Verfügbarkeit: The ecology of browsing and grazing | Technische Universität München

The ecology of browsing and grazing:

Gespeichert in:

Bibliographische Detailangaben
Weitere beteiligte Personen:	Gordon, Iain J. (HerausgeberIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	Englisch
Veröffentlicht:	Berlin [u.a.] Springer 2007
Schriftenreihe:	Ecological Studies 195
Schlagwörter:	Ökosystem Herbivoren Vegetation Aufsatzsammlung
Links:	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020082146&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
Umfang:	XV, 328 S. graph. Darst.
ISBN:	9783540724216 3540724214

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245	1	0	\|a The ecology of browsing and grazing \|c Iain J. Gordon ... eds.
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Datensatz im Suchindex

_version_	1819342991006892032
adam_text	CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION: GRAZERS AND BROWSERS IN A CHANGING WORLD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 HERBERT H.T. PRINS AND IAIN J. GORDON 1.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 DOMINANCE OF DOMESTICATED GRAZERS AND BROWSERS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.3 THE LAST 30 YEARS AND THE IMMEDIATE FUTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.4 SOCIETAL RELEVANCE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 REFERENCES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2 AN EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF BROWSING AND GRAZING UNGULATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 CHRISTINE JANIS 2.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.1.1 UNGULATE PHYLOGENY AND EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2.1.2 DETERMINATION OF FEEDING ADAPTATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 2.1.3 CENOZOIC CHANGES IN CLIMATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 2.2 FOSSIL RECORD EVIDENCE OF DIETARY EVOLUTION IN UNGULATES. . . . . . . . 32 2.2.1 EARLY ARCHAIC UNGULATES AND UNGULATE-LIKE MAMMALS (65 TO 40 MA). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 2.2.2 THE EOCENE EMERGENCE OF MODERN UNGULATES (55 TO 34 MA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 2.2.3 THE LULL BEFORE THE STORM: OLIGOCENE AND EARLY MIOCENE TIMES (34 TO 20 MA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.2.4 THE RISE OF THE GRASSLANDS (20 TO 10 MA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 2.2.5 THE RISE OF GRAZING UNGULATES (10 TO 2 MA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 2.2.6 THE LATE CENOZOIC DAWN OF THE MODERN UNGULATE FAUNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 2.3 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 REFERENCES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 VII 3 THE MORPHOPHYSIOLOGICAL ADAPTATIONS OF BROWSING AND GRAZING MAMMALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 MARCUS CLAUSS, THOMAS KAISER, AND JUERGEN HUMMEL 3.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 3.2 GRASS AND BROWSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 3.3 PREDICTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 3.4 TESTING THE HYPOTHESES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 3.5 RESULTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 3.6 CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 REFERENCES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 4 NUTRITIONAL ECOLOGY OF GRAZING AND BROWSING RUMINANTS . . . . . . . . . . 89 ALAN J. DUNCAN AND DENNIS P. POPPI 4.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 4.2 NUTRITIVE VALUE OF PLANT MATERIAL FOR RUMINANT HERBIVORES. . . . . . . . 90 4.2.1 DIGESTION OF PLANT MATERIAL BY HERBIVORES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 4.2.2 HOW DO BROWSE AND GRASS DIFFER IN NUTRITIVE VALUE? . . . . . . 90 4.2.3 PLANT SECONDARY METABOLITES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 4.3 DO BROWSERS AND GRAZERS DIFFER IN THE WAY THEY PROCESS THEIR FOOD? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 4.3.1 RETICULO-RUMEN SIZE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 4.3.2 RETENTION TIME AND PASSAGE RATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 4.3.3 MEAN PARTICLE SIZE ESCAPING RUMEN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 4.3.4 ABSORPTIVE SURFACE AREA OF RUMEN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 4.3.5 SALIVA FLOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 4.3.6 FERMENTATION RATE AND FIBRE DIGESTIBILITY IN THE RUMEN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 4.3.7 RUMEN MICROBIAL GENETIC PROTH LES AND DIGESTION END PRODUCTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 4.4 PROBLEMS WITH THE META-ANALYSIS APPROACH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 4.5 DETOXITH CATION OF PLANT SECONDARY METABOLITES: DO BROWSERS AND GRAZERS DIFFER? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 4.5.1 SALIVARY TANNIN-BINDING PROTEINS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 4.5.2 RUMINAL DETOXITH CATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 4.5.3 POST ABSORPTIVE METABOLISM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 4.6 CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 REFERENCES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 5 THE COMPARATIVE FEEDING BAHAVIOUR OF LARGE BROWSING AND GRAZING HERBIVORES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 KATE R. SEARLE AND LISA A. SHIPLEY 5.