Biosolids treatment processes:
Gespeichert in:
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Totowa, NJ
Humana Press
2007
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| Schriftenreihe: | Handbook of environmental engineering
6 |
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| Links: | https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-996-7 http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0825/2006004783-d.html http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017479685&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Umfang: | XXIV, 820 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9781592599967 |
| DOI: | 10.1007/978-1-59259-996-7 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819324725297414144 |
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| adam_text | Contents
Preface...........................................................................................................................v
Contributors...........................................................................................................xxiii
1 Characteristics and Quantity of Biosolids
Nazih K. Shammas and Lawrence K. Wang...................................................../
1. Introduction...................................................................................................................................................1
2. Primary Biosolids.........................................................................................................................................3
2.1. Estimation of Primary Biosolids Production.....................................................................................3
2.2. Factors Affecting Solids Removal.....................................................................................................7
2.3. Composition and Characteristics of Primary Biosolids....................................................................9
3. Biological Biosolids...................................................................................................................................10
3.1. General Characteristics.....................................................................................................................10
3.2. Activated Sludge...............................................................................................................................10
3.3. Trickling Filter Biosolids.................................................................................................................22
3.4. Biosolids from Rotating Biological Contactors..............................................................................26
3.5. Coupled Attached-Suspended Growth Biosolids............................................................................26
3.6. Denitrification Biosolids..................................................................................................................27
4. Chemical Biosolids.....................................................................................................................................27
5. Characteristics of Biosolids.......................................................................................................................28
5.1. Specific Gravity and Volatility........................................................................................................28
5.2. Preconcentration or Dewatering of Biosolids.................................................................................29
5.3. Particle Surface Charge and Hydration...........................................................................................31
5.4. Particle Size.......................................................................................................................................32
5.5. Compressibility.................................................................................................................................33
5.6. Biosolids Temperature......................................................................................................................34
5.7. Ratio of Volatile Solids to Fixed Solids..........................................................................................34
5.8. Biosolids pH......................................................................................................................................34
5.9. Septiciry.............................................................................................................................................34
5.10. Trace Elements and Heavy Metals...................................................................................................34
6. Examples.....................................................................................................................................................35
6.1. Example 1: Determination of Biosolids Volume............................................................................35
6.2. Example 2: Determination of Solids Content After Digestion.......................................................36
6.3. Example 3: Determination of Biosolids Production.......................................................................36
6.4. Example 4: Interaction of Yield Calculations and the Quantitative Flow Diagram.....................40
Nomenclature....................................................................................................................................................40
References.........................................................................................................................................................41
2 Gravity Thickening
Nazih K. Shammas and Lawrence K. Wang...................................................45
1. Introduction.................................................................................................................,...............................45
1.1. General..............................................................................................................................................45
1.2. Gravity-Thickening...........................................................................................................................46
1.3. Process Evaluation............................................................................................................................46
1.4. Types and Occurrence of Thickening Processes.............................................................................47
2. Sedimentation Basins.................................................................................................................................47
2.1. Primary Sedimentation.....................................................................................................................47
2.2. Secondary Sedimentation.................................................................................................................47
3. Gravity Thickeners.....................................................................................................................................47
3.1. Introduction.......................................................................................................................................47
3.2. Theory................................................................................................................................................48
3.3 System Design Considerations.........................................................................................................49
ix
Contents
4. Cost.............................................................................................................................................................55
4.1. Capital Cost.......................................................................................................................................55
4.2. Operating and Maintenance Cost.....................................................................................................55
5. Design of Thickeners .................................................................................................................................56
5.1. Input Data..........................................................................................................................................57
5.2. Design Parameters ............................................................................................................................58
5.3. Design Procedure..............................................................................................................................59
5.4. Output Data.......................................................................................................................................61
6. Design Example 1.......................................................................................................................................61
6.1. Thickener Surface Area....................................................................................................................61
6.2. Hydraulic Loading............................................................................................................................62
6.3. Torque Requirements........................................................................................................................62
6.4. Tank Depth........................................................................................................................................62
7. Design Example 2.......................................................................................................................................63
7.1. Quantity of Sludge and Solids..........................................................................................................63
7.2. Surface Area of Thickeners..............................................................................................................63
7.3. Diameter of Thickeners....................................................................................................................64
8. Design Example 3.......................................................................................................................................64
8.1. Height of Sludge at the Required Solids Concentration (C„).........................................................64
8.2. Surface Area of Thickener................................................................................................................64
8.3. Solid Loading....................................................................................................................................65
Nomenclature....................................................................................................................................................66
References.........................................................................................................................................................66
Appendix...........................................................................................................................................................69
Flotation Thickening
Lawrence K. Wang, Nazih K. Shammas, William A. Selke,
and Donald B. Aulenbach...........................................................................71
1. Introduction.................................................................................................................................................71
1.1. Flotation Processes...........................................................................................................................71
1.2. DAF Thickener Components............................................................................................................72
1.3. DAF Thickener Advantages and Disadvantages.............................................................................72
2. DAF Thickener Process Description.........................................................................................................73
2.1. Full presentation DAF-Thickening System.....................................................................................74
2.2. Partial Pressurization DAF-Thickening System.............................................................................74
2.3. Recycle Pressurization DAF-Thickening System...........................................................................74
3. Process Applications and Limitations.......................................................................................................75
3.1. Sludge Thickening Applications......................................................................................................76
3.2. DAF Thickening Process Limitations..............................................................................................76
4. Process Design Considerations..................................................................................................................76
4.1. Rectangular or Circular Shape.........................................................................................................76
4.2. Concrete or Steel Construction........................................................................................................76
4.3. Pilot-Scale or Bench-Scale Experiments.........................................................................................78
4.4. Influent Feed Characteristics............................................................................................................78
4.5. Thickener Surface Area....................................................................................................................79
4.6. Air-to-Solids Ratio............................................................................................................................81
