Traffic System Analysis for engineers and planners:
Gespeichert in:
| Beteiligte Personen: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Nichtbestimmte Sprache |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New York <<[u.a.]>>
McGraw-Hill Book
1967
|
| Schriftenreihe: | McGraw-Hill series in transportation
|
| Schlagwörter: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018573758&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Umfang: | 558 S. |
| ISBN: | 0070712743 |
Internformat
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| 100 | 1 | |a Wohl, Martin |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Traffic System Analysis for engineers and planners |c Martin Wohl ; Brian V. Martin |
| 264 | 1 | |a New York <<[u.a.]>> |b McGraw-Hill Book |c 1967 | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819311240804040704 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | LoNTENTS
Preface, v
1 THE ROLE OF TRAFFIC ENGINEERING AND PLANNING:
SOME PERTINENT ASPECTS 1 -
1.1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.2 PERTINENT QUESTIONS FACING THE ENGINEER AND PLANNER 1
1.3 TRAFFIC ENGINEERING: A CURRENT VIEW VERSUS OUR VIEW 4
2 TOWARD A FORMALIZED BASIS FOR TRAFFIC ENGINEERING
DESIGN AND PLANNING 6 *
2.1 INTRODUCTION 6
2.2 CHARACTERIZATION AND DESCRIPTION OF DESIGN PROCESS 7
2.2.1 Selection of goals and objectives; problem definition 7
2.2.2 Determination of system elements or variables 10
2.2.3 Formulation of system model 10
2.2.4 Search for and specification of alternative designs 12
2.2.5 Evaluation of alternative system designs 13
2.2.6 Implementation, operation, and problem redefinition 14
2.3 MULTIPLE AND CONFLICTING DESIGN OBJECTIVES 15
2.4 ELEMENTS OF TRAFFIC FLOW IN THE DESIGN PROCESS 15
2.4.1 Composition of traffic 16
2.4.2 Volume of traffic movement 17
2.4.3 Origin and destination of traffic movement 18
2.4.4 Quality of traffic movement 18
2.4.5 Cost of traffic movement 19
2.5 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS AND DECISION THEORY IN ENGINEERING DESIGN 20
2.6 STATISTICS IN ENGINEERING DESIGN 22
2.7 CONCLUDING REMARKS 23
References 23
ix
x ? CONTENTS
3 AN INTRODUCTION TO PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS
FOR TRAFFIC ENGINEERING DESIGN 24
3.1 INTRODUCTION 24
3.2 RANDOM VARIABLES AND CERTAIN STATISTICAL MEASURES 24
3.2.1 The arithmetic mean 25
3.2.2 Measures of dispersion 27
3.3 SOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF PROBABILITY 29
3.4 SOME PROBABILITY LAWS FOR DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLES 35
3.4.1 The binomial distribution 35
3.4.2 Poisson distribution 39
3.5 SOME PROBABILITY LAWS FOR CONTINUOUS RANDOM VARIABLES 45
3.5.1 The normal distribution 46
3.5.2 Exponential distribution function 51
3.6 HYPOTHESIS TESTING 53
3.6.1 The chi-square goodness-of-fit test 57
3.6.2 The Student s t test 61
3.7 CLOSING REMARKS 68
Appendix for Chapter 3 69
References 79
4 INTRODUCTORY SAMPLING THEORY AND LINEAR REGRESSION
ANALYSIS 80
4.1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS OF THE ACCURACY, COST, AND TIME
REQUIREMENTS OF DATA COLLECTION 80
4.2 SAMPLING-THEORY PRINCIPLES FOR DETERMINING SAMPLE SIZE AND
ACCURACY RELATIONSHIPS 81
4.2.1 Introduction 81
4.2.2 Sampling techniques 82
4.2.3 Central limit theorem 83
4.2.4 Estimates of the population mean and standard deviation 84
4.2.5 Estimates of the error of a sample mean and determination of
sample size 86
4.2.6 An example problem concerning sample size and accuracy
when sampling randomly from an infinitely large population 91
4.2.7 An example problem concerning the estimation of a finite
