Opatowice - Wzgórze Prokopiaka: 1
Gespeichert in:
| Beteilige Person: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polnisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Poznań
Wydawn. Poznańskie
2006
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Studia i Materiały do Badań nad Późnym Neolitem Wysoczyzny Kujawskiej
Studia i Materiały do Badań nad Późnym Neolitem Wysoczyzny Kujawskiej |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016240789&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016240789&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Umfang: | 304 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 8371773587 |
Internformat
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| 100 | 1 | |a Kośko, Aleksander |d 1948- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)140104313 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Opatowice - Wzgórze Prokopiaka |n 1 |c Aleksander Kośko, Marzena Szmyt |
| 264 | 1 | |a Poznań |b Wydawn. Poznańskie |c 2006 | |
| 300 | |a 304 S. |b zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
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| 490 | 0 | |a Studia i Materiały do Badań nad Późnym Neolitem Wysoczyzny Kujawskiej | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819248594607144960 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Spis
tresei
Aleksander Kosko, Marzena Szmyt, WPROWADZENIE
11
CZĘŚĆ
I.
ZAGADNIENIA OGÓLNE
Rozdział
1.
Aleksander Kosko, Marzena Szmyt, HISTORIA, PROBLEMATYKA I METODYKA BADAŃ ARCHE¬
OLOGICZNYCH NA WZGÓRZU PROKOPIAKA W OPATOWICACH
15
Rozdział
2.
Aleksander Kosko, Włodzimierz Rączkowski, Marzena Szmyt, BADANIA ARCHEOLOGICZNE
NA WZGÓRZU PROKOPIAKA NA TLE ETAPÓW JEGO GOSPODARCZEGO WYKORZYSTYWANIA
W
XX
WIEKU
27
Rozdział
3.
Janusz Czebreszuk, Aleksander Kosko, Marzena Szmyt, ZASADY ANALIZY ŹRÓDEŁ CERAMICZ¬
NYCH Z OKRESU PÓŹNEGO NEOLITU ORAZ
INTERSTADIUM
EPOK NEOLITU I BRĄZU NA KUJA¬
WACH
39
CZĘŚĆ
II.
ŚRODOWISKO NATURALNE WZGÓRZA PROKOPIAKA
Rozdział
4.
Bolesław Nowaczyk, EOLICZNE PIASKI POKRYWOWE NA WZGÓRZU PROKOPIAKA W OPATO¬
WICACH KOŁO RADZIEJOWA KUJAWSKIEGO
67
Rozdział
5.
Mirosław Makohonienko, Joanna Koszałka, Bożena Noryśkiewicz, Tomasz Stępnik, Marzena
Szmyt, SZATA ROŚLINNA WZGÓRZA PROKOPIAKA I JEGO OKOLIC
—
MOŻLIWOŚCI I OGRANICZENIA
STUDIUM PALEOBOTANICZNEGO
81
CZĘŚĆ III. STANOWISKO OPATOWICE
33
Rozdział
6.
Aleksander Kosko, Marzena Szmyt, PRZEBIEG BADAŃ NA STANOWISKU OPATOWICE
33 89
Rozdział
7.
Aleksander Kosko, Marzena Szmyt, SPECYFIKA STRATYFIKACYJNA STANOWISKA I CHARAKTE¬
RYSTYKA JEDNOSTEK STRATYGRAFICZNO-KULTUROWYCH
95
Rozdział
8.
Aleksander Kosko, Marzena Szmyt, REJESTR ŹRÓDEŁ RUCHOMYCH (KULTUROWYCH I PRZY¬
RODNICZYCH)
131
Rozdział
9.
Aleksander Kosko, CERAMIKA KULTURY PUCHARÓW LEJKOWATYCH
139
Rozdział
10.
Marzena Szmyt, CERAMIKA KULTURY AMFOR KULISTYCH
195
Rozdział U. Janusz Czebreszuk, CERAMIKA Z
INTERSTADIUM
EPOK NEOLITU I BRĄZU ORAZ Z OKRESÓW
PÓŹNIEJSZYCH
213
Rozdział
12.
Lucyna Domańska, MATERIAŁY KRZEMIENNE
223
Rozdział
13-
Piotr Chachlikowski, WYTWORY KAMIENNE
237
Rozdział
14,
Jerzy J.
Langer,
Sławomir Pietrzak, WYTWARZANIE I ZASTOSOWANIE SUBSTANCJI SMOLIS¬
TYCH. BADANIA TECHNOARCHEOLOGICZNE POZOSTAŁOŚCI ORGANICZNYCH IDENTYFIKOWANYCH
Z DZIAŁALNOŚCIĄ SPOŁECZNOŚCI KULTURY PUCHARÓW LEJKOWATYCH
243
8
Studia i materiały do badań nad późnym neolitem Wysoczyzny Kujawskiej
Rozdział
15.
Jerzy J.
Langer,
Sławomir Pietrzak, Hanna
Cubai,
BARWNIKI NA CERAMICE KULTURY PUCHA¬
RÓW LEJKOWATYCH. Z BADAŃ NAD NOWYMI RODZAJAMI BARWNIKÓW ORGANICZNYCH W KRĘGU
NEOLITYCZNYCH KULTUR NIŻU POLSKIEGO
253
Rozdział
16.
Marzena Szmyt, POLEPA
259
Rozdział
17.
Marzena Makowłecka, ZWIERZĘCE SZCZĄTKI KOSTNE
261
Rozdział
18.