4.7. Polymer Usage..................................................................................................................................83
4.8. Pressurization System.......................................................................................................................83
4.9. Operating Pressure............................................................................................................................83
4.10. Quantity of Pressurized Flow...........................................................................................................84
4.11. Number of Units................................................................................................................................84
4.12. Feed Sludge Line..............................................................................................................................84
4.13. Thickened Sludge Removal..............................................................................................................84
4.14. Bottom Sludge Draw Off, Subnatant Line, Pressurized Flow Piping, and Controls....................84
5. Process Performance..................................................................................................................................85
5.1. Performance Data..............................................................................................................................85
5.2. Factors Affecting Performance........................................................................................................85
Contents xi
6. Process Cost and Operation Considerations.............................................................................................86
6.1. Capital Cost.......................................................................................................................................86
6.2. Operating and Maintenance Costs...................................................................................................87
7. Process Reliability and Environmental Impact.........................................................................................87
7.1. Reliability..........................................................................................................................................87
7.2. Environmental Impact......................................................................................................................87
8. Process Design Criteria and Procedures ...................................................................................................88
8.1. Design Criteria..................................................................................................................................88
8.2. Input Data of DAF Thickener Design..............................................................................................88
8.3. Design Parameters............................................................................................................................89
8.4. Design Procedure for DAF Thickener With No Recycle (Direct Pressurization).........................89
8.5. Design Procedures for DAF Thickener With Recycle....................................................................90
8.6. Output Data of DAF Thickener Design...........................................................................................91
9. Design and Application Examples............................................................................................................91
9.1. Example 1. Design of a DAF Thickener With No Recycle............................................................91
9.2. Example 2. Design of a DAF Thickener With Recycle..................................................................93
9.3. Example 3. Complete DAF Thickening System Design.................................................................95
Nomenclature....................................................................................................................................................97
References.........................................................................................................................................................97
Appendix.........................................................................................................................................................100
4 Centrifugation Clarification and Thickening
Lawrence K. Wang, Shoou-Yuh Chang, Yung-Tse Hung,
H. S. Muralidhara, and Satya P. Chauhan..............................................101
1. Introduction...............................................................................................................................................101
2. Principles..................................................................................................................................................102
3. Types of Water Associated with Solid Particles.....................................................................................102
4. Types of Centrifuges................................................................................................................................103
4.1. Basket Centrifuge............................................................................................................................103
4.2. Solid-Bowl Centrifuge....................................................................................................................104
4.3. Disc Centrifuge...............................................................................................................................107
5. Performance of Centrifuges in Sludge Dewatering................................................................................109
5.1. Separation of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant Sludges by Centrifugation..................... 109
5.2. Separation of Pulp and Paper Sludges by Centrifugation.............................................................110
5.3. Separation of Electroplating by Centrifugation............................................................................112
5.4. Separation of Coals and Refuse by Centrifugation.......................................................................114
5.5. Separation of Metallurgical Refinery Sludge by Centrifugation.................................................121
5.6. Separation of Cannery Waste Biological Sludge by Centrifugation............................................122
5.7. Separation of Potato Wastes by Centrifugation............................................................................122
6. Centrifugation Design Considerations.................................................................................................... 122
6.1. General Guidelines for Selecting a Centrifuge for Sludge Dewatering.......................................122
6.2. Centrifuge Manufacturers...............................................................................................................123
6.3. Materials for Centrifuge Construction...........................................................................................124
6.4. Advantages and Disadvantages of Centrifugation in Various Applications...............................124
6.5. Design Criteria, Input Data, and Design Parameters....................................................................125
6.6. Design Procedure............................................................................................................................125
7. Operation and Maintenance.....................................................................................................................126
7.1. Troubleshooting..............................................................................................................................126
7.2. Preventive Maintenance.................................................................................................................126
7.3. Noise and Odor Control..................................................................................................................128
8. Design and Practical Application Examples...........................................................................................128
8.1. Example 1: Centrifugation System Design...................................................................................128
8.2. Example 2: Centrifugation System Chemical Requirements.......................................................129
8.3. Example 3: Centrifugation System Cost Estimation.....................................................................129
8.4. Example 4: Centrifugation Case Study..........................................................................................129
Nomenclature..................................................................................................................................................131
References.......................................................................................................................................................132
Contents
Anaerobic Digestion
Jerry R. Taricska, David A. Long, J. Paul Chen, Yung-Tse Hung,
and Shuai-Wen Zou...................................................................................135
1. Introduction...............................................................................................................................................135
2. Theory.......................................................................................................................................................136
2.1. Nature of organic Wastes...............................................................................................................136
2.2. Biochemistry and Microbiology of the Anaerobic Process..........................................................137
2.3. Reactor Configurations...................................................................................................................138
2.4. Organic Loading Parameters..........................................................................................................140
2.5. Time and Temperature Relationships............................................................................................141
2.6. Nutrient Requirements....................................................................................................................142
2.7. Gas Production and Utilization......................................................................................................142
3. Design Practice.........................................................................................................................................144
3.1. Anaerobic Treatability Studies.......................................................................................................144
3.2. Anaerobic Reactor Design and Sizing...........................................................................................146
3.3. Tank Construction and System Components.................................................................................149
3.4. System Equipment and Appurtenances.........................................................................................150
3.5. Gas Utilization................................................................................................................................159
3.6. Sludge Pumping and Piping Considerations.................................................................................160
4. Management of Digestion........................................................................................................................160
4.1. Control of Sludge Feed...................................................................................................................160
4.2. Withdrawal of Sludge and Supernatant.........................................................................................161
4.3. Maintenance of Reactor Stability...................................................................................................161
4.4. Digester Performance Criteria........................................................................................................162
5. Capital and Operating Costs....................................................................................................................162
5.1. Generals...........................................................................................................................................162
5.2. Items Included in Cost Estimates...................................................................................................162
6. Design Examples......................................................................................................................................163
6.1. Example Using Standards Design..................................................................................................163
6.2. Example Using Solids Loading Factor..........................................................................................165
6.3. Example Using Modified Anaerobic Contact Process..................................................................167
7. Recent Development in Anaerobic Process............................................................................................168
Nomenclature..................................................................................................................................................173
References.......................................................................................................................................................173
Aerobic Digestion
Nazih K. Shammas and Lawrence K. Wang.................................................177