population size and its accuracy 92
4.3 LINEAR REGRESSION ANALYSIS FOR ONE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE 93
4.3.1 Estimating a linear regression function 94
4.3.2 An example of linear regression estimation 96
4.3.3 Statistical measures of error and hypothesis testing 98
CONTENTS ? xi
4.4 MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSION ANALYSIS 104
Appendix for Chapter 4 108
References 108
5 GENERAL TRAVEL FORECASTING PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES 110
5.1 INTRODUCTION 110
5.2 DEFINITIONS 110
5.3 VOLUME CHARACTERISTICS 111
5.4 GENERALIZED DEMAND, PRICE, AND CAPACITY RELATIONSHIPS APPLIED
TO TRAVEL FORECASTING 117
5.4.1 Price-volume (or so-called supply ) relationships 118
5.4.2 Demand relationships 122
5.4.3 Equilibrium volume as related to changes in system capacity 124
5.4.4 Use of price-volume and demand relationships in traffic
prediction 126
5.5 PRACTICAL PROBLEMS OF FORECASTING TRAVEL 132
5.6 SUMMARY 149
References 150
6 PREDICTING TRAVEL FLOW AND DETERMINING DESIGN HOURLY
VOLUME FOR VARYING DEMAND CONDITIONS 151
6.1 INTRODUCTION TO VARYING DEMAND CONDITIONS 151
6.1.1 Forecasting for short-run demand variations 151
6.1.2 An example forecasting problem dealing with short-run
demand variations and with interdependent cost, price-volume, and
demand functions 152
6.1.3 Forecasting for long-term demand variations 162
6.2 DETERMINATION OF THE DESIGN HOURLY VOLUME ¦ 164
6.2.1 The rationale of the thirtieth highest hour or critical hour
concept for determining design hourly volume 165
6.2.2 A critique of thirtieth highest hour and critical hour concepts 170
6.2.3 Toward the development of a revised critical hour concept for
design 174
Appendix for Chapter 6 176
References 179
xii ? CONTENTS
7 A FRAMEWORK FOR EVALUATING ALTERNATIVE TRAFFIC i
ENGINEERING DESIGNS 180
7.1 INTRODUCTION 180
7.2 PURPOSE OF ECONOMIC ANALYSIS AND MAJOR CONSIDERATIONS 181
7.2.1 Point of view, or worthwhile to whom? 181
7.2.2 Worthwhile in what terms? 183
7.2.3 Definition of costs and benefits for public transportation
projects 185
7.3 DETERMINATION AND MEASUREMENT OF PERCEIVED USER PRICE AND
BENEFIT 196
7.3.1 Makeup of perceived user price-volume relationships 196
7.3.2 Measurement of perceived user travel benefit allowable in
economic analyses when consumer surplus is excluded 199
7.3.3 Summary of perceived user travel benefit specifications for
varying project conditions 201
7.3.4 Procedures for measurement of perceived user travel benefit
and net perceived benefit for diverted, induced, and growth traffic,
and their critique 202
7.4 SUMMARY AND CONCLUDING REMARKS 210
References 211
8 THE EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE HIGHWAY AND TRAFFIC
ENGINEERING DESIGNS: METHODS OF ANALYSIS 213
8.1 INTRODUCTION 213
8.2 INTEREST, OR THE TIME VALUE OF MONEY; CAPITAL RECOVERY; AND
OTHER RELATED PROBLEMS 213
8.2.1 Appropriate interest rates for public investments 217
8.3 PROBLEMS INVOLVING RISK AND UNCERTAINTY 222
8.4 METHODS OF ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 226
8.4.1 Annual cost method 226
8.4.2 Benefit-cost-ratio method 228
8.4.3 Rate-of-return method • 230
8.4.4 Net present value method 232
8.5 SALVAGE VALUE, TERMINAL DATE AND PLANNING HORIZON PROBLEMS 233
8.6 CRITIQUE OF ECONOMIC ANALYSIS METHODS 234
8.7 EXAMPLE ANALYSIS AND CONCLUDING REMARKS 241
References 243
CONTENTS ? xiii
9 APPLICATION OF ECONOMIC ANALYSIS METHODS:
A PRACTICAL EXAMPLE 245
9.1 INTRODUCTION 245
9.2 STATEMENT OF BASIC ASSUMPTIONS AND INPUT DATA 245
9.2.1 Volume data and user price-volume functions 245
