769
E. STATUTE OF LIMITATION 770
F. ABUSE OF LAW 770
G. CONTRADICTORY EARLIER RIGHT 770
H. DECEPTION 771
I. OTHER DEFENCES 771
§ 9. CLAIMS IN CASES OF INFRINGEMENT 772
A. INJUNCTION 772
B. DAMAGES 772
C. OTHER CLAIMS 773
I. DISCLOSURE AND ACCOUNTING SEARCH ORDERS 773
II. CANCELLATION 773
III. SEIZE ORDERS 774
IV. SEIZURE AT THE BORDER 774
§ 10. INFRINGEMENT PROCEEDINGS 775
A. ORDINARY PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE COURT 775
B. INTERIM RELIEF 776
C. PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE PATENT OFFICE 776
I. OPPOSITION PROCEEDINGS 776
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II. CANCELLATION PROCEEDINGS 776
D. CRIMINAL OFFENCES 777
§ 11. STRATEGY FOR THE PROTECTION OF SIGNS 778
A. PREVENTION BY RESEARCH 778
B. NECESSITY OF TRADE MARK REGISTRATION 778
C. NECESSITY OF COMPANY FORMATION 778
CHAPTER 10. PORTUGAL 779
§ 1. TYPESOFSIGNS 780
A. TRADEMARKS 781
I. TERM AND FUNCTION 781
II. SPECIAL CATEGORIES 781
B. CORPORATE SIGNS 782
I. TERM AND FUNCTION 782
II. SPECIAL CATEGORIES 783
1. LOGO 783
2. COMPANY NAME 784
3. COMPANY NAME OF COMMERCIAL COMPANIES 784
4. TRADE NAME 784
C. DOMAIN NAMES 785
D. TITLES 786
I. TERM AND FUNCTION 786
II. SPECIAL CATEGORIES 786
E. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 786
F. NAMES 787
G. OTHER SIGNS 787
I. AWARDS 787
II. NEW PLANT VARIETIES 788
§2. STATUTORY REGULATIONS AND THEIR INTERRELATIONSHIP 789
A. INTERNATIONAL 789
B. COMMUNITY 790
C. NATIONAL 790
§ 3. REQUIREMENTS OF PROTECTION 791
A. TRADEMARKS 791
I. FORMAL REQUIREMENTS 791
II. SUBSTANTIVE REQUIREMENTS 793
1. CAPABILITY OF DISTINCTION 793
A) DISTINCTIVENESS 793
B) NEED TO KEEP FREE 794
C) COMMON PARLANCE 794
2. DISTINCTIVE CHARACTER FOLLOWING USE 795
3. OTHER REQUIREMENTS FOR PROTECTION 796
III. GENUINE USE AND CONSEQUENCES OF NON-USE 797
1. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 797
2. WAYS OF USE 797
3. USE IN A MODIFIED FORM 798
4. EXTENT AND PLACE OF USE 798
5. PERIOD FOR USE 798
6. PROPER REASONS FOR NON-USE 799
7. CONSEQUENCES OF NON-USE 799
IV. PRIORITY DATE 799
V. PROTECTION OF FOREIGN MARKS 800
B. CORPORATE SIGNS 801
I. FORMAL REQUIREMENTS 801
1. COMPANY NAME 801
A) WITHOUT REGISTRATION 802
B) DEPENDENT ON CERTIFICATE 802
2. OTHER DISTINCTIVE CORPORATE SIGNS 803
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II. SUBSTANTIVE REQUIREMENTS 804
1. GENERAL ASPECTS 804
A) COMPANY NAME 804
B) OTHER DISTINCTIVE CORPORATE SIGNS 806
2. INHERENT DISTINCTIVE CHARACTER 806
A) COMPANY NAME 806
B) OTHER DISTINCTIVE CORPORATE SIGNS 807
3. DISTINCTIVE CHARACTER FOLLOWING USE 807
A) COMPANY NAME 807
B) OTHER DISTINCTIVE CORPORATE SIGNS 807
4. OTHER REQUIREMENTS FOR PROTECTION 807
A) COMPANY NAME 807
B) OTHER DISTINCTIVE CORPORATE SIGNS 808
III. USE AND CONSEQUENCES OF NON-USE 808
1. COMPANY NAME 808
2. OTHER DISTINCTIVE CORPORATE SIGNS 808
IV. PRIORITY DATE 809
1. COMPANY NAME 809
2. OTHER DISTINCTIVE CORPORATE SIGNS 809
V. PROTECTION FOR FOREIGN CORPORATE SIGNS 810
1. COMPANY NAME 810
2. OTHER DISTINCTIVE CORPORATE SIGNS 811
C. DOMAIN NAMES 811
D. TITLES 811
I. FORMAL REQUIREMENTS 812
II. SUBSTANTIVE REQUIREMENTS 812
E. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 812
F. NAMES 813
G. OTHER SIGNS 813
I. AWARDS 813
II. NEW PLANT VARIETIES 814
I 4. OWNERSHIP, TRANSFER, LICENSING 815
A. TRADEMARKS 815
I. OWNERSHIP 815
II. TRANSFER 816
III. LICENCE 817
B. CORPORATE SIGNS 818
I. OWNERSHIP 818
1. COMPANY NAME 818
2. OTHER DISTINCTIVE CORPORATE SIGNS 819
II. ASSIGNMENT 819
1. COMPANY NAME 819
2. OTHER DISTINCTIVE CORPORATE SIGNS 819
III. LICENSE 820
1. COMPANY NAME 820
2. OTHER DISTINCTIVE CORPORATE SIGNS 820
C. DOMAIN NAMES 821
I. OWNERSHIP 821
II. ASSIGNMENT 821
III. LICENSE 821
D. TITLES 821
I. OWNERSHIP 822
II. ASSIGNMENT 822
III. LICENSE 822
E. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 822
I. OWNERSHIP 822
II. ASSIGNMENT 823
III. LICENSE 823
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F. NAMES 823
I. OWNERSHIP 823
II. ASSIGNMENT 823
III. LICENSE 824
G. OTHER SIGNS 824
I. AWARDS 824
II. NEW PLANT VARIETY APPELLATIONS 824
§ 5. LOSS OF PROTECTION 825
A. TRADEMARKS 825
I. NON-USE 825
1. APPLICATION FOR REVOCATION 825
2. MEANS OF DEFENCE IN THE INFRINGEMENT PROCESS 826
II. ABSOLUTE REASONS OF INVALIDITY 826
III. BAD FAITH 827
IV. OTHER REASONS 827
B. CORPORATE SIGNS 828
I. NON-USE 828
1. COMPANY NAME 829
2. NAME AND SIGN OF ESTABLISHMENT 829
3. LOGO 829
II. OTHER REASONS FOR INVALIDITY 829
1. COMPANY NAME 829
2. NAME AND SIGN OF ESTABLISHMENTS 829
3. LOGO 829
C. DOMAIN NAMES 830