1. Introduction...............................................................................................................................................177
2. Process Description..................................................................................................................................178
2.1. Microbiology...................................................................................................................................178
2.2. Advantages......................................................................................................................................178
2.3. Disadvantages.................................................................................................................................178
3. Process Variations....................................................................................................................................179
3.1. Conventional Semibatch Operation...............................................................................................179
3.2. Conventional Continuous Operation..............................................................................................179
3.3. Autothermal Thermophilic Aerobic Digestion (Using Air).........................................................179
3.4. Autothermal Thermophilic Aerobic Digestion (Using Oxygen)..................................................181
4. Design Considerations.............................................................................................................................181
4.1. Temperature....................................................................................................................................181
4.2. Solids Reduction.............................................................................................................................182
4.3. Oxygen Requirements.....................................................................................................................183
4.4. Mixing.............................................................................................................................................184
4.5. pH Reduction..................................................................................................................................184
4.6. Dewatering......................................................................................................................................184
5. Process Performance................................................................................................................................185
5.1. Total Volatile Solids Reduction.....................................................................................................185
5.2. Supernatant Quality........................................................................................................................185
Contents xiii
6. Process Design..........................................................................................................................................186
6.1. Input Data........................................................................................................................................186
6.2. Design Parameters..........................................................................................................................186
6.3. Design Procedure............................................................................................................................ 186
6.4. Output Data..................................................................................................................................... 189
7. Cost...........................................................................................................................................................189
7.1. Capital Cost.....................................................................................................................................189
7.2. Operation and Maintenance Cost...................................................................................................190
8. Recent Developments and Summary.......................................................................................................191
8.1. Recent Developments.....................................................................................................................191
8.2. Summary..........................................................................................................................................192
9. Design Examples......................................................................................................................................193
9.1. Example 1........................................................................................................................................193
9.2. Example 2........................................................................................................................................195
Nomenclature..................................................................................................................................................199
References.......................................................................................................................................................199
Appendix.........................................................................................................................................................205
7 Lime Stabilization
Clint Williford, Wei-Yin Chen, Nazih K. Shammas,
and Lawrence K. Wang.............................................................................207
1. Introduction...............................................................................................................................................207
2. Process Description..................................................................................................................................208
2.1. History.............................................................................................................................................208
2.2. Current Status and Regulations......................................................................................................208
2.3. Applicability....................................................................................................................................211
2.4. Theory of the Process.....................................................................................................................212
2.5. Advantages and Disadvantages......................................................................................................212
2.6. Environmental Impacts...................................................................................................................213
3. Design Criteria..........................................................................................................................................213
4. Process Performance................................................................................................................................217
4.1. Deodorization..................................................................................................................................217
4.2. Pathogen Reduction........................................................................................................................218
4.3. Dewatering and Settling Characteristics........................................................................................219
4.4. Chemical Characteristics................................................................................................................220
5. Process Design..........................................................................................................................................223
5.1. Design of Lime Handling Facilities...............................................................................................223
5.2. Biosolids-Lime Mixing Tank Design............................................................................................228
5.3. PSRP Treatment to Meet Class B Requirements..........................................................................230
5.4. PFRP Treatment to Meet Class A Requirements..........................................................................231
6. Cost and Energy Usage............................................................................................................................232
6.1. Capital and Operating Costs...........................................................................................................232
6.2. Energy Usage..................................................................................................................................234
6.3. Design Comparison for Lime-Only and Supplemental Heating Pasteurization..........................234
7. Design Example........................................................................................................................................235
7.1. Design Loading...............................................................................................................................235
7.2. System Description.........................................................................................................................236
7.3. Component Sizing...........................................................................................................................237
Nomenclature............................................................................................................................................238
References.................................................................................................................................................238
Appendix...................................................................................................................................................241
8 Pressurized Ozonation
Lawrence K. Wang and Nazih K. Shammas.................................................243
1. Introduction...............................................................................................................................................243
1.1. Oxyozosynthesis Sludge Management System.............................................................................244
1.2. Oxyozosynthesis Wastewater Reclamation System......................................................................247
2. Description of Processes..........................................................................................................................249
xiv Contents
2.1. Ozonation and Oxygénation Process.............................................................................................249
2.2. Flotation Process.............................................................................................................................251
2.3. Filter Belt Press...............................................................................................................................255
2.4. Performance of Oxyozosynthesis Sludge Management System..................................................257
2.5. Performance of Oxyozosynthesis Wastewater Reclamation System...........................................259
3. Formation and Generation of Ozone.......................................................................................................260
3.1. Formation of Ozone........................................................................................................................260
3.2. Generation of Ozone.......................................................................................................................261
4. Requirements for Ozonation Equipment.................................................................................................264
4.1. Feed Gas Equipment.......................................................................................................................264
4.2. Ozone Generators............................................................................................................................266
4.3. Ozone Contactors............................................................................................................................266
5. Properties of Ozone..................................................................................................................................269
6. Disinfection by Ozone..............................................................................................................................274
7. Oxidation by Ozone..................................................................................................................................277
7.1. Ozone Reaction with Inorganics....................................................................................................277
7.2. Ozone Reaction with Organic Material.........................................................................................280
8. Oxygénation and Ozonation Systems......................................................................................................285
8.1. Oxygénation Systems.....................................................................................................................285
8.2. Ozonation Systems..........................................................................................................................289
8.3. Removal of Pollutants from Waste by Ozonation.........................................................................291
Nomenclature..................................................................................................................................................291
