Analysis and fate of surfactants in the aquatic environment:
Gespeichert in:
| Weitere beteiligte Personen: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Amsterdam [u.a.]
Elsevier
2003
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| Ausgabe: | 1. ed. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Wilson & Wilson's comprehensive analytical chemistry
40 |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018335753&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Umfang: | XXVIII, 966 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0444509356 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Analysis and fate of surfactants in the aquatic environment |c ed. by T. P. Knepper ... |
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| 264 | 1 | |a Amsterdam [u.a.] |b Elsevier |c 2003 | |
| 300 | |a XXVIII, 966 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
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| 700 | 1 | |a Knepper, Thomas P. |0 (DE-588)123692431 |4 edt | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819249255906279424 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Analysis and fate of surfactants in the aquatic environment
Autor: Knepper, Thomas P
Jahr: 2003
Contents
Series Editor s Preface..............................................................xxi
Editor s Preface...................................xxiii
Foreword..................................... xxvii
Chapter 1. Surfactants: properties, production and environmental aspects ... 1
Thomas P. Knepper and Jose Luis Berna
1.1 Introduction: from soap to modern surfactants..................1
1.2 General properties of surfactants..................................3
1.3 Production rates and use of relevant surfactants........10
1.3.1 Anionic surfactants....................16
1.3.2 Non-ionic surfactants..................17
1.3.3 Cationic surfactants...................18
1.3.4 Amphoteric surfactants.................19
1.4 Raw materials...........................19
1.4.1 Linear alkylbenzene...................20
1.4.2 Linear paraffins.....................21
1.4.3 Ethylene.........................23
1.4.4 a-Olefins.........................24
1.4.5 Linear alcohols......................24
1.4.6 Alkylphenol........................28
1.4.7 Methylesters.......................28
1.4.8 Other surfactant raw materials.............28
1.5 Synthesis of surfactants......................29
1.5.1 Sulfonation and sulfation................29
1.5.2 Ethoxylation.......................31
1.5.3 Synthesis of other surfactants..............32
1.6 Analysis of surfactants and their degradation products.....33
1.7 Fate of surfactants and environmental problems........36
1.7.1 Introduction .......................36
1.7.2 Toxicity of surfactants and risk assessment......40
1.8 Conclusion.............................44
References.............................45
Chapter 2. Separation and detection........................51
2.1 GC and GC-MS determination of surfactants..........51
Francesc Ventura and Pim de Voogt
2.1.1 Introduction .......................51
2.1.2 Anionic surfactants....................51
2.1.3 Non-ionic surfactants..................57
xi
2.1.4 Cationic surfactants...................69
2.1.5 Conclusion........................71
References.............................71
2.2 Capillary electrophoresis in surfactant analysis.........77
Mira Petrovic and Damia Barcelo
2.2.1 Introduction.......................77
2.2.2 Ionic surfactants.....................78
2.2.3 Non-ionic surfactants..................84
2.2.4 Conclusion........................86
References.............................87
2.3 LC determination using conventional detectors.........89
Mira Petrovic, Eduardo Gonzalez-Mazo, Pim de Voogt
and Damia Barcelo
2.3.1 Introduction.......................89
2.3.2 Ionic surfactants.....................90
2.3.3 Non-ionic surfactants..................97
2.3.4 Conclusion....................... 110
References............................ 110
2.4 Atmospheric pressure ionisation mass spectrometry—
I. General aspects........................ 115
Thomas P. Knepper and Peter Eichhorn
2.4.1 Introduction...................... 115
2.4.2 Ionisation methods in LC-MS coupling....... 115
2.4.3 Mass analysers and detection modes......... 118
2.4.4 Analysis of surfactants in environmental samples
by LC-MS....................... 119
2.4.5 Conclusion....................... 121
References............................ 122
2.5 Atmospheric pressure ionisation mass spectrometry—II.
Flow injection analysis—mass and tandem mass spectrometry
in the analysis of surfactants—advantages and disadvantages 123
Horst Fr. Schroder
2.5.1 Introduction...................... 123
2.5.2 Information provided by FIA-MS and MS-MS . . . 124
2.5.3 Application of FIA-MS and MS-MS......... 125
2.5.4 The determination of surfactants in blends,
formulations and environmental samples using
FIA-API combined with MS and MS-MS...... 127