9.2.2 Facility costs 251
9.2.3 User tax payments 252
9.2.4 Summary of costs and benefits to be included in analyses 255
9.3 ANALYSES TO BE CONDUCTED 258
9.3.1 Net present value (or net present worth) calculations 258
9.3.2 Discounted rate-of-return calculations 265
9.3.3 Annual cost calculations 267
9.3.4 Benefit-cost-ratio calculations 269
9.4 IMPLICATIONS OF PRECEDING ANALYSES 271
9.5 CHANGES TO PREVIOUS ANALYSES IF CONSUMER SURPLUS IS
INCLUDED 272
9.6 ANALYSES FOR DESIGN CHANGES THAT DO NOT AFFECT TRAVEL
VOLUME OR BENEFITS 273
Appendix for Chapter 9 275
10 AN INTRODUCTION TO HIGHWAY AND CONGESTION COST
AND PRICING PRINCIPLES 284
10.1 INTRODUCTION 284
10.2 CONGESTION COST AND PRICING RELATIONSHIPS FOR FIXED-
CAPACITY SYSTEMS OR FACILITIES 284
10.2.1 Congestion and other travel costs for nonbottleneck
fixed-capacity facilites 285
10.2.2 Short-run pricing policies for nonbottleneck fixed-capacity
systems, and their implications 295
10.2.3 Short-run pricing policies for the bottleneck or
backward-bending case 300
10.2.4 Conclusions for facilities whose capacity is fixed over the
long run 303
10.3 GENERAL COST, PRICING, AND INVESTMENT RELATIONSHIPS 306
10.3.1 Cost relationships for facilities of various capacity levels 306
10.3.2 Interaction among price, cost, and demand for different
facility sizes and pricing policies 309
10.3.3 Cost, demand, and price relationships and policies under
less than idealized conditions; peak-load pricing 312
xiv ? CONTENTS
10.4 PROBLEMS AND PRACTICALITIES OF UTILIZING DIFFERENTIAL PEAK-
LOAD PRICING VERSUS UNIFORM TAX PRICING 315
10.5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 320
References 321
11 THEORETICAL TECHNIQUES FOR DESCRIBING TRAFFIC FLOW 322
11.1 INTRODUCTION 322
11.2 DEFINITIONS AND BASIC RELATIONSHIPS 322
11.3 EMPIRICAL STUDIES OF VOLUME, DENSITY, AND SPEED RELATIONSHIPS 329
11.4 REVIEW OF FLOW-DENSITY-SPEED STUDIES 337
11.5 HYDRODYNAMIC ANALOGIES 338
11.6 APPLICATION OF HYDRODYNAMIC ANALOGY 344
11.7 CAR-FOLLOWING THEORY 345
11.8 PROBABILISTIC DESCRIPTION OF TRAFFIC FLOW: DISTRIBUTION OF
VEHICLES ON A ROAD 352
11.9 AN INTRODUCTION TO QUEUING THEORY AS APPLIED TO TRAFFIC
FLOW PROBLEMS FOR STEADY-STATE CONDITIONS . 362
11.9.1 Single-station queuing with Poisson arrivals, exponential
service times, and first come, first served service 364
11.9.2 Multiple-station queuing with Poisson arrivals, exponential
service times, and leading vehicle moving to first vacant service
station 367
11.9.3 Single-station queuing models for other service-time
distributions 370
References 372
12 HIGHWAY CAPACITY AND PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS 374
12.1 INTRODUCTION 374
12.2 HIGHWAY CAPACITY 375
12.3 EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL FEATURES ON CAPACITY AND PERFORMANCE 378
12.4 TOTAL HIGHWAY PERFORMANCE 382
12.4.1 Performance functions for four-, six-, and eight-lane
freeways 385
12.4.2 Performance functions for freeways with varying grades 389
12.5 USE OF PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS IN DESIGN 389
12.6 OPERATING HIGHWAYS 391
12.7 CLOSING REMARKS 395
References 395
CONTENTS ? xv
13 CAPACITY-PERFORMANCE RELATIONSHIPS FOR NONSIGNALIZED
INTERSECTIONS 396
13.1 INTRODUCTION 396
13.2 UNCONTROLLED INTERSECTIONS 397
13.3 PRIORITY (STOP OR YIELD SIGN) INTERSECTIONS 402
13.3.1 Delay models for priority intersections 403
13.3.2 Determination of critical lag (or acceptable gap) for
priority-type intersections 408
13.4 SPACE-SHARING INTERSECTIONS (OR ROTARIES AND WEAVING
SECTIONS) 412
13.4.1 Definition of total weaving volume 412