Acknowledgments..........................................................................................................................................292
References.......................................................................................................................................................292
9 Low-Temperature Thermal Treatment Processes
Lawrence K. Wang, Clint Williford, Wei-Yin Chen,
and Nazih K. Shammas.............................................................................299
1. Introduction...............................................................................................................................................299
2. Heat Conditioning Process.......................................................................................................................299
2.1. Process Description.........................................................................................................................299
2.2. Process Applications and Limitations............................................................................................300
2.3. Design Considerations....................................................................................................................301
3. Heat Drying Process.................................................................................................................................304
3.1. Process Description.........................................................................................................................304
3.2. Design Considerations....................................................................................................................305
4. Design and Application Examples..........................................................................................................309
4.1. Example 1........................................................................................................................................309
4.2. Example 2........................................................................................................................................314
4.3. Example 3........................................................................................................................................317
4.4. Example 4........................................................................................................................................320
4.5. Example 5........................................................................................................................................322
4.6. Example 6........................................................................................................................................324
4.7. Example 7........................................................................................................................................326
4.8. Example 8........................................................................................................................................326
4.9. Example 9........................................................................................................................................327
Nomenclature..................................................................................................................................................327
References.......................................................................................................................................................328
10 Irradiation and Solid Substances Disinfection
Lawrence K. Wang, J. Paul Chen, and Robert Ziegler...............................331
1. Introduction...............................................................................................................................................331
1.1. Disinfection and Irradiation...........................................................................................................331
1.2. Pathogenic Organisms....................................................................................................................332
1.3. Pathogen Occurrence in the United States....................................................................................332
1.4. Potential Human Exposure to Pathogens.......................................................................................332
2. Pathogens and Their Characteristics.......................................................................................................333
Contents xv
2.1. Viruses.............................................................................................................................................333
2.2. Bacteria............................................................................................................................................334
2.3. Parasites...........................................................................................................................................334
2.4. Fungi................................................................................................................................................336
3. Solid Substances Disinfection.................................................................................................................336
3.1. Long-Term Storage.........................................................................................................................336
3.2. Chemical Disinfection....................................................................................................................336
3.3. Low Temperature Thermal Processes for Disinfection................................................................337
3.4. High Temperature Thermal Processes for Disinfection................................................................338
3.5. Composting.....................................................................................................................................338
3.6. High Energy Radiation...................................................................................................................339
4. Disinfection with Electron Irradiation ....................................................................................................339
4.1. Electron Irradiation Process Description.......................................................................................340
4.2. Electron Irradiation Design Considerations..................................................................................341
4.3. Electron Irradiation Operational Considerations..........................................................................342
4.4. Electron Irradiation performance...................................................................................................342
5. Disinfection with y-Irradiation................................................................................................................343
5.1. y-Irradiation Systems......................................................................................................................343
5.2. y-Irradiation Design Considerations..............................................................................................346
5.3. y-Irradiation Operational Considerations......................................................................................348
References.......................................................................................................................................................349
11 Inorganic Chemical Conditioning and Stabilization
Nazih K. Shammas and Lawrence K. Wang.................................................353
1. Introduction...............................................................................................................................................353
2. Factors Affecting Biosolids Conditioning..............................................................................................354
3. Inorganic Chemical Conditioning...........................................................................................................356
3.1. Ferric Chloride................................................................................................................................356
3.2. Lime.................................................................................................................................................357
3.3. Dosage Requirements.....................................................................................................................357
3.4. Other Types of Inorganic Conditioners.........................................................................................357
4. Organic Polymers.....................................................................................................................................359
5. Selection of a Conditioning Chemical ....................................................................................................359
5.1. Jar Test.............................................................................................................................................359
5.2. Filter Leaf Testing ..........................................................................................................................360
5.3. Büchner Funnel Test for Determination of Specific Resistances................................................362
5.4. Capillary Suction Time...................................................................................................................364
6. Cost...........................................................................................................................................................364
6.1. Capital Cost.....................................................................................................................................364
6.2. Operation and Maintenance Cost...................................................................................................365
7. Thermal Conditioning..............................................................................................................................368
7.1. HT Process......................................................................................................................................369
7.2. LPO Process....................................................................................................................................370
7.3. Economic Considerations...............................................................................................................372
7.4. Advantages and Disadvantages of HT/LPO Conditioning...........................................................372
8. Miscellaneous Conditioning Processes...................................................................................................373
8.1. Elutriation........................................................................................................................................373
8.2. Freeze-Thaw...................................................................................................................................373
8.3. Mechanical Screening and Grinding..............................................................................................374
8.4. Bacteria............................................................................................................................................374
8.5. Electricity........................................................................................................................................375
8.6. Solvent Extraction...........................................................................................................................375
8.7. Ultrasonic........................................................................................................................................375
9. Biosolids Stabilization.............................................................................................................................375
10. Chlorine Stabilization...............................................................................................................................376
10.1. Process Description.........................................................................................................................376
10.2. Advantages and Disadvantages......................................................................................................378
10.3. Chlorine Requirements...................................................................................................................379
10.4. Characteristics of Chlorine-Stabilized Materials..........................................................................380
xvi Contents
10.5. Costs................................................................................................................................................381
11. Design Example........................................................................................................................................383
Nomenclature..................................................................................................................................................384
References.......................................................................................................................................................384
Appendix.........................................................................................................................................................388
12 Elutriation and Polymer Conditioning
Lawrence K. Wang, Shoou-Yuh Chang, Yung-Tse Hung,