D. TITLES 830
E. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 831
F. NAMES 831
G. OTHER SIGNS 832
§ 6. CONFLICT WITH EARLIER RIGHTS 833
A. EARLIER TRADEMARK 833
I. LATER TRADEMARK 833
II. LATER CORPORATE SIGN 834
1. COMPANY NAME AND BUSINESS IDENTIFIER 834
2. LOGO 835
III. LATER OTHER SIGN AND LATER OTHER RIGHT 835
1. DOMAIN NAMES 835
2. TITLES OF WORKS 835
3. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 836
4. NAMES 836
5. OTHER DISTINCTIVE SIGNS 836
A) AWARD 836
B) LOGO 836
C) APPELLATION OF NEW PLANT VARIETIES 836
D) OTHER RIGHT 836
B. EARLIER CORPORATE SIGN 837
I. LATER TRADEMARK 837
II. LATER CORPORATE SIGN 837
III. LATER OTHER SIGN AND LATER OTHER RIGHT 838
C. EARLIER DOMAIN NAME 838
D. EARLIER TITLE 839
E. EARLIER GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATION 839
F. EARLIER NAME 839
G. EARLIER OTHER RIGHT 839
§ 7. SCOPE OF PROTECTION 841
A. TRADEMARKS 841
I. ACTS OF INFRINGEMENT 841
II. PROTECTION OF IDENTITY 843
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III. PROTECTION AGAINST CONFUSION 844
1. PRINCIPLES OF LIKELIHOOD OF CONFUSION 844
2. SIMILARITY OF TRADEMARKS 845
A) VISUAL SIMILARITY 845
B) PHONETICAL SIMILARITY 845
C) FIGURATIVE SIMILARITY 845
D) CONCEPTUAL SIMILARITY 845
3. SIMILARITY BETWEEN PRODUCTS AND SERVICES 845
4. DEGREE OF DISTINCTIVENESS 846
5. TYPES OF LIKELIHOOD OF CONFUSION 846
IV. PROTECTION OF WELL-KNOWN TRADEMARKS 846
V. USE OF ONE S OWN NAME 847
B. CORPORATE SIGNS 847
I. TYPES OF SIGN 848
1. COMPANY NAME AND BUSINESS IDENTIFIER 848
A) TERRITORIAL RANGE OF SIGN 848
B) OTHER ASPECTS 848
2. DISTINCTIVE TRADE SIGNS: NAME, SIGN OF ESTABLISHMENT AND LOGO 849 II.
ACTS OF INFRINGEMENT 849
III. PROTECTION OF IDENTITY 849
IV. PROTECTION AGAINST CONFUSION 850
1. PRINCIPLES OF LIKELIHOOD OF CONFUSION 850
2. SIMILARITY OF SIGNS 850
3. COMMON FIELD OF ACTIVITY 850
4. DEGREE OF DISTINCTIVENESS 850
5. TYPES OF LIKELIHOOD OF CONFUSION 850
V. PROTECTION OF WELL-KNOWN CORPORATE SIGNS 850
VI. USE OF ONE S OWN NAME 851
C. DOMAIN NAMES 851
D. TITLES 851
E. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 852
I. DAMAGING ACTS 852
II. PROTECTION OF IDENTITY 853
III. PROTECTION AGAINST CONFUSION 853
IV. PROTECTION OF PRESTIGE 854
F. NAMES 854
G. OTHER RIGHTS 855
§ 8. DEFENCES 856
A. NON-USE 856
I. TRADEMARKS 856
II. DISTINCTIVE CORPORATE SIGNS 857
1. COMPANY NAME 857
2. NAME, SIGN OF ESTABLISHMENT AND LOGO 857
III. OTHER DISTINCTIVE SIGNS 857
1. DOMAIN NAME 857
2. TITLE 857
3. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATION 858
4. NAME 858
5. OTHER DISTINCTIVE SIGNS 858
B. NAME, ADDRESS AND DESCRIPTIVE INFORMATION 858
C. EXHAUSTION 858
I. TRADEMARK 858
II. DISTINCTIVE CORPORATE SIGN 859
III. OTHER DISTINCTIVE SIGNS 859
D. ACQUIESCENCE 860
I. TRADEMARK 860
II. DISTINCTIVE CORPORATE SIGNS 860
III. OTHER DISTINCTIVE SIGNS 861
XLI
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
E. STATUTE OF LIMITATION 861
I. TRADEMARK 861
II. DISTINCTIVE CORPORATE SIGN 861
III. OTHER DISTINCTIVE SIGNS 861
F. ABUSE OF LAW 862
G. CONTRADICTORY EARLIER RIGHT 863
H. DECEPTION 863
I. OTHER DEFENCES 864
§ 9. CLAIMS IN CASE OF INFRINGEMENT 865
A. INJUNCTION 866
B. DAMAGES 866
C. OTHER CLAIMS 867
I. DISCLOSURE AND ACCOUNTING SEARCH 867
II. CANCELLATION 867
III. ELIMINATION 867
IV SEIZURE AT BORDER 868
§ 10. INFRINGEMENT PROCEEDINGS 869
A. ORDINARY PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE COURT 869
B. INTERIM RELIEF 871
C. ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES 871
I. OPPOSITION PROCEDURES 872
II. CANCELLATION PROCEDURES 872
D. CRIMINAL CONDUCT 872
§ 11. STRATEGIES FOR THE PROTECTION OF SIGNS 874
A. PREVENTION BY RESEARCH 874
B. NECESSITY OF TRADE MARK REGISTRATION 874
C. NECESSITY OF COMPANY FORMATION 874
ABBREVIATIONS 876
CHAPTER 11. RUSSIA 879
§ 1. TYPES OF SIGNS 880
A. TRADEMARKS 880
I. TERM AND FUNCTION 880
II. SPECIAL CATEGORIES 882
B. CORPORATE SIGNS 885
I. TERM AND FUNCTION 885
II. SPECIAL CATEGORIES 887
C. DOMAIN NAMES 887
D. TITLES 888
I. TERM AND FUNCTION 888
II. SPECIAL CATEGORIES 889
E. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 889
I. TERM AND FUNCTION 889
II. SPECIAL CATEGORIES 891
F. NAMES 891
G. OTHER SIGNS 891
§ 2. STATUTORY REGULATIONS AND THEIR INTERRELATIONSHIP 893
A. TRADE MARKS 893
B. FIRM NAMES 894
C. DOMAIN NAMES 894
D. TITLES 895
E. APPELLATIONS OF ORIGIN 895
F. NAMES 895
G. OTHER DESIGNATIONS 896
§ 3. REQUIREMENTS OF PROTECTION 897
A. TRADE MARKS 897
I. FORMAL REQUIREMENTS 897
II. SUBSTANTIVE REQUIREMENTS 900
XLII