2.5.5 The application of FIA-MS and MS-MS to surfactant
blends and their mixtures............... 133
2.5.6 The application of FIA-MS and MS-MS to unknown
surfactant formulations................ 143
2.5.7 Influence of matrix compounds with the application
of FIA-MS and MS-MS................ 150
2.5.8 Interferences induced by organic matrix compounds 151
2.5.9 Interferences induced by inorganic matrix
compounds....................... 156
xii
2.5.10 Conclusion....................... 156
References............................ 159
2.6 Atmospheric pressure ionisation mass spectrometry—
III. Non-ionic surfactants: LC-MS and LC-MS-MS of
alkylphenol ethoxylates and their degradation products . . . 163
Mira Petrovic, Horst Fr. Schroder and Damia Barcelo
2.6.1 Alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEOs)........... 163
2.6.2 Alkylphenols (APs)................... 173
2.6.3 Carboxylated degradation products (APECs and
CAPECs)........................ 173
2.6.4 Halogenated derivatives of alkylphenolic compounds 179
References............................ 187
2.7 Atmospheric pressure ionisation mass spectrometry—
IV. Non-ionic surfactants: LC-MS of alkyl polyglucosides
and alkyl glucamides...................... 191
Peter Eichhorn
2.7.1 Introduction...................... 191
2.7.2 Alkyl polyglucosides.................. 191
2.7.3 Alkyl glucamides.................... 199
References............................ 203
2.8 Atmospheric pressure ionisation mass spectrometry—
V. Non-ionic surfactants: Flow injection analysis—mass
spectrometry and liquid chromatography—mass
spectrometry of organosilicone surfactants........... 205
Lea S. Bonnington, William Henderson
and Jerzy A. Zabkiewicz
2.8.1 Introduction...................... 205
2.8.2 Surfactants as agrochemical adjuvants........ 207
2.8.3 Trisiloxane surfactants................. 209
2.8.4 Analysis......................... 209
2.8.5 By-products....................... 217
2.8.6 Degradation products................. 220
2.8.7 Conclusion....................... 222
References............................ 224
2.9 Atmospheric pressure ionisation mass spectrometry—
VI. Non-ionic surfactants LC-MS of other non-ionic
surfactants............................ 227
Horst Fr. Schroder
2.9.1 Introduction...................... 227
2.9.2 Analyses of non-ionic ethoxylate surfactants..... 230
2.9.3 Conclusion....................... 285
References............................ 286
2.10 Atmospheric pressure ionisation mass spectrometry—
VII. Anionic surfactants: LC-MS of alkylbenzene sulfonates
and related compounds..................... 289
Peter Eichhorn
2.10.1 Introduction...................... 289
xiii
2.10.2 Alkylbenzene sulfonates..............................289
2.10.3 Carboxylated degradation products..................292
References........................................................303
2.11 Atmospheric pressure ionisation mass spectrometry—
VIII. Anionic surfactants: LC-MS of other anionic
surfactants........................................................305
Horst Fr. Schroder
2.11.1 Introduction............................................305
2.11.2 Analyses of anionic surfactants......................308
2.11.3 Conclusion..............................................346
References........................................................347
2.12 Atmospheric pressure ionisation mass spectrometry—
IX. LC-MS analyses of cationic surfactants: methods
and applications..................................................353
Imma Ferrer, Horst Fr. Schroder and Edward T. Furlong
2.12.1 Introduction............................................353
2.12.2 Methods of analysis....................................355
2.12.3 Applications of LC-MS for the detection
of cationic surfactants in the environment..........370
2.12.4 Conclusion..............................................380
References........................................................381
2.13 Atmospheric pressure ionisation mass spectrometry—
X. LC—MS of amphoteric surfactants..........................385
Peter Eichhorn
2.13.1 Cocamidopropyl betaines..............................385
References........................................................392
Chapter 3. Sample handling......................................................393
3.1 Sampling and sample treatment for surfactant analysis
in water............................................................393
Eduardo Gonzalez-Mazo, Thomas P. Knepper
Francesc Ventura and Pim de Voogt
3.1.1 Introduction............................................393
3.1.2 Sampling................................................394
3.1.3 Sample enrichment and clean-up steps................396
3.1.4 Applications..............................................400
3.1.5 Conclusion..............................................410
References........................................................410