and J. Paul Chen........................................................................................389
1. Elutriation Process Description...............................................................................................................389
2. Elutriation Process Design Considerations.............................................................................................390
2.1. Reactor Design Considerations......................................................................................................390
2.2. Elutriate Disposal Considerations..................................................................................................391
2.3. New Technology Considerations...................................................................................................391
2.4. Benefit.............................................................................................................................................392
3. Elutriation Process Design Procedures...................................................................................................392
3.1. Multiple Elutriation in a Single Tank............................................................................................392
3.2. Countercurrent Elutriation in Multiple Tanks...............................................................................393
4. Chemical Conditioning with Soluble Organic and Inorganic Polymers...............................................394
4.1. Soluble Nonionic Organic Polymers.............................................................................................394
4.2. Soluble Ionic Organic Polymers (Polyelectrolytes)......................................................................394
4.3. Polyelectrolyte Conditioning Process for Sludge Thickening......................................................396
4.4. Polyelectrolyte Conditioning Process for Dewatering..................................................................398
4.5. Inorganic Polymer Conditioning Process for Thickening and Dewatering.................................399
4.6. Polyelectrolytes Determination and Process Control...................................................................399
5. Design Examples......................................................................................................................................399
5.1. Example 1........................................................................................................................................399
5.2. Example 2........................................................................................................................................400
5.3. Example 3........................................................................................................................................400
5.4. example 4........................................................................................................................................400
Nomenclature..................................................................................................................................................401
Acknowledgments..........................................................................................................................................401
References.......................................................................................................................................................401
13 Drying Beds
Lawrence K. Wang, Yan Li, Nazih K. Shammas,
and George P. Sakellaropoulos.................................................................403
1. Introduction...............................................................................................................................................403
2. Sludge Drying Beds Process Description...............................................................................................404
2.1. General Process Description..........................................................................................................404
2.2. Operation and Operating Variables...............................................................................................406
2.3. Advantages and Disadvantages......................................................................................................406
3. Types of Sludge Drying Beds..................................................................................................................407
3.1. Conventional Sand Drying Beds....................................................................................................407
3.2. Paved Dying Beds...........................................................................................................................408
3.3. Wedge-Wire Drying Beds..............................................................................................................408
3.4. Vacuum-Assisted Drying Beds......................................................................................................409
4. Process Applications and Limitations.....................................................................................................410
5. Process Performance, Theory, and Principles........................................................................................410
6. Design Criteria, Requirements, and Other Considerations....................................................................415
6.1. Land Requirements.........................................................................................................................415
6.2. Covered Beds..................................................................................................................................416
6.3. Sludge Conditioning.......................................................................................................................416
6.4. Sludge Removal..............................................................................................................................416
6.5. Sidestreams......................................................................................................................................417
6.6. Bed Sizing Criteria..........................................................................................................................417
7. Environmental Impact and Energy Consumption...................................................................................417
Contents xvii
8. Cost ...........................................................................................................................................................420
8.1. Capital Costs ...................................................................................................................................420
8.2. Operating and Maintenance Cost...................................................................................................420
9. Process Monitoring...................................................................................................................................421
10. Design and Application Examples..........................................................................................................422
10.1. Example 1........................................................................................................................................422
10.2. Example 2........................................................................................................................................423
10.3. Example 3........................................................................................................................................427
10.4. Example 4........................................................................................................................................427
10.5. Example 5........................................................................................................................................427
Nomenclature..................................................................................................................................................428
References.......................................................................................................................................................428
14 Animal Wastes Treatment Using Anaerobic Lagoons
Lawrence K. Wang, Yung-Tse Hung, andj. Paul Chen............................431
1. Introduction...............................................................................................................................................431
2. process Description..................................................................................................................................432
3. Applications and Limitations...................................................................................................................432
4. Expected Process Performance and Reliability......................................................................................432
5. Process Design..........................................................................................................................................433
5.1. Minimum Treatment Volume.........................................................................................................433
5.2. Waste Volume for Treatment Period.............................................................................................434
5.3. Sludge Volume................................................................................................................................436
5.4. Lagoon Volume Requirement........................................................................................................436
5.5. Anaerobic Lagoons.........................................................................................................................437
5.6. Data Gathering and Compilation for Design.................................................................................437
6. Energy Consumption and Costs of Anaerobic Lagoons.........................................................................440
7. Waste Storage Ponds................................................................................................................................441
7.1. Process Description.........................................................................................................................441
7.2. Process Design................................................................................................................................441
8. Design and Application Examples ..........................................................................................................443
8.1. Example 1........................................................................................................................................443
8.2. Example 2........................................................................................................................................443
8.3. Example 3........................................................................................................................................443
8.4. Example 4........................................................................................................................................445
8.5. Example 5........................................................................................................................................447
8.6. Example 6........................................................................................................................................448
8.7. Example 7........................................................................................................................................448
Nomenclature..................................................................................................................................................449
References.......................................................................................................................................................449
15 Vertical Shaft Digestion, Flotation, and Biofiltration
Lawrence K. Wang, Nazih K. Shammas, Jeffrey Guild,
and David Pollock......................................................................................451
1. Introduction...............................................................................................................................................451
1.1. Biosolids Treatment........................................................................................................................451
1.2. VSB and VSD.................................................................................................................................451
1.3. Vertical Shaft Flotation (VSF) Thickening Process.....................................................................453
1.4. Gas-Phase Biofiltration...................................................................................................................454
1.5. Biosolids Digestion and Stabilization............................................................................................454
2. Principles of Vertical Shaft Digestion (VSD) and Optional Anaerobic Digestion...............................456
2.1. Theory and Pmciples of Aerobic Digestion..................................................................................456
2.2. Theory and Principles of Optional Anaerobic Digestion..............................................................457
2.3. Combined VSD and Anaerobic Digestion.....................................................................................458
3. Description, Operation, and Applications of VSD System....................................................................458