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. DESIGNATIONS WHICH CANNOT BE REGISTERED AS THEY CANNOT PERFORM
FUNCTIONS OF TRADE MARKS 901
A) LACK OF DISTINCTIVENESS 901
B) TRADEMARKS REPRESENTING PUBLIC SIGNS 902
C) FREEMARKS 902
D) DESIGNATIONS WHICH ARE GENERALLY ACCEPTED SYMBOLS AND TERMS ... 902
E) GENERIC SIGNS 902
2. DESIGNATIONS WHICH CANNOT BE REGISTERED AS CONTRADICTING PUBLIC ORDER
AND SOCIAL INTERESTS 903
A) DESIGNATIONS WHICH ARE DECEPTIVE OR CAPABLE OF MISLEADING CONSUMERS
AS FOR THE GOODS OR THEIR PRODUCER 903
B) DESIGNATIONS CONTRADICTING PUBLIC INTERESTS, PRINCIPLES OF HUMANITY
AND MORALITY 903
3. DESIGNATIONS WHICH CANNOT BE REGISTERED AS VIOLATING THE RIGHTS AND
LEGITIMATE INTERESTS OF THIRD PERSONS . 903
III. GENUINE USE AND CONSEQUENCES OF NON-USE 904
1. SURVEY 904
2. WAYS OF USE 905
3. USE IN A MODIFIED FORM 905
4. EXTENT AND PLACE OF USE 905
5. PERIODFORUSE 906
6. USE OF A TRADE MARK NOTICE 906
7. PROPER REASONS FOR NON-USE 906
8. CONSEQUENCES OF NON-USE 906
IV. PRIORITY DATE 907
V. PROTECTION FOR TRADE MARKS REGISTERED ABROAD 907
B. CORPORATE SIGNS 908
I. FORMAL REQUIREMENTS 908
II. SUBSTANTIVE REQUIREMENTS 909
1. INHERENT DISTINCTIVE CHARACTER 909
2. DISTINCTIVE CHARACTER FOLLOWING USE 909
3. OTHER REQUIREMENTS FOR PROTECTION 909
III. USE AND CONSEQUENCES OF NON-USE 909
IV. PRIORITY DATE 910
V. PROTECTION FOR FOREIGN CORPORATE SIGNS 911
C. DOMAIN NAMES 911
D. TITLES 911
E. APPELLATION OF ORIGIN 912
F. NAMES 913
G. OTHER SIGNS 914
§ 4. OWNERSHIP, TRANSFER, LICENSING 915
A. TRADE MARKS 915
I. OWNERSHIP 915
II. ASSIGNMENT 916
III. LICENSING 916
B. CORPORATE SIGNS 918
I. OWNERSHIP 918
II. ASSIGNMENT 918
III. LICENSING 918
C. DOMAIN NAMES 919
D. TITLES 919
E. APPELLATION OF ORIGIN 920
F. NAMES 920
G. OTHER SIGNS 920
§5. LOSS OF PROTECTION 922
A. TRADE MARKS 922
I. NON-USE 922
II. ABSOLUTE GROUNDS OF INVALIDITY 922
XLIII
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III. BAD FAITH 923
IV. OTHER REASONS 923
B. CORPORATE SIGNS 924
C. DOMAIN NAMES 925
D. TIDES 925
E. APPELLATION OF ORIGIN 926
F. NAMES 926
G. OTHER SIGNS 927
§ 6. CONFLICT WITH EARLIER RIGHTS 928
A. EARLIER TRADE MARK 928
I. LATER TRADE MARK 928
II. LATER FIRM NAME 929
III. LATER OTHER SIGNS AND LATER OTHER RIGHTS 929
B. EARLIER CORPORATE SIGN 930
I. LATER TRADE MARK 930
II. LATER FIRM NAME 930
III. LATER OTHER SIGNS AND LATER OTHER RIGHTS 930
C. EARLIER DOMAIN NAME 931
D. EARLIER TITLE 931
E. EARLIER APPELLATION OF ORIGIN 931
F. EARLIER NAME 931
G. EARLIER OTHER RIGHTS 932
§ 7. SCOPE OF PROTECTION 933
A. TRADEMARKS 933
I. ACTS OF INFRINGEMENT 933
II. PROTECTION AGAINST IDENTICAL TRADE MARKS 934
III. PROTECTION AGAINST SIMILAR TRADE MARKS 934
1. PRINCIPLES OF LIKELIHOOD OF CONFUSION 935
2. SIMILARITY OF MARKS 935
A) PHONETICAL SIMILARITY 935
B) VISUAL SIMILARITY 936
C) CONCEPTUAL SIMILARITY 936
3. SIMILARITY BETWEEN GOODS/SERVICES 936
4. TYPES OF LIKELIHOOD OF CONFUSION 937
IV. PROTECTION OF WELL-KNOWN TRADE MARKS 937
V. USE OF ONE S OWN NAME 937
B. CORPORATE SIGNS 937
I. ACTS OF INFRINGEMENT 937
II. PROTECTION AGAINST IDENTICAL CORPORATE DESIGNATIONS 939
III. PROTECTION AGAINST SIMILAR CORPORATE DESIGNATIONS 939
IV. PROTECTION OF WELL-KNOWN FIRM NAMES 939
V. USE OF ONE S OWN NAME 940
C. DOMAIN NAMES 940
D. TITLES 940
E. APPELLATIONS OF ORIGIN 941
F. NAMES 941
G. OTHER RIGHTS 941
§8. DEFENCES 943
A. NON-USE 943
I. TRADE MARKS 943
II. FIRM NAMES 943
HI. OTHER SIGNS 944
B. NAME, ADDRESS AND DESCRIPTIVE INFORMATION 944
C. EXHAUSTION 944
I. TRADE MARKS 944
II. FIRM NAMES 945
III. OTHER SIGNS 945
D. ACQUIESCENCE 945
XLIV
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I. TRADE MARKS 945
II. FIRM NAMES 945
III. OTHER SIGNS 945
E. ABUSE OF LAW 946
§ 9. CLAIMS IN CASES OF INFRINGEMENT 947
A. INJUNCTION 947
B. DAMAGES 948
C. OTHER CLAIMS 949
I. DISCLOSURE AND ACCOUNTING SEARCH ORDERS 949
II. CANCELLATION 949
III. SEIZE ORDERS 949
IV. SEIZURE AT THE BORDER 950
V. OTHER MEASURES 951
§ 10. INFRINGEMENT PROCEEDINGS 952
A. ORDINARY PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE COURT 952
B. INTERIM RELIEF 952
C. PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE PATENT OFFICE 952
I. OPPOSITION PROCEEDINGS 953
II. CANCELLATION PROCEEDINGS 953
D. CRIMINAL OFFENCES 953
§ 11. STRATEGY FOR THE PROTECTION OF SIGNS 954
A. PREVENTION BY RESEARCH 954
B. NECESSITY OF TRADE MARK REGISTRATION 954
C. NECESSITY OF COMPANY CORMATION 955
TABLE OF STATUTES 956
CHAPTER 12. SWITZERLAND 957
§ 1. TYPES OF SIGNS 958
A. TRADE MARKS 958
I. TERM AND FUNCTION 958
II. SPECIAL CATEGORIES 959
B. CORPORATE SIGNS 960
