Operations research in management:
Gespeichert in:
| Vorheriger Titel: | Operational research for managers |
|---|---|
| Weitere beteiligte Personen: | |
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Nichtbestimmte Sprache |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New York, NY <<[u.a.]>>
Prentice Hall
1991
|
| Schlagwörter: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=021688777&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Umfang: | XIX, 298 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0136388183 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Operations research in management |c ed. by Stephen Littlechild ... |
| 264 | 1 | |a New York, NY <<[u.a.]>> |b Prentice Hall |c 1991 | |
| 300 | |a XIX, 298 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
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| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Operations Research |0 (DE-588)4043586-6 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Littlechild, Stephen C. |4 edt | |
| 780 | 0 | 0 | |i Früher u.d.T. |t Operational research for managers |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m HBZ Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=021688777&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 943 | 1 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-021688777 | |
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819372018929238016 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | — Contents —
Preface to the first edition xiii
Preface to the second edition xvii
List of contributors xix
1 The history of operations research 1
S. L Cook and M. F. Shutter
Introduction 1
The call to arms 1
Swords to ploughshares 3
Operations research in the United States 4
Operations research in continental Europe 6
The interdisciplinary group 6
Limitations of operations research 7
Operations research in management 9
) References and further reading 10
2 operations research/management science method n
M. Pidd
More than simply techniques 11
Process models 12
How to use a process model or methodology 12
A process model or methodology 14
Problem structuring IS
Modelling 22
Modelling and computers 27
Model validation 27
Implementation 29
Summary 31
References 31
3 Transportation and network problems 32
S. C. Littlechild
The nature of the transportation problem 32
The necessity for computer solution techniques 33
An example 34
V
vl Contents
Laying out the problem 35
Least-cost first rule 36
Vogel s approximation method 36
Optimality and sensitivity analysis 39
Further applications of the standard transportation model 40
Network flow models 41
Fixed charge and generalized network models 44
Applications of network problems 44
Exercises 47
References and further reading 51
4 Linear programming 52
S. C. Littlechild
Introduction 52
An example 53
Algebraic formulation 55
Sensitivity analysis 56
Sensitivity analysis: new activities 57
Running a linear program 58
Transportation problems as linear programs 59
Extensions of linear programming 61
Non-linear programming 61
Integer programming 61
Programming under uncertainty 62
Exercises 62
Further reading 63
5 Data envelopment analyls 64
A. Land
Introduction 64
A small example of data envelopment analysis 67
The alternative linear programs 70
Data envelopment analysis in practice 72
Computing data envelopment analysis 73
Exercises 74
References and further reading 76
6 Demand analysis and short-term forecasting 77
C. D. Lewis
Introduction 77
Independence of demand and forecasting methods 78
Basic trends in demand 79
Contents vll
Forecasting average demand in a stationary situation 80
Exponential smoothing methods 81
Measures of forecasting accuracy 85
Mean squared error 85
Mean absolute percentage error 85
Calculation of the standard deviation of demand 86
Non-stationary demand situation 87
Monitoring forecasting systems: Trigg s smoothed error method 88
Grouping methods: Pareto or ABC analysis 90
Choice of forecasting methods 92
Category A items 92
Category B items 92
Category C items 92
Conclusion 93
Exercises 94
References 94
7 inventory control 96
C. D. Lewis
Introduction %
Raw material stocks 96
Work-in-progress or stocks-in-process 96
Finished goods 97
Inventory policies 97
Re-order level policy 97
The re-order cycle or periodic review policy 99
Inventory operating costs 100
Ordering costs (Co) 101
Holding or storage costs (/Cm) 102
Stockout or runout costs (Cs) 102
Service levels 103
Demand: the link with forecasting 104
Traditional approach to the evaluation of stock control
parameters: re-order level policy 104
Economic order quantity 105
Re-order level 107
Traditional approach to the evaluation of parameters:
re-order cycle policy 110
A more up-to-date approach to the evaluation of stock control
parameters: re-order level policy HI
A more up-to-date approach to the evaluation of stock control
parameters: re-order cycle policy 113
Category A items 114
Vlll Contents
Category B items 114
Category C items 115
Conclusion 115
Exercises 116
References and further reading 116