3.1. Process Description.........................................................................................................................458
3.2. Process Operation...........................................................................................................................458
3.3. Process Applications.......................................................................................................................459
xviii Contents
4. Design Considerations of a Complete VSD System...............................................................................460
4.1. ATAD-Air.......................................................................................................................................460
4.2. ATAD-Oxygen................................................................................................................................461
4.3. notation Thickening After VSD....................................................................................................462
4.4. Optional Dual Digestion System....................................................................................................464
4.5. Biosolids Dewatering Processes ....................................................................................................465
4.6. Gas-Phase Biofiltration for Air Emission Control........................................................................466
4.7. Operational Controls of Biofiltration.............................................................................................469
5. Case Study................................................................................................................................................470
5.1. Facility Design and Construction...................................................................................................471
5.2. VSD Demonstration Plan...............................................................................................................473
5.3. Design Criteria Development for VSD..........................................................................................475
6. Conclusions...............................................................................................................................................489
References.......................................................................................................................................................489
Appendices......................................................................................................................................................493
16 Vacuum Filtration
Nazih K. Shammas and Lawrence K. Wang.................................................495
1. Filtration Dewatering Systems................................................................................................................495
1.1. Basic Theory...................................................................................................................................496
1.2. Filter Aids........................................................................................................................................496
2. Principles of Vacuum Filtration..............................................................................................................497
3. Application and Performance..................................................................................................................501
4. Auxiliary Equipment................................................................................................................................504
5. Operating Factors.....................................................................................................................................505
5.1. Machine Variables..........................................................................................................................505
5.2. Filter Media.....................................................................................................................................505
5.3. Solids Feed Content........................................................................................................................506
6. Physical and Process Control...................................................................................................................507
6.1. Physical Control..............................................................................................................................507
6.2. Process Control...............................................................................................................................507
7. Upgrading Existing Units........................................................................................................................509
8. Case History..............................................................................................................................................510
9. Costs..........................................................................................................................................................510
10. Example....................................................................................................................................................513
Nomenclature..................................................................................................................................................515
References.......................................................................................................................................................515
Appendix.........................................................................................................................................................518
17 Belt Filter Presses
Nazih K. Shammas and Lawrence K. Wang.................................................519
1. Introduction...............................................................................................................................................519
2. Principles of Belt Filters..........................................................................................................................520
3. Advantages and Disadvantages...............................................................................................................521
4. Application and Performance..................................................................................................................522
5. Design Criteria..........................................................................................................................................523
6. Design of High Pressure Zone.................................................................................................................525
7. Odor Control.............................................................................................................................................527
8. Operation and Maintenance.....................................................................................................................528
9. Costs..........................................................................................................................................................530
10. Design Examples......................................................................................................................................532
10.1. Design Example 1...........................................................................................................................532
10.2. Design Example 2...........................................................................................................................533
10.3. Design Example 3...........................................................................................................................534
10.4. Design Example 4...........................................................................................................................535
Nomenclature..................................................................................................................................................536
References.......................................................................................................................................................537
Appendix.........................................................................................................................................................539
Contents xix
18 Pressure Filtration
Nazih K. Shammas and Lawrence K. Wang.................................................541
1. Introduction...............................................................................................................................................541
2. Process Description..................................................................................................................................543
3. Applicability.............................................................................................................................................546
4. Advances and Disadvantages...................................................................................................................546
5. Basis for System Design..........................................................................................................................547
6. Evaluation of Design Parameters............................................................................................................549
6.1. Types of Tests.................................................................................................................................549
6.2. Test Procedures...............................................................................................................................549
7. Design Procedures....................................................................................................................................550
8. Support Equipment and Processes...........................................................................................................555
8.1. Biosolids Conditioning Process.....................................................................................................555
8.2. Feed Pump System..........................................................................................................................557
8.3. Cloth Washing and Cleaning..........................................................................................................558
8.4. Dewatered Cake Breakers ..............................................................................................................559
9. Operation, Maintenance, and Performance Characteristics...................................................................559
9.1. Control of Machine Variables........................................................................................................560
9.2. Control of Process Variables..........................................................................................................561
9.3. Control Considerations...................................................................................................................561
10. Survey of Filter Presses............................................................................................................................562
11. General Equipment Selection Criteria.....................................................................................................567
12. Costs..........................................................................................................................................................567
13. Design Examples......................................................................................................................................569
13.1. Design Example 1...........................................................................................................................569
13.2. Design Example 2...........................................................................................................................574
Nomenclature..................................................................................................................................................577
References.......................................................................................................................................................578
Appendix.........................................................................................................................................................581
19 Evaporation Processes
Lawrence K. Wang, Nazih K. Shammas, Clint Williford,
Wei-Yin Chen, and George P. Sakellaropoulos.......................................583
1. Introduction...............................................................................................................................................583
1.1. Drying and Evaporation Processes................................................................................................583
1.2. Natural Sludge Evaporation Lagoons and Evaporation Process Reactor....................................584
2. Sludge Evaporation Lagoons (Sludge Drying Lagoons)........................................................................585
2.1. Process Description.........................................................................................................................585
2.2. Process Applications and Limitations............................................................................................586
2.3. Design Considerations....................................................................................................................587