I. TERM AND FUNCTION 960
II. SPECIAL CATEGORIES 960
C. DOMAIN NAMES 961
D. TITLES 961
I. TERM AND FUNCTION 961
II. SPECIAL CATEGORIES 961
E. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 962
F. NAMES 962
I. TERM AND FUNCTION 962
II. SPECIAL CATEGORIES 963
G. OTHER SIGNS 963
§ 2. STATUTORY REGULATIONS AND THEIR INTERRELATIONSHIP 965
A. THE NATIONAL LEGISLATION 965
B. RELEVANT TREATY LAW 965
§ 3. REQUIREMENT OF PROTECTION 967
A. TRADE MARKS 967
I. FORMAL REQUIREMENTS 967
II. SUBSTANTIVE REQUIREMENTS 968
1. CAPABILITY OF DISTINCTION 970
A) DISTINCTIVENESS 970
AA) WORD MARKS 970
BB) COMBINED WORD AND DEVICE MARKS 971
CC) DEVICE MARKS 971
DD) THREE-DIMENSIONAL MARKS 971
EE) LETTER MARKS 972
FF) NUMERAL MARKS 972
XLV
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
GG) COLOUR MARKS 972
HH) SOUND AND OTHER MARKS 972
B) REQUIREMENT TO KEEP A MARK FREELY AVAILABLE 972
AA) WORD MARKS 972
BB) COMBINED WORD AND DEVICE MARKS 973
CC) DEVICE MARKS 973
DD) THREE-DIMENSIONAL MARKS 973
EE) LETTER MARKS 973
FF) NUMERAL MARKS 973
GG) COLOUR MARKS 973
HH) SOUND AND OTHER MARKS 973
C) USE IN CURRENT LANGUAGE 973
2. DISTINCTIVE CHARACTER FOLLOWING USE 974
3. OTHER REQUIREMENTS FOR PROTECTION 975
III. GENUINE USE AND CONSEQUENCES OF NON-USE 975
1. SURVEY 975
2. WAYS OF USE 976
3. USE IN A MODIFIED FORM 976
4. EXTENT AND PLACE OF USE 976
5. PERIODFORUSE 977
6. PROPER REASONS FOR NON-USE 977
7. CONSEQUENCES OF NON-USE 977
IV. PRIORITY DATE 977
V. PROTECTION FOR TRADE MARKS REGISTERED ABROAD 978
B. CORPORATE SIGNS 978
I. FORMAL REQUIREMENTS 978
II. SUBSTANTIVE REQUIREMENTS 980
1. PRELIMINARY REMARKS 980
2. BUSINESS NAMES 980
A) GENERAL RESTRICTIONS ON THE CHOICE OF SIGNS 980
B) RULES ON THE CREATION OF BUSINESS NAMES 981
3. CORPORATE SIGNS UNDER THE FIRST-TO-USE PRINCIPLE 981
4. CORPORATE SIGNS UNDER THE ESTABLISHMENT PRINCIPLE 981
III. USE AND CONSEQUENCES OF NON-USE 982
IV. PRIORITY DATE 982
V. PROTECTION FOR FOREIGN CORPORATE SIGNS 982
C. DOMAIN NAMES 983
D. TITLES 984
E. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 984
I. THE NATIONAL LEGISLATION 984
II. RELEVANT TREATY LAW 985
F. NAMES 985
I. FORMAL REQUIREMENTS 985
II. SUBSTANTIVE REQUIREMENTS 985
G. OTHER SIGNS 986
§ 4. OWNERSHIP, TRANSFER, LICENSING 987
A. TRADE MARKS 987
B. CORPORATE SIGNS 988
I. BUSINESS NAMES 988
II. CORPORATE SIGNS UNDER THE FIRST-TO-USE PRINCIPLE 988
III. CORPORATE SIGNS UNDER THE ESTABLISHMENT PRINCIPLE 989
C. DOMAIN NAMES 989
D. TITLES 989
E. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 989
F. NAMES 990
G. OTHER SIGNS 99O
§ 5. LOSS OF PROTECTION 99I
A. TRADE MARKS 99I
XL VI
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. NON-USE 991
II. ABSOLUTE GROUNDS OF INVALIDITY 991
III. BAD FAITH 992
IV. OTHER REASONS 992
B. CORPORATE SIGNS 992
I. NON-USE 992
II. OTHER REASONS FOR INVALIDITY 992
C. DOMAIN NAMES 993
D. TITLES 993
E. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 993
F. NAMES 994
G. OTHER SIGNS 994
§ 6. CONFLICT WITH EARLIER RIGHTS 995
A. EARLIER TRADE MARK 995
I. LATER TRADE MARK 996
II. LATER CORPORATE DESIGNATION 996
III. LATER OTHER SIGNS AND LATER OTHER RIGHT 997
B. EARLIER CORPORATE SIGN 997
I. LATER TRADE MARK 998
II. LATER CORPORATE SSIGN 998
III. LATER OTHER SIGNS AND LATER OTHER RIGHT 998
C. EARLIER DOMAIN NAME 998
D. EARLIER TITLE 999
E. EARLIER GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATION 999
F. EARLIER NAME 1000
G. EARLIER OTHER RIGHTS 1000
§ 7. SCOPE OF PROTECTION 1001
A. TRADE MARKS 1001
I. ACTS OF INFRINGEMENT 1001
II. PROTECTION AGAINST IDENTICAL TRADE MARKS 1002
III. PROTECTION AGAINST SIMILAR MARKS/GOODS 1002
1. PRINCIPLES OF LIKELIHOOD OF CONFUSION 1003
2. SIMILARITY OF TRADE MARKS 1003
A) PHONETICAL SIMILARITY 1004
B) VISUAL SIMILARITY 1004
C) CONCEPTUAL SIMILARITY 1004
3. SIMILARITY BETWEEN GOODS/SERVICES 1005
4. DEGREE OF DISTINCTIVENESS 1005
5. TYPES OF LIKELIHOOD OF CONFUSION 1005
IV. PROTECTION OF WELL-KNOW TRADE MARKS 1006
V. USE OF ONE S OWN NAME 1007
B. CORPORATE SIGNS 1007
I. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 1007
II. ACTS OF INFRINGEMENT 1008
1. BUSINESS NAMES 1008
2. CORPORATE SIGNS UNDER THE FIRST-TO-USE AND THE ESTABLISHMENT
PRINCIPLE 1008
III. PROTECTION AGAINST IDENTICAL CORPORATE SIGNS 1009
1. BUSINESS NAMES 1009
2. CORPORATE SIGNS UNDER THE ESTABLISHMENT PRINCIPLE 1009
IV. PROTECTION AGAINST LIKELIHOOD OF CONFUSION 1010
1. BUSINESS NAMES 1010
2. CORPORATE SIGNS UNDER THE FIRST-TO-USE AND THE ESTABLISHMENT
PRINCIPLES 1012
3. PRINCIPLES OF LIKELIHOOD OF CONFUSION 1012
4. SIMILARITY OF SIGNS 1012