13.4.2 Some theoretical models for determining weaving capacity 415
13.4.3 An empirical weaving-capacity model 419
13.4.4 Determination of delay within weaving sections 422
13.5 CLOSING REMARKS ON PRIORITY AND SPACE-SHARING
INTERSECTIONS 424
References 425
14 CAPACITY-PERFORMANCE RELATIONSHIPS FOR TIME-SHARING
OR SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS 426
14.1 INTRODUCTION 426
14.2 DRIVER AND VEHICLE PERFORMANCE AT SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS 427
14.3 TYPES OF TRAFFIC SIGNALS AND CONTROL SYSTEMS 430
14.4 METHODS OF DETERMINING PERFORMANCE AT INTERSECTIONS WITH
PRETIMED SIGNALS 434
14.4.1 C-E-I-R multiple regression capacity technique 435
14.4.2 Other approaches to determining intersection capacity and
performance 439
14.4.3 General approach to determination of pretimed signalized-
intersection performance 445
14.4.4 Example analysis of signalized-intersection performance 459
14.5 COMPARISON OF PRETIMED-SIGNAL PERFORMANCE WITH THAT OF
ALTERNATIVE CONTROLS 472
14.6 PROGRESSIVE SIGNAL-CONTROL SYSTEMS 482
14.6.1 Analytical methods for determining progressive timing
patterns 482
14.6.2 Model and program for maximizing bandwidths 484
14.6.3 The performance of progressive signal systems 489
Appendix for Chapter 14 494
References 494
xvi ? CONTENTS ^
15 THE USE OF SIMULATION IN TRAFFIC ENGINEERING DESIGN 496
15.1 INTRODUCTION 496
15.2 THE GENERAL SIMULATION PROCESS 497
15.2.1 Problem definition and designation of figures of merit 498
15.2.2 Determination of elements of the design 499
15.2.3 Formulation of the model 499
15.2.4 Determination of measure of effectiveness (or F.O.M.)
value 500
15.2.5 Representing and scanning the simulation model 508
15.2.6 Comparison of representation and scanning techniques 511
15.2.7 Other applications of simulation, and some limitations 512
15.3 SIMULATION OF FREEWAY MERGING: AN EXAMPLE PROGRAM 513
15.3.1 Statement of problem, measures of effectiveness, and
assumptions 513
15.3.2 Determination of freeway merging-section elements 515
15.3.3 Formulation of the model 515
15.3.4 Comments on F.O.M. results, testing, and data
requirements for simulation example 523
15.3.5 Closing remarks on the simulation example 525
15.4 SUBSEQUENT STUDIES AND RESEARCH ON SIMULATION 525
15.5 CLOSING REMARKS 536
References 536
Index 539
|
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| indexdate | 2024-12-20T13:58:34Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0070712743 |
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| spellingShingle | Wohl, Martin Martin, Brian V. Traffic System Analysis for engineers and planners Verkehrsplanung (DE-588)4062954-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4062954-5 |
| title | Traffic System Analysis for engineers and planners |
| title_auth | Traffic System Analysis for engineers and planners |
| title_exact_search | Traffic System Analysis for engineers and planners |
| title_full | Traffic System Analysis for engineers and planners Martin Wohl ; Brian V. Martin |
| title_fullStr | Traffic System Analysis for engineers and planners Martin Wohl ; Brian V. Martin |
| title_full_unstemmed | Traffic System Analysis for engineers and planners Martin Wohl ; Brian V. Martin |
| title_short | Traffic System Analysis for engineers and planners |
| title_sort | traffic system analysis for engineers and planners |
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| topic_facet | Verkehrsplanung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018573758&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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