2.4. Cost..................................................................................................................................................589
3. Evaporators...............................................................................................................................................590
3.1. Process Description.........................................................................................................................590
3.2. Process Applications and Limitations............................................................................................593
3.3. Design Considerations....................................................................................................................593
4. Design Examples......................................................................................................................................597
4.1. Example 1........................................................................................................................................597
4.2. Example 2........................................................................................................................................598
4.3. Example 3........................................................................................................................................599
4.4. Example 4........................................................................................................................................600
4.5. Examples........................................................................................................................................601
4.6. Example 6........................................................................................................................................601
4.7. Example 7........................................................................................................................................601
4.8. Example 8........................................................................................................................................603
4.9. Example 9........................................................................................................................................604
4.10. Example 10......................................................................................................................................605
Nomenclature..................................................................................................................................................609
xx Contents
References.......................................................................................................................................................610
Appendix.........................................................................................................................................................612
20 High Temperature Thermal Processes
Clint Williford, Wei-Yin Chen, Lawrence K. Wang,
and Nazih K. Shammas.............................................................................613
1. Introduction...............................................................................................................................................613
2. Principles of High Temperature Operations—Combustion Factors......................................................614
2.1. Sludge Fuel Values.........................................................................................................................614
2.2. Oxygen Requirements for Complete Combustion........................................................................617
2.3. Factors Affecting the Heat Balance...............................................................................................617
2.4. Example...........................................................................................................................................619
3. Technology Review..................................................................................................................................620
3.1. Incineration of Sludge FBF............................................................................................................620
3.2. Incineration of Sludge MHF...........................................................................................................624
3.3. Codisposal by Combustion.............................................................................................................627
3.4. SAC of Sludge.................................................................................................................................629
4. Incineration Design Example...................................................................................................................632
4.1. Problem Statement..........................................................................................................................632
4.2. Approximate Calculation Method..................................................................................................633
4.3. Theoretical Calculation method.....................................................................................................638
4.4. Comparison of Approximate and Theoretical Calculation Methods...........................................641
5. Regulatory Matters...................................................................................................................................642
Nomenclature..................................................................................................................................................642
References.......................................................................................................................................................642
21 Biosolids Composting
Nazih K. Shammas and Lawrence K. Wang.................................................645
1. Introduction...............................................................................................................................................645
2. Applicability and Environmental Impact................................................................................................647
3. Compost Quality.......................................................................................................................................649
4. Process Description..................................................................................................................................651
4.1. Moisture...........................................................................................................................................651
4.2. Temperature....................................................................................................................................653
4.3. pH.....................................................................................................................................................653
4.4. Nutrient Concentration...................................................................................................................653
4.5. Oxygen Supply................................................................................................................................653
5. Design Criteria and Procedures...............................................................................................................654
5.1. Compost Processes With No External Bulking Agent..................................................................656
5.2. Compost Processes Using External Bulking Agent......................................................................658
6. Windrow Process......................................................................................................................................659
6.1. Methodology and Design................................................................................................................659
6.2. Energy Requirements......................................................................................................................662
6.3. Public Health and Environmental Impacts....................................................................................662
7. Aerated Static Pile Process......................................................................................................................664
7.1. Process Description.........................................................................................................................664
7.2. Individual Aerated Piles.................................................................................................................665
7.3. Extended Aerated Piles...................................................................................................................666
7.4. Oxygen Supply................................................................................................................................666
7.5. Bulking Agents...............................................................................................................................667
7.6. Energy Requirements......................................................................................................................667
7.7. Public Health and Environmental Impacts....................................................................................668
8. In-Vessel Composting System.................................................................................................................669
8.1. Process Description.........................................................................................................................669
8.2. Advantages and Disadvantages......................................................................................................673
8.3. Applicability....................................................................................................................................673
9. Costs..........................................................................................................................................................674
10. Design Examples......................................................................................................................................675
Contents xxi
10.1. Design Example 1 —Windrow Process..........................................................................................675
10.2. Design Example 2 —Extended Aerated Pile System.....................................................................678
Nomenclature..................................................................................................................................................682
References.......................................................................................................................................................683
Appendix.........................................................................................................................................................687
22 Vermicomposting Process
Lawrence K. Wang, Yung-Tse Hung, and Kathleen Hung Li....................689
1. Introduction...............................................................................................................................................689
1.1. Summary..........................................................................................................................................689
1.2. Process Description.........................................................................................................................690
2. Technology Development........................................................................................................................690
3. Problems and Technology Breakthrough................................................................................................694
3.1. Introduction.....................................................................................................................................694
3.2. Problems..........................................................................................................................................694
3.3. Progress in Vermicomposting Outside the United States.............................................................696
4. Pioneers, Current Status, and Resources.................................................................................................697
4.1. Pioneers and Current Status ...........................................................................................................697
5. Process Design Considerations................................................................................................................698
5.1. Process Adoption and Advantages.................................................................................................698
5.2. Process Operation and Troubleshooting........................................................................................699
5.3. Process Limitations.........................................................................................................................700
5.4. Process Design Criteria..................................................................................................................700
6. Process Application Examples................................................................................................................701
7. Future Development and Direction.........................................................................................................701
References.......................................................................................................................................................70!