5. COMMON FIELD OF ACTIVITY 1013
6. DEGREE OF DISTINCTIVENESS 1013
XL VII
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
7. TYPES OF LIKELIHOOD OF CONFUSION 1014
V. PROTECTION OF WELL-KNOWN CORPORATE SIGNS 1014
VI. USE OF ONE S OWN NAME 1014
C. DOMAIN NAMES 1014
D. TITLES 1014
E. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 1015
F. NAMES 1015
G. OTHER RIGHTS 1016
§ 8. DEFENCES 1017
A. NON-USE 1017
I. TRADEMARKS 1017
II. CORPORATE SIGNS 1017
III. OTHER SIGNS 1018
B. NAME, ADDRESS AND DESCRIPTIVE INFORMATION 1018
C. EXHAUSTION 1018
D. ACQUIESCENCE 1019
E. STATUTE OF LIMITATION 1019
F. ABUSE OF LAW 1020
G. CONTRADICTORY EARLIER RIGHT 1020
H. DECEPTION 1020
I. OTHER DEFENCES 1020
§ 9. CLAIMS IN CASES OF INFRINGEMENT 1021
A. INJUNCTION 1021
B. DAMAGES 1022
C. OTHER CLAIMS 1023
I. MISCELLANEOUS 1023
II. SEIZURE AT THE BORDER 1024
§ 10. INFRINGEMENT PROCEEDINGS 1025
A. ORDINARY PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE COURT 1025
B. INTERIM RELIEF 1025
C. PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE PATENT OFFICE 1026
I. OPPOSITION PROCEEDINGS 1026
II. CANCELLATION PROCEEDINGS 1026
D. CRIMINAL OFFENCES 1026
§ 11. STRATEGY FOR THE PROTECTION OF SIGNS 1027
A. PREVENTION BY RESEARCH 1027
B. NECESSITY OF TRADE MARK REGISTRATION 1027
C. NECESSITY OF COMPANY FORMATION 1028
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 1029
CHAPTER 13. THE NETHERLANDS 1031
§ 1. TYPES OF SIGNS 1032
A. TRADE MARKS 1032
I. TERM AND FUNCTION 1032
II. SPECIAL CATEGORIES 1034
B. CORPORATE SIGNS 1035
I. TERM AND FUNCTION 1035
II. SPECIAL CATEGORIES 1035
C. DOMAIN NAMES 1036
D. TITLES 1036
I. TERM AND FUNCTION 1036
II. SPECIAL CATEGORIES 1036
E. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 1037
F. NAMES 1037
G. OTHER SIGNS 1037
§ 2. STATUTORY REGULATIONS AND THEIR INTERRELATIONSHIP 1039
§ 3. REQUIREMENTS OF PROTECTION 1043
A. TRADE MARKS 1043
XLVIII
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. FORMAL REQUIREMENTS 1043
II. SUBSTANTIVE REQUIREMENTS 1045
1. CAPABILITY OF DISTINCTION 1046
A) DISTINCTIVENESS 1047
AA) WORD MARKS 1050
BB) COMBINED WORD AND DEVICE MARKS 1053
CC) DEVICE MARKS 1053
DD) THREE-DIMENSIONAL MARKS 1053
EE) LETTER MARKS 1054
FF) NUMERAL MARKS 1054
GG) COLOUR MARKS 1054
HH) SOUND AND OTHER MARKS 1055
B) POSSIBILITY TO SERVE IN TRADE AS A DESCRIPTIVE DESIGNATION 1055 C)
GENERIC SIGNS 1058
2. DISTINCTIVE CHARACTER FOLLOWING USE 1058
3. OTHER REQUIREMENTS FOR PROTECTION 1060
III. GENUINE USE AND CONSEQUENCES OF NON-USE 1063
1. SURVEY 1063
2. WAYS OF USE 1063
3. USE IN A MODIFIED FORM 1064
4. EXTENT AND PLACE OF USE 1065
5. PERIODFORUSE 1065
6. PROPER REASONS FOR NON-USE 1066
7. CONSEQUENCES OF NON-USE 1066
IV. PRIORITY DATE 1067
V. PROTECTION FOR TRADE MARKS REGISTERED ABROAD 1068
B. CORPORATE SIGNS 1069
I. FORMAL REQUIREMENTS 1069
II. SUBSTANTIVE REQUIREMENTS 1069
1. INHERENT DISTINCTIVE CHARACTER 1069
2. DISTINCTIVE CHARACTER FOLLOWING USE 1070
3. OTHER REQUIREMENTS FOR PROTECTION 1071
III. USE AND CONSEQUENCES OF NON-USE 1073
IV. PRIORITY DATE 1074
V. PROTECTION FOR FOREIGN CORPORATE SIGNS 1076
C. DOMAIN NAMES 1077
D. TITLES 1077
E. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 1078
F. NAMES 1079
G. OTHER SIGNS 1079
§ 4. OWNERSHIP, TRANSFER, LICENSING 1080
A. TRADE MARKS 1080
I. OWNERSHIP 1080
II. TRANSFER 1081
III. LICENSING 1081
B. CORPORATE SIGNS 1082
I. OWNERSHIP 1082
II. TRANSFER 1082
HI. LICENSING 1083
C. DOMAIN NAMES 1083
D. TITLES 1084
E. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 1084
F. NAMES 1084
G. OTHER SIGNS 1084
I. OWNERSHIP 1084
II. TRANSFER 1085
III. LICENSING 1085
XLIX
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
§ 5. LOSS OF PROTECTION 1086
A. TRADE MARKS 1086
I. NON-USE 1086
II. ABSOLUTE GROUNDS OF INVALIDITY 1086
III. BAD FAITH 1087
IV. OTHER REASONS 1088
B. CORPORATE SIGNS 1089
I. NON-USE 1089
II. REASONS FOR INVALIDITY 1089
C. DOMAIN NAMES 1089
D. TITLES 1090
E. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 1090
F. NAMES 1090
G. OTHER SIGNS 1090
§ 6. CONFLICT WITH EARLIER RIGHTS 1092
A. EARLIER TRADE MARK 1092
I. LATER TRADE MARK 1092
II. LATER CORPORATE SIGN 1093
III. LATER OTHER SIGNS AND LATER OTHER RIGHTS 1096
B. EARLIER CORPORATE SIGN 1096
I. LATER TRADE MARK 1096
II. LATER CORPORATE SIGN 1098
HI. LATER OTHER SIGNS AND LATER OTHER RIGHTS 1098
C. EARLIER DOMAIN NAME 1098
D. EARLIER TITLE 1099
E. EARLIER GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATION 1099
F. EARLIER NAME 1100
G. EARLIER OTHER RIGHTS 1100
§ 7. SCOPE OF PROTECTION 1101