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 5.2 THE FUNCTIONAL RESPONSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 5.2.1 COMPONENTS OF THE FUNCTIONAL RESPONSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 VIII CONTENTS 5.3 FORAGING IN PATCHES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 5.3.1 DETH NITION OF PATCHES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 5.4 SPATIAL VARIATION IN THE QUALITY OF GRASS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 5.5 SPATIAL VARIATION IN THE QUALITY OF BROWSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 5.6 PERCEPTION OF PATCHES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 5.6.1 EVIDENCE FOR PATCH PERCEPTIONS OF GRAZERS AND BROWSERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 5.6.2 PATCH PERCEPTIONS BY GRAZERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 5.6.3 PATCH PERCEPTIONS BY BROWSERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 5.7 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 6 THE COMPARATIVE POPULATION DYNAMICS OF BROWSING AND GRAZING UNGULATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 NORMAN OWEN-SMITH 6.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 6.2 SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL DYNAMICS OF GRASS AND BROWSE. . . . . . . . . . . . 150 6.3 POPULATION DENSITY LEVELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 6.4 DEMOGRAPHIC PATTERNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 6.5 REGULATION OF ABUNDANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 6.6 POPULATION DYNAMICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 6.7 WEATHER PATTERNS AND POPULATION FLUCTUATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 6.8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 REFERENCES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 7 SPECIES DIVERSITY OF BROWSING AND GRAZING UNGULATES: CONSEQUENCES FOR THE STRUCTURE AND ABUNDANCE OF SECONDARY PRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 HERBERT H.T. PRINS AND HERVE FRITZ 7.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 7.2 SUGGESTED CAUSES OF SPECIES RICHNESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 7.3 THE EFFECT OF SPECIES RICHNESS ON ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONING: AN OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 7.4 HERBIVORE DIVERSITY AND THE USE OF PRIMARY PRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . 186 7.4.1 DIET OVERLAP AND FEEDING NICHES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 7.4.2 POSTULATED ADVANTAGES OF MIXED-SPECIES FEEDING. . . . . . . . . 189 7.5 MAMMALIAN HERBIVORE SPECIES RICHNESS LINKS TO SECONDARY PRODUCTIVITY AND BIOMASS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 7.5.1 DOMESTIC HERBIVORE DIVERSITY AND SECONDARY PRODUCTIVITY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 7.5.2 DIVERSITY*BIOMASS RELATIONSHIP IN WILD ASSEMBLAGES . . . . . 193 7.6 CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 CONTENTS IX 8 IMPACTS OF GRAZING AND BROWSING BY LARGE HERBIVORES ON SOILS AND SOIL BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 KATHRYN A. HARRISON AND RICHARD D. BARDGETT 8.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 8.2 HERBIVORE EFFECTS ON NUTRIENT DYNAMICS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 8.3 POSITIVE FEEDBACK EFFECTS OF ABOVE-GROUND HERBIVORY . . . . . . . . . . 202 8.3.1 URINE AND DUNG DEPOSITION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 8.3.2 ALTERATIONS IN PLANT C AND N ALLOCATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 8.3.3 SELECTIVE FORAGING ON LESS NUTRITIOUS SPECIES. . . . . . . . . . . . 208 8.3.4 LITTER DEPOSITION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 8.3.5 INCREASED SOIL TEMPERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 8.4 NEGATIVE FEEDBACK EFFECTS OF ABOVE-GROUND HERBIVORY. . . . . . . . . . 209 8.4.1 SELECTIVE FORAGING ON NUTRIENT-RICH TISSUE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 8.4.2 PRODUCTION OF SECONDARY METABOLITES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 8.4.3 IMPACT ON SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 8.5 CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 REFERENCES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 9 PLANT TRAITS, BROWSING AND GAZING HERBIVORES, AND VEGETATION DYNAMICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 CHRISTINA SKARPE AND ALISON J. HESTER 9.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 9.2 PLANT ARCHITECTURE AND HERBIVORY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 9.2.1 INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 9.2.2 TREES AND SHRUBS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 9.2.3 HERBACEOUS PLANTS OTHER THAN GRAMINOIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 9.2.4 GRAMINOIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 9.3 THE CHEMISTRY OF PLANTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 9.3.1 PHOTOSYNTHESIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 9.3.2 ENERGY AND NUTRIENT RESERVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 9.4 PLANT RESISTANCE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 9.4.1 INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 9.4.2 ESCAPE STRATEGIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 9.4.3 STRUCTURAL AND CHEMICAL DEFENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 9.4.4 PLANT TOLERANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 9.5 EFFECTS OF HERBIVORY ON PLANTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 9.5.1 INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 9.5.2 RESERVE DYNAMICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 9.5.3 SPROUTING AND RESPROUTING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 9.5.4 REPEATED HERBIVORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 9.5.5 COMPENSATORY GROWTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 9.5.6 REGENERATION AND PERSISTENCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 9.6 HERBIVORE FORAGING BEHAVIOUR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 9.6.1 INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 9.6.2 HIERARCHICAL FORAGING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 X CONTENTS 9.6.3 LARGE HERBIVORES AND PREDATORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 9.6.4 THE IMPORTANCE OF NEIGHBOURS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 9.7 LARGE HERBIVORE EFFECTS ON VEGETATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 9.7.1 INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 9.7.2 HERBIVORY AND COMPOSITION OF PLANT POPULATIONS . . . . . . . 239 9.7.3 HERBIVORY AND THE COMPOSITION OF PLANT COMMUNITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 9.8 THE THEORY OF VEGETATION CHANGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 9.8.1 INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 9.8.2 SUCCESSION THEORIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 9.8.3 THE STATE-AND-TRANSITION MODEL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 9.8.4 STATE-AND-THRESHOLD AND CATASTROPHE THEORIES . . . . . . . . . 246 9.9 CONCLUSIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 10 THE IMPACT OF BROWSING AND GRAZING HERBIVORES ON BIODIVERSITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 SPIKE E. VAN WIEREN AND JAN P. BAKKER 10.1 BIODIVERSITY AND LARGE MAMMALIAN HERBIVORES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 10.2 EFFECTS ON TRAITS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 10.3 EFFECTS ON PLANT COMMUNITIES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 10.4 EFFECTS ON INVERTEBRATES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 10.5 EFFECTS ON BIRDS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 10.6 EFFECTS ON MAMMALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 10.7 LARGE HERBIVORES AND BIODIVERSITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 11 MANAGING LARGE HERBIVORES IN THEORY AND PRACTICE: IS THE GAME THE SAME FOR BROWSING AND GRAZING SPECIES? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 JEAN-MICHEL GAILLARD, PATRICK DUNCAN, SIP E. VAN WIEREN, ANNE LOISON, FRANCOIS KLEIN, AND DANIEL MAILLARD 11.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 11.2 THE DYNAMICS OF GRAZER AND BROWSER POPULATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 11.3 MONITORING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 11.4 MANAGEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 11.5 CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304 12 GRAZERS AND BROWSERS IN A CHANGING WORLD: CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . 309 IAIN J. GORDON AND HERBERT H.T. PRINS 12.1 INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 12.2 RESPONSES IN PLANT SPECIES COMPOSITION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 12.3 RESPONSES IN PLANT CHEMISTRY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 12.4 RESPONSES IN TERMS OF POPULATION DYNAMICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 12.5 RESPONSES IN HERBIVORE COMMUNITY STRUCTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 CONTENTS XI 12.6 WAYS OF MANAGING BROWSERS AND GRAZERS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 12.6.1 MANAGING FOR VARIABILITY RATHER THAN STABILITY . . . . . . . . 316 12.6.2 GARDENING VERSUS LAISSER FAIRE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 12.7 WHERE DO WE GO FROM HERE? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 12.7.1 LANDSCAPE SCALE EXPERIMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 12.8 CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 SUBJECT INDEX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 SPECIES INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 XII CONTENTS
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spellingShingle	The ecology of browsing and grazing Ecological Studies Ökosystem (DE-588)4043216-6 gnd Herbivoren (DE-588)4159584-1 gnd Vegetation (DE-588)4187458-4 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4043216-6 (DE-588)4159584-1 (DE-588)4187458-4 (DE-588)4143413-4
title	The ecology of browsing and grazing
title_auth	The ecology of browsing and grazing
title_exact_search	The ecology of browsing and grazing
title_full	The ecology of browsing and grazing Iain J. Gordon ... eds.
title_fullStr	The ecology of browsing and grazing Iain J. Gordon ... eds.
title_full_unstemmed	The ecology of browsing and grazing Iain J. Gordon ... eds.
title_short	The ecology of browsing and grazing
title_sort	the ecology of browsing and grazing
topic	Ökosystem (DE-588)4043216-6 gnd Herbivoren (DE-588)4159584-1 gnd Vegetation (DE-588)4187458-4 gnd
topic_facet	Ökosystem Herbivoren Vegetation Aufsatzsammlung
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