3.2 Methods for the sample handling of non-ionic surfactants in
sludges and sediments............................................415
Niels Jonkers and Pim de Voogt
3.2.1 Introduction............................................415
3.2.2 Methods for the sample handling of non-ionic
surfactants in sludges and sediments..................415
3.2.3 Comparative studies....................................424
3.2.4 Conclusion..............................................425
References........................................................426
xiv
3.3 Sample handling for the determination of surfactants
in biota.............................. 429
Pim de Voogt, Monica Saez and Eduardo Gonzalez-Mazo
3.3.1 Introduction ...................... 429
3.3.2 Classical methods................... 429
3.3.3 Pressurised fluid, ultrasonic and ultrasonic
extraction........................ 434
3.3.4 Matrix solid-phase dispersion............. 435
3.3.5 Conclusions and recommendations.......... 437
References............................ 439
Chapter 4. Quantification and quality assurance in surfactant analysis .... 443
4.1 Introduction........................... 443
Pim de Voogt and Thomas P. Knepper
References........................................................445
4.2 Reference compounds in quantification of surfactants, their
metabolites and reaction by-products............................447
Francesc Ventura and Thomas P. Knepper
4.2.1 Introduction............................................447
4.2.2 Non-ionic surfactants..................................447
4.2.3 Anionic surfactants......................................458
4.2.4 Cationic surfactants....................................463
4.2.5 Conclusion..............................................466
References........................................................467
4.3 Advantages and limitations in surfactant quantification by
liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry......................473
Pim de Voogt, Mira Petrovic, Niels Jonkers and
Thomas P. Knepper
4.3.1 Introduction............................................473
4.3.2 Quantitative LC-MS analysis of alkylphenol
ethoxylates (APEOs)....................................474
4.3.3 Quantitative LC-MS analysis of LAS and SPC . . . . 485
4.3.4 Quantitative analysis of APEO with the fluorescence
detector in comparison with LC-MS..................487
4.3.5 Conclusion..............................................492
References........................................................493
4.4 Stability of surfactants in post-sampling storage..............495
Mira Petrovic and Damia Barcelo
4.4.1 Introduction............................................495
4.4.2 Stability in a water matrix............................496
4.4.3 Stability on SPE cartridges............................500
4.4.4 Conclusion and recommendations......................505
References........................................................506
4.5 Interlaboratory studies for the determination of surfactants . 509
Pim de Voogt, Mira Petrovic and Thomas P. Knepper
4.5.1 Introduction............................................509
4.5.2 Study set-up............................................510
xv
4.5.3 Results..................................................512
4.5.4 Conclusions..............................................522
References........................................................523
Chapter 5. Environmental processes..............................................525
5.1 Aerobic biodegradation of surfactants..........................525
Thomas P. Knepper, Peter Eichhorn and
Lea S. Bonnington
5.1.1 Introduction ............................................525
5.1.2 Aerobic biodegradability tests for surfactants .... 527
5.1.3 Aerobic biodegradation of anionic surfactants .... 528
5.1.4 Aerobic biodegradation of non-ionic surfactants . . . 557
5.1.5 Cocamidopropyl betaines..............................568
References........................................................570
5.2 Anaerobic biodegradation of surfactants........................577
Eduardo Gonzalez-Mazo, Victor M. Leon, Jose Luis Berna
and Abelardo Gomez-Parra
5.2.1 Introduction............................................577
5.2.2 Mineralisation under anaerobic conditions............578
5.2.3 Surfactants in anaerobic environmental
compartments..........................................580
5.2.4 Primary biodegradation under anaerobic
conditions................................................582
5.2.5 LAS and SPC distribution in sub-oxic and anoxic
compartments..........................................584
5.2.6 Conclusion..............................................586
References........................................................587
5.3 Biodegradation of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates in the
marine environment..............................................591
Victor M. Leon and Eduardo Gonzalez-Mazo