A TRADE MARKS 1101
I. ACTS OF INFRINGEMENT 1101
II. PROTECTION AGAINST IDENTICAL MARKS/GOODS 1104
HI. PROTECTION AGAINST SIMILAR MARKS/GOODS 1105
1. PRINCIPLES OF LIKELIHOOD OF CONFUSION 1105
2. SIMILARITY OF MARKS 1107
A) PHONETICAL SIMILARITY 1109
B) VISUAL SIMILARITY 1110
C) CONCEPTUAL SIMILARITY 1112
3. SIMILARITY BETWEEN GOODS/SERVICES 1112
4. DEGREE OF DISTINCTIVENESS 1113
5. TYPES OF LIKELIHOOD OF CONFUSION 1114
IV. PROTECTION OF WELL-KNOWN TRADE MARKS 1116
V. USE OF ONE S OWN NAME 1117
B. CORPORATE SIGNS 1117
I. ACTS OF INFRINGEMENT 1117
II. PROTECTION AGAINST IDENTICAL CORPORATE DESIGNATIONS 1119
III. PROTECTION AGAINST LIKELIHOOD OF CONFUSION 1120
1. PRINCIPLES OF LIKELIHOOD OF CONFUSION 1120
2. SIMILARITY OF CORPORATE DESIGNATIONS 1121
3. COMMON FIELD OF ACTIVITY 1121
4. DEGREE OF DISTINCTIVENESS 1123
5. TYPES OF LIKELIHOOD OF CONFUSION 1123
IV. PROTECTION OF WELL-KNOWN CORPORATE DESIGNATIONS 1123
V. USE OF ONE S OWN NAME 1123
C. DOMAIN NAMES 1124
D - TULES Z;Z;;ZZZZ;Z!Z!I!Z!!!!; 1 1 24 E. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 1124
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F. NAMES 1125
G. OTHER RIGHTS 1125
§ 8. DEFENCES 1126
A. NON-USE 1126
I. TRADE MARKS 1126
II. CORPORATE DESIGNATIONS 1126
III. OTHER SIGNS 1127
B. NAME, ADDRESS AND DESCRIPTIVE INFORMATION 1127
C. EXHAUSTION 1128
I. TRADE MARKS 1128
II. CORPORATE DESIGNATIONS 1130
III. OTHER SIGNS 1130
D. ACQUIESCENCE 1131
I. TRADE MARKS 1131
II. CORPORATE DESIGNATIONS 1132
III. OTHER SIGNS AND RIGHTS 1132
E. STATUTE OF LIMITATION 1133
F. ABUSE OF LAW 1133
G. CONTRADICTORY EARLIER RIGHT 1134
H. DECEPTION 1134
I. OTHER DEFENCES 1135
§ 9. CLAIMS IN CASES OF INFRINGEMENT 1136
A. INJUNCTION 1136
B. DAMAGES 1137
C. OTHER CLAIMS 1139
I. DISCLOSURE AND ACCOUNTING SEARCH ORDERS 1139
II. CANCELLATION 1139
III. SEIZE ORDERS 1140
IV. SEIZURE AT THE BORDER 1140
§ 10. INFRINGEMENT PROCEEDINGS 1141
A. ORDINARY PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE COURT 1141
B. INTERIM RELIEF 1141
C. PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE PATENT OFFICE 1142
I. OPPOSITION PROCEEDINGS 1142
II. CANCELLATION PROCEEDINGS 1142
D. CRIMINAL OFFENCES 1142
§ 11. STRATEGY FOR THE PROTECTION OF SIGNS 1143
A. PREVENTION BY RESEARCH 1143
B. NECESSITY OF TRADE MARK REGISTRATION 1143
C. NECESSITY OF COMPANY FORMATION 1143
CHAPTER 14. UNITED KINGDOM 1145
§ 1. TYPES OF SIGNS 1146
A. TRADE MARKS 1147
I. TERM AND FUNCTION 1147
II. TYPES OF TRADE MARK 1148
B. CORPORATE SIGNS 1149
I. COMPANY NAMES 1149
II. TRADE NAMES 1150
C. DOMAIN NAMES 1150
D. TITLES 1151
E. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 1151
I. REGULATION (EC) NO. 510/2006 1151
II. SPIRITS AND DRINKS 1152
III. CERTIFICATION AND COLLECTIVE MARKS 1152
IV. COLLECTIVE GOODWILL 1152
V. SPECIAL PROTECTION 1152
LI
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F. PLANT VARIETIES 1152
G. SPECIAL MARKS 1153
§ 2. STATUTORY REGULATIONS AND THEIR INTERRELATIONSHIP 1154
§ 3. REQUIREMENTS OF PROTECTION 1155
A. TRADEMARKS 1155
I. FORMAL REQUIREMENTS 1155
II. SUBSTANTIVE REQUIREMENTS 1157
1. CAPABLE OF DISTINGUISHING 1158
2. LACK OF DISTINCTIVENESS 1159
A) NAMES 1159
B) COLOURS 1159
C) DESCRIPTIVE WORDS 1160
D) GENERIC 1161
E) SHAPES 1161
AA) NATURE OF THE GOODS THEMSELVES 1161
BB) ACHIEVING TECHNICAL RESULTS 1161
CC) SUBSTANTIAL VALUE 1162
3. OTHER REQUIREMENTS FOR PROTECTION 1162
A) PUBLIC POLICY 1162
B) DECEPTION AND USE CONTRARY TO LAW 1162
C) BAD FAITH 1162
D) PROTECTED EMBLEMS 1163
E) RELATIVE GROUNDS 1164
F) CERTIFICATION AND COLLECTIVE MARKS 1164
III. GENUINE USE AND CONSEQUENCES OF NON-USE 1164
IV. PRIORITY DATE 1164
V. PROTECTION OF TRADE MARKS REGISTERED ABROAD 1165
B. CORPORATE SIGNS 1166
I. COMPANY NAMES 1166
1. THE REGISTRAR S INDEX OF COMPANY NAMES 1167
2. COMPANY NAMES 1167
3. COMPANY NAMES IN WHICH ANOTHER PERSON OWNS THE GOODWILL 1168 4. OTHER
CORPORATE ENTITIES 1169
II. TRADE NAMES 1169
1. FORMAL REQUIREMENTS 1169
2. SUBSTANTIVE REQUIREMENTS 1170
C. DOMAIN NAMES 1171
D. TITLES 1171
E. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 1171
F. PLANT VARIETIES 1172
§4. OWNERSHIP, TRANSFER, LICENSING 1174
A. TRADE MARKS 1174
I. OWNERSHIP 1174
II. ASSIGNMENT 1174
III. LICENSING AND CONSENT AGREEMENTS 1175
B. CORPORATE SIGNS 1176
I. COMPANY NAMES 1176
II. TRADE NAMES 1176
1. ASSIGNMENT 1176
2. LICENSING 1177
C. DOMAIN NAMES 1177
D. TITLES 1177
E. INDICATIONS OF GEOGRAPHICAL ORIGIN 1177
F. PLANT VARIETIES 1178
§ 5. LOSS OF PROTECTION 1179
A. TRADE MARKS 1179
I. REVOCATION ON THE GROUNDS OF NON USE 1179