23 Land Application of Biosolids
Nazih K. Shammas and Lawrence K. Wang.................................................705
1. Introduction...............................................................................................................................................705
2. Recycling of Biosolids Through Land Application................................................................................706
3. Description................................................................................................................................................706
4. Advantages and Disadvantages...............................................................................................................708
5. Design Criteria..........................................................................................................................................709
6. Performance..............................................................................................................................................710
7. Cost of Recycling Through Land Application........................................................................................712
8. Biosolids Disposal on Land (Landfill)....................................................................................................712
9. Biosolids Landfill Methods.....................................................................................................................713
9.1. Biosolids-Only Trench Fill.............................................................................................................713
9.2. Biosolids-Ony Area Fill..................................................................................................................714
9.3. Co-Disposal With Refuse...............................................................................................................716
9.4. Landfilling of Screenings, Grit, and Ash.......................................................................................717
10. Preliminary Planning................................................................................................................................717
10.1. Biosolids Characterization .............................................................................................................717
10.2. Selection of a Landfilling Method.................................................................................................719
10.3. Site Selection...................................................................................................................................719
11. Facility Design..........................................................................................................................................722
11.1. Regulations and Standards.............................................................................................................722
11.2. Site Characteristics.........................................................................................................................722
11.3. Landfill Type and Design...............................................................................................................724
11.4. Ancillary Facilities..........................................................................................................................724
11.5. Landfill Equipment.........................................................................................................................728
11.6. Flexibility, Performance, and Environmental Impacts.................................................................728
12. Operation and Maintenance.....................................................................................................................728
12.1. Operations Plan...............................................................................................................................731
12.2. Operating Schedule.........................................................................................................................731
12.3. Equipment Selection and Maintenance..........................................................................................731
12.4. Management and Reporting...........................................................................................................731
xxii Contents
12.5. Safety...............................................................................................................................................733
12.6. Environmental Control...................................................................................................................733
13. Site Closure...............................................................................................................................................735
13.1. Ultimate Use....................................................................................................................................735
13.2. Grading at Completion of Filling...................................................................................................735
13.3. Landscaping....................................................................................................................................735
13.4. Continued Leachate and Gas Control............................................................................................735
14. Costs of Biosolids Disposal on Land (Landfill).....................................................................................735
14.1. General ............................................................................................................................................735
14.2. Hauling of Biosolids.......................................................................................................................736
14.3. Energy Requirements......................................................................................................................738
14.4. Costs................................................................................................................................................738
15. Examples...................................................................................................................................................741
15.1. Example 1 Typical Biosolids Application Rate Scenario.............................................................741
15.2. Example 2 Hauling of Biosolids....................................................................................................741
Nomenclature..................................................................................................................................................742
References.......................................................................................................................................................742
Appendix.........................................................................................................................................................745
Appendix: Conversion Factors
Lawrence K. Wang.........................................................................................747
Index................................................................................................................811
|
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| id | DE-604.BV023837573 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T13:35:06Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781592599967 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-017479685 |
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| owner_facet | DE-634 |
| physical | XXIV, 820 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2007 |
| publishDateSearch | 2007 |
| publishDateSort | 2007 |
| publisher | Humana Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Handbook of environmental engineering |
| series2 | Handbook of environmental engineering |
| spellingShingle | Biosolids treatment processes Handbook of environmental engineering Feststoff (DE-588)4154204-6 gnd Schlammbehandlung (DE-588)4133273-8 gnd Thermische Abfallbehandlung (DE-588)4496858-9 gnd Organischer Abfall (DE-588)4172777-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4154204-6 (DE-588)4133273-8 (DE-588)4496858-9 (DE-588)4172777-0 |
| title | Biosolids treatment processes |
| title_auth | Biosolids treatment processes |
| title_exact_search | Biosolids treatment processes |
| title_full | Biosolids treatment processes ed. by Lawrence K. Wang ... |
| title_fullStr | Biosolids treatment processes ed. by Lawrence K. Wang ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Biosolids treatment processes ed. by Lawrence K. Wang ... |
| title_short | Biosolids treatment processes |
| title_sort | biosolids treatment processes |
| topic | Feststoff (DE-588)4154204-6 gnd Schlammbehandlung (DE-588)4133273-8 gnd Thermische Abfallbehandlung (DE-588)4496858-9 gnd Organischer Abfall (DE-588)4172777-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Feststoff Schlammbehandlung Thermische Abfallbehandlung Organischer Abfall |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-996-7 http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0825/2006004783-d.html http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017479685&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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