Verfügbarkeit: Practicing research | Technische Universität München

Practicing research: discovering evidence that matters

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
Beteilige Person:	Fink, Arlene (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	Englisch
Veröffentlicht:	Los Angeles [u.a.] Sage Publ. 2008
Schlagwörter:	Recherche - Méthodologie Recherche - Évaluation Research > Methodology Research > Evaluation Evidence Evaluation
Links:	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016369956&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016369956&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
Beschreibung:	Includes bibliographical references and index
Umfang:	XXIII, 373 S. graph. Darst.
ISBN:	9781412937696 9781412937702

Internformat

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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	Contents List of Figures and Tables xiii Preface xvii 1. The Evaluation Research and Evidence-Based Practice Partnership 1 Chapter Objectives 2 Evaluation Research: What It Is and What It Is Not 2 So the Evidence Is Valid, but Does It Matter? 16 Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM): Some History and Definitions 18 The History 18 The Definitions: Research Evidence, Clinical Expertise, and Patient Values 20 Getting It Done: The Steps to EBM 23 EBM and EBP: Perfect or Not So? 25 Getting It Together: Evaluation Research, EBM/EBP, and the Research Consumer 25 Summary of Chapter 1: Evaluation Research and Evidence-Based Practice Partnership 27 Words to Remember 27 The Next Chapters 28 Exercises 29 Further Reading 32 2. The Research Consumer as Detective: Investigating Program and Bibliographic Databases 33 Looking in All the Right Places: Finding the Evidence 34 Trolling the Web 36 Other Places, Other Programs: Expanding the Search 40 The Literature: The Research Consumer s Support 43 The Consumer as Reviewer: Eight Literature Reviewing Tasks 44 Choosing an Online Bibliographic Database 45 A Note on Online or Electronic Journals 47 What Are Your Questions? 47 Research Questions and Descriptors and Key Words 50 Even More Search Terms: Authors, Titles, Title Words, and Journals and Then Some — Limiting the Search 52 How Do You Ask for Information? Searching With Boolean Operators 53 Pausing During the Search 55 Supplementing the Online Search 55 Reviewing References 56 Is Everything Worthwhile Published? 57 Calling All Experts 58 Summary of Chapter 2: The Research Consumer as Detective 60 Words to Remember 60 The Next Chapters 61 Exercises 62 Further Reading 64 3. The Practical Research Consumer 65 The Research Consumer s Practical Side 67 The Practical Screen, Part 1: Language, Design, the Program, Timeliness, and Sponsorship 67 The Practical Screen, Part 2: Outcomes and Participants 73 Effectiveness Is a Comparative Concern: Outcomes 73 Population Matters 77 Money Matters 80 Program Activities and Resources 81 Evaluation Report or Something Else? 81 Are Evaluation Reports All There Is? 84 Summary of Chapter 3: The Practical Research Consumer 85 Words to Remember 85 The Next Chapters 86 Exercises 87 4. The Designing Research Consumer 91 Research Design: Creating the Structure 92 The Randomized Controlled Trial: Going for the Gold 94 Randomized Controlled Trial or True Experiment: Variations on a Theme 96 Concurrent Controls: Do It at the Same Time 96 Wait-List Control: Do It Sequentially 97 Doing It Randomly 104 Doing It in Clusters 105 Enhancing Chance 107 Doing It Blindly 109 Quasi-Experimental Evaluation Designs 112 Nonrandomized Controlled Trials: Concurrent Controls 112 Time-Series Designs 115 Self-Controlled or Pretest-Posttest Designs 116 Historical Controls 117 Interrupted or Single Time-Series Designs 117 Observational Designs 118 Cohort Designs 119 Prospective Cohort Design 119 Case-Control Designs 121 Cross-Sectional Designs 123 Observational Designs and Controlled Trials 127 The Bottom Line: Internal and External Validity 128 Internal Validity Is Threatened 128 External Validity Is Threatened 130 The Problem of Incomparable Participants: Statistical Methods to the Rescue 134 Analysis of Covariance 135 Propensity Score Methods 136 Summary of Chapter 4: The Designing Research Consumer 139 Words to Remember 139 The Next Chapter 140 Exercises 141 5. The Research Consumer Reviews the Measures 145 Evaluation s Main Measures 146 Gathering the Data: Weighing the Options 149 Self-Administered Surveys 149 Advantages of Self-Administered Surveys (Questionnaires) 152 Disadvantages 152 Forced-Choice Achievement Tests 153 Advantages of Achievement Tests 154 Disadvantages 154 Record Reviews 155 Advantages of Records 157 Disadvantages 157 Observations 158 Advantages of Observations 160 Disadvantages 161 Interviews 161 Advantages of Interviews 163 Disadvantages 163 Large Databases and Data Sets From Previous Studies 164 Advantages of Existing Databases and Data Sets 167 Disadvantages 167 Vignettes 169 Advantages of Vignettes 169 Disadvantages 169 Physical Examinations 170 When One Measure Is Not Sufficient Measurement 170 Responses and Ratings: Choices for Participants and Evaluators 173 Content Analysis 174 Not Quite Free to Choose: Data Collection With Preset Choices 175 Response Choices: Getting the Data From the Questions 177 Summary of Chapter 