5.3.1 Introduction............................................591
5.3.2 Primary biodegradation and mineralisation..........592
5.3.3 Parameters affecting biodegradation..................596
5.3.4 Properties of the medium..............................599
5.3.5 Conclusion..............................................603
References........................................................604
5.4 Surfactant sorption on natural sediments......................607
Eduardo Gonzalez-Mazo and Victor M. Leon
5.4.1 Introduction............................................607
5.4.2 Field measurement of sorption coefficients............608
5.4.3 Characterisation in laboratory experiments..........610
5.4.4 Sorption isotherms......................................617
5.4.5 Influence of physico-chemical conditions on
sorption processes......................................618
5.4.6 Desorption and reversibility............................621
5.4.7 Conclusion..............................................622
References........................................................623
5.5 Fate of organosilicone surfactants..............................627
Lea S. Bonnington, William Henderson and
Jerzy A. Zabkiewicz
5.5.1 Introduction............................................627
5.5.2 Behaviour in environmental media....................629
5.5.3 Product identification..................................635
5.5.4 Stability..................................................643
5.5.5 Quantitation............................................644
5.5.6 Ultimate fate............................................646
5.5.7 Conclusion..............................................649
Acknowledgments................................................650
References........................................................650
Chapter 6. Occurrence of surfactants in the environment............655
6.1 Concentrations of surfactants in wastewater
treatment plants......................... 655
Mira Petrovic and Damia Barcelo
6.1.1 Introduction ...................... 655
6.1.2 Ionic surfactants.................... 656
6.1.3 Non-ionic surfactants................. 661
References............................ 670
6.2 Occurrence of surfactants in surface waters and freshwater
sediments—I. Alkylphenol ethoxylates and their
degradation products...................... 675
Thomas P. Knepper, Mira Petrovic and Pirn de Voogt
References............................ 692
6.3 Occurrence of surfactants in surface waters and freshwater
sediments—II. Linear alkylbenzene sulfonates and their
carboxylated degradation products............... 695
Peter Eichhorn
6.3.1 Introduction...................... 695
6.3.2 Impact of discharges of treated sewage on surface
water quality...................... 695
6.3.3 Impact of discharges of untreated sewage on surface
water quality...................... 703
References............................ 717
6.4 Non-ionic surfactants in marine and estuarine environments 719
Niels Jonkers and Pirn de Voogt
6.4.1 Introduction...................... 719
6.4.2 Non-ionic surfactants in saline waters........ 720
6.4.3 Non-ionic surfactants in estuarine and marine
sediments........................ 727
6.4.4 Alkylphenol ethoxylates in estuarine and marine
biota........................... 738
6.4.5 Alkylphenols in estuarine and marine
atmospheres...................... 739
xvii
6.4.6 Biodegradation of non-ionic surfactants in estuarine
and marine environments............... 741
6.4.7 Conclusion: fate of non-ionic surfactants in estuarine
and marine environments............... 744
References............................ 745
6.5 Anionic surfactants in marine and estuarine environments . 749
Eduardo Gonzalez-Mazo and Abelardo Gomez-Parra
6.5.1 Introduction ...................... 749
6.5.2 Environmental processes relevant for LAS...... 749
6.5.3 LAS in estuarine and marine systems........ 751
6.5.4 SPC in estuarine and marine systems........ 757
6.5.5 Conclusion....................... 759
References............................ 760
6.6 Surfactants in drinking water: occurrence and treatment . . 763
Thomas P. Knepper and Pirn de Voogt
6.6.1 Introduction ...................... 763
6.6.2 Routes of surfactants and their metabolites from
surface to drinking waters............... 764
6.6.3 Analysis of alkylphenol ethoxylates and degradation
products in drinking water.............. 765
6.6.4 Behaviour of sulfophenyl carboxylates during
drinking water production............... 769
6.6.5 Possible formation of halogenated linear alkylbenzene
sulfonates in waterworks Llobregat.......... 777
6.6.6 Occurrence of surfactants in drinking waters
analysed in countries with less developed WWT . . . 777
6.6.7 Risks arising from the presence of surfactants
and their degradation products in drinking waters . 781
6.6.8 Conclusion....................... 782
References............................ 784
6.7 Occurrence and fate of surfactants in soil, subsoil, and