LII
IMAGE 45
TABLE OF CONTENTS
IL ABSOLUTE GROUNDS 1181
1. INVALIDITY 1181
2. REVOCATION ON THE GROUNDS THAT THE MARK HAS BECOME COMMON IN THE
TRADE (GENERIC) 1182
3. REVOCATION ON THE GROUNDS OF MISLEADING USE 1182
III. SURRENDER 1182
B. CORPORATE SIGNS 1183
I. COMPANY NAMES 1183
II. TRADE NAMES 1183
C. DOMAIN NAMES 1183
D. TITLES 1184
E. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 1184
F. PLANT VARIETIES 1184
§ 6. CONFLICT WITH EARLIER RIGHTS 1185
A. LATER TRADE MARKS 1185
I. EARLIER TRADE MARK 1185
II. EARLIER OTHER RIGHTS 1186
III. EARLIER GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 1186
IV. HONEST CONCURRENT USE 1186
B. LATER COMPANY NAMES 1187
I. EARLIER COMPANY NAMES 1187
II. EARLIER TRADE NAMES 1187
C. LATER DOMAIN NAMES 1187
D. LATER TITLES 1188
E. LATER GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 1188
F. LATER PLANT VARIETIES 1188
§ 7. SCOPE OF PROTECTION 1189
A. TRADEMARKS 1189
I. INFRINGING ACTS 1190
1. TYPES 1190
2. USE IN THE COURSE OF TRADE 1190
3. USE AS A TRADE MARK 1191
II. PROTECTION AGAINST USE OF AN IDENTICAL MARK ON IDENTICAL GOODS 1192
III. PROTECTION AGAINST SIMILAR MARKS AND SIMILAR GOODS 1193
1. GLOBAL APPRECIATION 1193
2. SIMILARITY OF MARKS 1193
3. SIMILARITY OF GOODS 1194
4. DISTINCTIVENESS 1194
IV. PROTECTION OF MARKS WITH A REPUTATION ON SIMILAR OR DISSIMILAR GOODS
OR SERVICES 1194
1. REPUTATION 1195
2. UNFAIR ADVANTAGE AND DETRIMENT 1195
3. DUE CAUSE 1196
B. CORPORATE SIGNS 1197
I. COMPANY NAMES 1197
II. TRADE NAMES 1197
1. MISREPRESENTATION 1197
2. LIKELIHOOD OF DAMAGE 1198
C. DOMAIN NAMES 1199
D. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 1199
E. PLANT VARIETIES 1199
§ 8. DEFENCES 1201
A. TRADE MARKS 1201
I. CONSENT OR LICENCE 1201
II. NAME, ADDRESS AND DESCRIPTIVE INFORMATION 1202
HI. EXHAUSTION 1204
IV. ACQUIESCENCE 1206
V. STATUTE OF LIMITATION 1206
LIII
IMAGE 46
TABLE OF CONTENTS
VI. USE OF REGISTERED MARK 1206
VLL.USE IN A PARTICULAR LOCALITY 1207
VIII. COMPARATIVE ADVERTISING 1207
IX. TRANSITIONAL PROTECTION 1207
B. CORPORATE SIGNS 1208
I. COMPANY NAMES 1208
II. TRADE NAMES 1208
1. NAMES 1208
2. DESCRIPTIVE/GENERIC 1209
3. CONCURRENT REPUTATION 1209
4. EXHAUSTION 1209
5. ACQUIESCENCE 1209
C. DOMAIN NAMES 1210
D. TIDES 1210
E. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 1210
F. PLANT VARIETIES 1210
§ 9. CLAIMS IN CASES OF INFRINGEMENT 1211
A. TRADE MARKS 1211
I. INJUNCTION 1211
II. DAMAGES 1212
III. ACCOUNTS FOR PROFIT 1212
IV. ERASURE, DESTRUCTION AND DELIVERY UP 1213
V. SEIZURE AT THE BORDER 1213
VI. DOMESTIC CUSTOMS REGIME 1214
B. CORPORATE SIGNS 1215
I. COMPANY NAMES 1215
II. TRADE NAMES 1215
C. DOMAIN NAMES 1216
D. TITLES 1216
E. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 1216
F. PLANT VARIETIES 1216
§ 10. INFRINGEMENT PROCEEDINGS 1217
A. ORDINARY PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE COURT 1217
B. INTERIM INJUNCTIONS AND RELIEF 1217
I. INJUNCTIONS 1217
II. SEARCH ORDERS (ANTON PILLER ORDER) 1218
III. NORWICH PHARMACAL ORDERS 1219
IV. FREEZING ASSETS (MARVEA INJUNCTION) 1220
C. PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OFFICE 1220
I. OPPOSITION PROCEEDINGS 1220
II. CANCELLATION PROCEEDINGS 1221
D. CRIMINAL OFFENCES 1221
I. FRAUD 1223
II. UNFAIR CONSUMER PRACTICES 1223
§ 11. STRATEGY FOR THE PROTECTION OF SIGNS 1224
A. PREVENTION BY RESEARCH 1224
B. NECESSITY OF TRADE MARK REGISTRATION 1224
C. NECESSITY OF COMPANY FORMATION 1224
D. CONCLUDING THOUGHTS 1225
PART 2. BRAND STRATEGY
§ 1. INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITIONS 1228
§2. WHAT IS A BRAND? 1229
A. A BRIEF HISTORY 1229
B. HOLISTIC BRANDING 1230
C. EVERYTHING IS A BRAND 1231
LIV
IMAGE 47
TABLE OF CONTENTS
D. THE VALUE OF A BRAND 1231
I. THE FINANCIAL VALUE OF A BRAND 1232
IL MEASUREMENT OF BRAND EFFECTIVENESS 1232
E. THE GLOBAL CONTEXT 1232
I. COMPETIITON 1232
II. CONSOLIDATION 1233
III. CULTURAL DIVERSITY OF MARKETS 1233
IV. SUSTAINABLE ADVANTAGE THROUGH BRANDS 1233
§ 3. INTERNATIONAL AND GLOBAL BRANDS 1235
A. ORIGINS AND CULTURE 1235
I. AMERICAN GLOBAL BRANDS 1235
II. COUNTRY OF ORIGIN 1235
III. THINGS TO AVOID 1236
IV. CHARACTERISTICS OF SUCCESSFUL INTERNATIONAL BRANDS 1236
B. BRAND STRATEGY AND STRUCTURE 1237
I. THE NATURE OF THE BUSINESS 1237
II. THE BUSINESS AIMS 1238
III. THE CORPORATE STRUCTURE 1238
§ 4. TRADEMARKS 1240
A. DEFINITION OF A TRADEMARK 1240
B. WHAT A TRADEMARK SHOULD DO 1240
I. DIFFERENTIATION 1241
II. THE GENERAL BACKGROUND 1241
III. THE SPECIFIC AREA 1242
IV. RELEVANCE IN ALL MARKETS 1242
V. CONVEYING SUBJECTIVE QUALITIES 1242