5: The Research Consumer Reviews the Measures 182 Words to Remember 182 The Next Chapter 183 Exercises 184 6. The Research Consumer Evaluates Measurement Reliability and Validity 185 Reliability and Validity: A Team Approach 187 Reliability 188 Within Measure Reliability 189 Test-Retest Reliability 189 Internal Consistency Reliability 190 Split-Half Reliability 192 Between Measures Reliability 193 Intra- and Inter-Rater Reliability 193 Measurement Validity 195 Content Validity 195 Predictive Validity 196 Concurrent Validity 196 Construct Validity 196 Sensitivity and Specificity 198 Needing It All or Just Needing Some of It: Reliability, Validity, Sensitivity, and Specificity 198 Triangulation 200 Reliability and Validity Within and Across Evaluations 200 Missing in Action: Where Are the Data? 201 In the Final Analysis, What Data Are Available? 203 Outcomes With High Hopes Versus Reality That Modifies Them 205 Data Collection and Evidence That Matters 207 Summary of Chapter 6: The Research Consumer Evaluates Measurement Reliability and Validity 208 Words to Remember 208 The Next Chapters 210 Exercises 211 7. Getting Closer: Grading the Literature and Evaluating the Strength of the Evidence 213 Doing It Right: Reviewing the Literature From Locating Articles to Reporting Results 215 The Spotlight Is on Quality 215 RCTs: CONSORTing With the Best 219 To Agree or Disagree: Defining Terms 223 Observational or Nonrandomized Studies: TREND and Quality 226 Scoring and Grading: Distinguishing Good From Poor Quality 227 Quality, Quantity, and Consistency = Strength of Evidence 230 The Evidence Makes the Grade: Time for Abstraction 234 Bringing It Together: The Data Table 236 Making the Grade: How to Identify Evidence That Matters 236 Resources 241 Decision-Making Needs 241 Quality of the Literature 241 Research Limitations 242 Reliable and Valid Reviews 242 Measuring Review Reliability: The Kappa Statistic 244 Reviewing Other Reviews: Narrative Reviews and Systematic Reviews 246 Systematic Reviews: Meta-Analysis 249 Effect Size 249 How Many People and What Effect? 250 Effect Size and Sample Size 250 Effect Size, Odds and Risks 251 A Checklist of Seven Questions to Guide in Evaluating the Quality of a Meta-Analysis 254 Funding and Support: The Role of Sponsor 260 Summary of Chapter 7: Getting Closer 260 Words to Remember 260 The Next Chapter 262 Exercises 263 8. The Ethical Research Consumer Assesses Needs and Evaluates Improvement 265 Identifying Needs, Preferences, and Values 266 Techniques for Assessing Needs 268 Key Informant 269 Public or Community Forum 270 Focus Groups 270 Nominal Group Process 271 Delphi Technique 272 The RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method 274 Surveys 275 Facing Uncertainty and Coming to Consensus 283 Improvement Evaluations: How Are We Doing? Can We Do Better? 285 Improvement and Effectiveness Evaluations: Two Purposes for One Discipline 288 Research and Ethics: An Indomitable Connection 292 Research and the Institutional Review Board 292 Three Guiding Principles 293 Obtaining Informed Consent 294 The Special Case of Evaluations That Are Exempt From IRB Approval 296 Limits to Confidentiality 296 Research Misconduct 297 Practicing Research and Ethics 301 Summary of Chapter 8: The Ethical Research Consumer Assesses Needs and Evaluates Improvement 303 Words to Remember 303 Exercises 307 Appendix: Answers to Exercises 311 Glossary 329 References 353 Index 361 About the Author 373 PRACTICING RESEARCH Practicing Research: Discovering Evidence That Matters provides students, practitioners, and researchers with guidance on best practices. The book s eight chapters correspond to the skills that research consumers need to discover evidence that matters. Author Ariene Fink pays special attention to facilitating student learning by providing more than 100 examples, exercises, tables, figures, and checklists, as well as an extensive glossary. All the examples are taken from existing research and programs and are grounded in the practitioner s reality. Key Features • Provides methods for determining the validity of evidence and how to justify an acceptable level of proof based on science, experience, and values • Offers practical frameworks to guide the research process and take the student from needs assessment to program implementation and evaluation to implementation of results • Shows how to engage diverse stakeholders (communities and teachers) in the research process • Accompanied by a companion Web site at www.sagepub.com/finkstudy that consists of student exercises for each chapter Intended Audience This book is intended to be the core text or one of the primary texts for applied research courses at the graduate level in Education, Social Work, Public Administration and Policy, Evaluation, Health, Nursing, and Criminar Justice. Readers should have a passing familiarity with the idea of research, but no special research expertise is necessary.
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title	Practicing research discovering evidence that matters
title_auth	Practicing research discovering evidence that matters
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title_full	Practicing research discovering evidence that matters Arlene Fink
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