groundwater........................... 787
Peter Eichhorn
6.7.1 Introduction ...................... 787
6.7.2 Occurrence of surfactants in sludge-amended soil
and their biodegradability under laboratory
conditions........................ 789
6.7.3 Behaviour of surfactants in soil after infiltration
from septic systems and sewage-infiltration ponds
and from surface waters................ 810
References............................ 823
Chapter 7. Toxicity of surfactants.........................827
7.1 Toxicity of surfactants for aquatic life............. 827
Julian Blasco, Miriam Hampel and Ignacio Moreno-Garrido
7.1.1 Introduction ...................... 827
7.1.2 Acute toxicity of surfactants.............. 828
xviii
7.1.3 Toxicity to microalgae................. 834
7.1.4 Early life-stages. Hatching and larvae development
as endpoints of toxicity................ 841
7.1.5 Chronic toxicity..................... 855
7.1.6 Biomarker approach.................. 858
7.1.7 Future research.................... 860
7.1.8 Conclusion....................... 861
References............................ 862
7.2 Bioconcentration......................... 869
Monica Saez, Pim de Voogt and Eduardo Gonzalez-Mazo
7.2.1 Introduction............................................869
7.2.2 Uptake..................................................869
7.2.3 Elimination..............................................871
7.2.4 Bioconcentration factor determination................873
7.2.5 BCF values..............................................877
7.2.6 Conclusion..............................................882
References........................................................883
7.3 Estrogenicity of surfactants......................................887
Nicolas Olea, M.F. Fernandez, A. Rivas and
F. Olea-Serrano
7.3.1 Introduction............................................887
7.3.2 Materials and standards................................890
7.3.3 Test methods for estrogenicity..........................890
7.3.4 Estrogenicity of environmental chemicals............895
7.3.5 Conclusion..............................................907
7.3.6 New directions and perspectives......................908
Acknowledgements ..............................................909
References........................................................909
7.4 Risk assessment of surfactants..................................913
Pim de Voogt, Peter Eichhorn and Thomas P. Knepper
7.4.1 Introduction............................................913
7.4.2 Risk characterisation of non-ionic surfactants
including their metabolites............................914
7.4.3 Risk characterisation of linear alkylbenzene
sulfonates including their metabolites................918
7.4.4 Risk assessment of other anionic surfactants .... 922
7.4.5 Conclusion..............................................923
References........................................................923
Chapter 8. Recommendations and future trends..................................927
Thomas P. Knepper and Damia Barcelo
8.1 Monitoring........................................................927
8.2 Analytical aspects................................................929
8.3 Legislative regulations force action..............................930
8.3.1 Water framework directive............................930
8.3.2 Soil and sediment related issues......................932
xix
8.3.3 EU draft proposal for biodegradation
of surfactants............................................933
8.4 Final remarks and perspectives of a continuously changing
market.....................................934
References........................................................935
Glossary..............................................................................937
Index..............................................................................943
xx
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| spellingShingle | Analysis and fate of surfactants in the aquatic environment Wilson & Wilson's comprehensive analytical chemistry |
| title | Analysis and fate of surfactants in the aquatic environment |
| title_auth | Analysis and fate of surfactants in the aquatic environment |
| title_exact_search | Analysis and fate of surfactants in the aquatic environment |
| title_full | Analysis and fate of surfactants in the aquatic environment ed. by T. P. Knepper ... |
| title_fullStr | Analysis and fate of surfactants in the aquatic environment ed. by T. P. Knepper ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Analysis and fate of surfactants in the aquatic environment ed. by T. P. Knepper ... |
| title_short | Analysis and fate of surfactants in the aquatic environment |
| title_sort | analysis and fate of surfactants in the aquatic environment |
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| work_keys_str_mv | AT knepperthomasp analysisandfateofsurfactantsintheaquaticenvironment |