VI. RECOGNISABILITY AND MEMORABILITY 1242
VII. UNIQUENESS AND UNMISTAKABILITY 1242
VIII. REPRODUCTION AND OTHER PRACTICAL CONCERNS 1243
IX. PREDICTED PERIOD OF USE 1243
C. TYPES AND CATEGORIES 1244
I. NAMES 1244
II. DESIGN 1245
D. CREATING A TRADEMARK 1247
I. THE NAME-FINDING PROCESS 1247
II. THE DESIGN PROCESS 1249
§ 5. BRANDS IN CONTEXT 1250
A. MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS 1250
B. GOING INTERNATIONAL 1251
C. EXPLOITING NATIONAL REPUTATIONS 1252
D. EVOLUTION AND RELEVANCE 1253
E. BRANDING A START-UP 1254
F. STRETCHING A BRAND 1254
G. THE INTERNET ENVIRONMENT 1255
§ 6. FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS 1257
A. THE FUTURE IS HOLISTIC 1257
B. THE CHINESE CHALLENGE 1258
C. COSTS AND VALUE 1258
D. A FORCE FOR GOOD 1259
§ 7. BRANDS AND TRADEMARKS 1260
PART 3. BRAND VALUATION
§ 1. HOW AND WHERE THE VALUE OF A BRAND IS CREATED 1262
§ 2. ON THE ORIGIN OF BRAND VALUATION 1265
§ 3. REASONS FOR BRAND VALUATION 1267
§ 4. BRAND VALUE AND CORPORATE VALUE 1269
LV
IMAGE 48
TABLE OF CONTENTS
§ 5. MODELS FOR BRAND VALUATION 1270
A. METHODOLOGY 1270
B. COST-BASED VALUATION MODELS 1271
C. MARKET BASED VALUATION MODELS 1271
D. PRICE PREMIUM VALUATION MODELS 1272
E. INDICATOR-BASED VALUATION MODELS 1272
F. MULTIPLIER-BASED VALUATION PROCESSES 1273
G. CAPITALIZED VALUATION PROCESSES 1273
§ 6. SELECTED BRAND VALUATION MODELS OF COMMERCIAL SUPPLIERS 1275
A. AC NIELSEN BRAND PERFORMANCE 1275
B. BRAND RATING 1277
C. BBDO/ERNST & YOUNG BRAND EQUITY VALUATION FOR ACCOUNTING (BEVA) 1278
D. INTERBRAND MODEL 1279
E. KPMG MODEL 1280
F. PWC/GFK ADVANCED BRAND VALUATION 1281
G. SEMION BRAND EVALUATION MODEL 1282
§ 7. BRAND VALUATION IN BUSINESS PRACTICE 1284
§ 8. CONCLUSION 1286
BIBLIOGRAPHY 1287
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Lange, Paul 1952- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)130839388 |
| author_facet | Lange, Paul 1952- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Lange, Paul 1952- |
| author_variant | p l pl |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV035017032 |
| classification_rvk | PU 1547 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)259253570 (DE-599)DNB98988239X |
| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft |
| edition | 1. Aufl. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV035017032 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T13:18:06Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783406578755 |
| language | German |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016686182 |
| oclc_num | 259253570 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-M382 |
| owner_facet | DE-M382 |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publishDateSearch | 2009 |
| publishDateSort | 2009 |
| publisher | Beck |
| record_format | marc |
| spellingShingle | Lange, Paul 1952- International Trade Mark and Sign Protection Internationales Markenrecht (DE-588)4743908-7 gnd Kennzeichenschutz (DE-588)4126491-5 gnd Markenpolitik (DE-588)4144679-3 gnd Markenschutz (DE-588)4168904-5 gnd Internationaler Vergleich (DE-588)4120509-1 gnd Markenrecht (DE-588)4074580-6 gnd Rechtsvergleich (DE-588)4115712-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4743908-7 (DE-588)4126491-5 (DE-588)4144679-3 (DE-588)4168904-5 (DE-588)4120509-1 (DE-588)4074580-6 (DE-588)4115712-6 |
| title | International Trade Mark and Sign Protection |
| title_auth | International Trade Mark and Sign Protection |
| title_exact_search | International Trade Mark and Sign Protection |
| title_full | International Trade Mark and Sign Protection Paul Lange |
| title_fullStr | International Trade Mark and Sign Protection Paul Lange |
| title_full_unstemmed | International Trade Mark and Sign Protection Paul Lange |
| title_short | International Trade Mark and Sign Protection |
| title_sort | international trade mark and sign protection |
| topic | Internationales Markenrecht (DE-588)4743908-7 gnd Kennzeichenschutz (DE-588)4126491-5 gnd Markenpolitik (DE-588)4144679-3 gnd Markenschutz (DE-588)4168904-5 gnd Internationaler Vergleich (DE-588)4120509-1 gnd Markenrecht (DE-588)4074580-6 gnd Rechtsvergleich (DE-588)4115712-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Internationales Markenrecht Kennzeichenschutz Markenpolitik Markenschutz Internationaler Vergleich Markenrecht Rechtsvergleich |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016686182&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT langepaul internationaltrademarkandsignprotection |