8 inventory control: theory Into practice in
A. H. Lines
Introduction 117
Steps in building a system 117
Specifying the policy 118
The different roles of stock in a business 120
Quantitative inventory policy: service level 120
Realizing a service level policy 123
Starting up a system 124
New products 126
Multi-level systems 127
Training 128
Case study 1: Distribution of hospital supplies 130
The system chosen 131
Results 131
Case study 2: Spare parts for maintenance and repair 133
Conclusion 134
References and further reading 135
9 Project management 136
J. B. Kidd
Introduction 136
Managing with networks 136
Derivation of the critical path 139
Resolution of uncertainty 141
Estimating task durations 141
Handling structural uncertainty 144
Conclusion 148
Exercises 150
References and further reading 152
io Queuelng theory 153
S. C. Littlechild
Introduction 1
Elements of a queueing system 155
Arrival of customers 155
Contents ix
Queue discipline 156
Service mechanism 156
Description of a simple queueing system 157
Results 159
Sensitivity analysis and optimization 161
Extensions of the simple queueing model 163
Exercises 164
References 166
11 Manning the telephone enquiry bureau at
British cas west Midlands 167
L B. Sparrow
Introduction 167
Description of the system 167
Application of queueing theory 168
Grade of service 169
Waiting time 171
Use of the model 171
Reservations 173
Further developments 173
12 computer simulation methods 174
M. Pidd
Simulation defined and considered 174
Continuous, discrete or mixed? 176
Stochastic variation 177
Pseudo-random sampling 179
Top hat sampling 179
Sampling from common distributions 181
The next event technique: moving time 182
Capturing logical interactions: activity cycle diagrams 183
The principle of parsimony 185
Discrete simulation software 186
Experimentation 188
Summary 189
References 190
13 Decision analysis 191
J. ft Kidd
International differences 191
Single-stage decision models 192
Multi-stage analysis methods 193
X Contents
General multiple attribute analysis 198
Exercises 202
References and further reading 202
14 Operations research and artificial Intelligence 204
G. I. Doukidis
Introduction to artificial intelligence 204
Expert systems: basic concepts 205
Models of expert systems 206
Knowledge engineering 207
Expert systems applications in management and business 209
The spread of expert systems world-wide 210
The evolving expert systems market 212
Tailor-made systems 212
Generic systems 212
Knowledge bases 213
Information systems incorporating intelligent elements 213
Artificial intelligence and operations research 214
Integrating artificial intelligence and operations research to solve
operations research problems 214
Artificial intelligence concepts used in operations research 215
Intelligent front ends to operations research packages 215
Expert systems as aids in operations research projects 216
Artificial intelligence software tools in operations research 216
Operations research computer models with learning abilities 216
Gains for artificial intelligence from interaction with operations
research 216
A survey of artificial intelligence activity at the practical
operations research level 217
Two typical examples developed in operations research
departments 218
Conclusions 219
Exercises 221
References and further reading 221
15 visual Interactive modelling 222
E. Fiddy, J. C. Bright and K. J. Johnston
Why? 222
What? 223
Examples of the visual interactive modelling approach 225
Sulphuric acid distribution 226
Contents Xl
Printed circuit board component insertion 227
Strategic planning 229
How? 232
History 232
Speed and adaptability 233
Width of application 233
East of use 234
Conclusions 234
16 working on problems using cognitive mapping 236
C. Eden
What is a cognitive map and what is it supposed to do? 236
When is it worth building a cognitive map? 237
Building up a cognitive map in an interview 238
The nature of a cognitive map 240
Detecting the emerging features of a cognitive map 249
The analysis of cognitive maps 250
Potent options 254
Key options 254
The nub of the issue : significant or core concepts 255
Summarizing the problem through analysis 256
The role of technical operations research 257
Cognitive mapping software: using COPE 258
Group decision support system and strategy development 258
Acknowledgements 259
References 259
17 Putting operations research to work 260
S. L Cook and M. F. Shutter
Introduction 260
Roles and responsibilities 260
Modern professional operations research function reviewed 261
The classical element 262
The technical element 262
The contextual element 263
The dynamic or change agent element 263
The integrative element 264
Identifying worthwhile projects and selecting appropriate
techniques for their solution 265
Epilogue 267
References and further reading 268
Xil Contents
Appendix 1: Area under the normal density function 270
Appendix 2: Demand analysis/forecasting worksheet 272
Appendix 3: Answers to exercises 274
Index 293
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