Joanna Koszałka, ODCISKI ROŚLIN NA CERAMICE KULTURY PUCHARÓW LEJKOWATYCH ORAZ
KULTURY AMFOR KULISTYCH
263
Rozdział
19.
Tomasz Stępnik, IDENTYFIKACJA TAKSONOMICZNA WĘGLI DRZEWNYCH Z OBIEKTÓW
WZIEMNYCH. PODSTAWY OCENY FUNKCJONALNEJ
265
Rozdział
20.
Aleksander Kosko, Marzena Szmyt, CHRONOLOGIA ABSOLUTNA
269
Rozdział
21.
Aleksander Kosko, Marzena Szmyt, OSADNICTWO PRADZIEJOWE NA STANOWISKU OPATO-
WICE
33 279
Aleksander Kosko, Marzena Szmyt, ZAKOŃCZENIE
289
LITERATURA
291
SUMMARY
299 . ,
ADRESY AUTORÓW
305 , ·
Contents
Aleksander Kosko, Marzena Szmyt,
INTRODUCTION
11
PART
I. GENERAL
QUESTIONS
Chapter
1.
Aleksander Kosko, Marzena Szmyt,
HISTORY, PROBLEMS AND METHODS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL
INVESTIGATIONS ON PROKOPIAK S MOUNT IN OPATOWICE
15
Chapter
2.
Aleksander Kosko, Włodzimierz Rączkowski, Marzena Szmyt,
ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGA¬
TIONS ON PROKOPIAK S MOUNT AGAINST A BACKGROUND OF ITS ECONOMIC USE IN THE 20TH CEN¬
TURY
27
Chapters.
Janusz Czebreszuk, Aleksander Kosko, Marzena
Szmyt, THE PRINCIPLES OF ANALYSIS OF POT¬
TERY FROM THE LATE NEOLITHIC AND THE INTERSTAGE OF THE NEOLITHIC AND BRONZE AGE IN
KUJAWY
39
PART II. THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT OF PROKOPIAK S MOUNT
Chapter
4.
Bolesław Nowaczyk, EOLIAN
COVER SANDS ON PROKOPIAK S MOUNT IN OPATOWICE
67
Chapters.
Mirosław Makohonienko,
Joanna
Koszałka, Bożena Noryśkiewicz, Tomasz Stępnik, Marzena Szmyt,
THE VEGETATION ON PROKOPIAK S
MOUNT
AND ITS VICINITY- POSSIBILITIES AND LIMITATIONS OF
PALAEOBOTANICAL STUDIES
81
PART III. PREHISTORIC SETTLEMENT ON SITE OPATOWICE
33
Chapter
6.
Aleksander Kosko, Marzena
Szmyt, EXCAVATIONS ON SITE OPATOWICE
33 89
Chapter
7.
Aleksander Kosko, Marzena
Szmyt, STRATIFICATION PECULIARITY OF THE SITE AND DESCRIP¬
TION OF STRATIGRAPHIC-CULTURAL UNITS
95
Chapter
8.
Aleksander Kosko, Marzena
Szmyt, LIST OF FINDS (CULTURAL AND NATURAL)
131
Chapter
9.
Aleksander
Koško,
FUNNEL BEAKER CULTURE POTTERY
139
Chapter
10.
Marzena
Szmyt, GLOBULAR AMPHORA CULTURE POTTERY
195
Chapter
11.
Janusz
Czebreszuk, POTTERY FROM THE INTERSTAGE OF THE NEOLITHIC AND BRONZE AGE
AND FROM LATER EPOCHS
213
Chapter
12.
Lucyna Domańska,
FLINT MATERIALS
223
Chapter
13.
Piotr Chachlikowski,
STONE ARTEFACTS
237
Chapter
14.
Jerzy
J.
Langer,
Sławomir Pietrzak,
PRODUCTION
AND USE OF TAR SUBSTANCES.
TECHNOARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES OF ORGANIC REMAINS IDENTIFIED WITH THE ACTIVITIES OF
FUNNEL BEAKER CULTURE SOCIETIES
243
Chapter
15.
Jerzy
J.
Langer,
Sławomir
Pietrzak,
Hanna
Cubai,
COLORANTS ON FUNNEL BEAKER CULTURE
POTTERY. ON THE STUDY OF NEW KINDS OF ORGANIC COLORANTS IN THE CIRCLE OF NEOLITHIC
CULTURES ON THE POLISH LOWLANDS
253
10
Studia i materiały do badań nad późnym neolitem Wysoczyzny Kujawskiej
Chapter
16.
Marzena Szmyt,
DAUB
259
Chapter
П.
Marzena Makowiecka,
ANIMAL BONE REMAINS
261
Chapter
18.
Joanna
Koszałka,
PLANT IMPRESSIONS ON FUNNEL BEAKER CULTURE AND GLOBULAR AM¬
PHORA CULTURE POTTERY
263
Chapter
19.
Tomasz Stępnik,
TAXONOMIC
IDENTIFICATION OF CHARCOALS FROM GROUND FEATURES.
FOUNDATIONS OF THEIR FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT
265
Chapter
20.
Aleksander Kosko, Marzena
Szmyt, ABSOLUTE CHRONOLOGY
269
Chapter
21.
Aleksander Kosko, Marzena
Szmyt, PREHISTORIC OCCUPATION OF THE SITE OPATO-
WICE
33 279
Aleksander Kosko, Marzena
Szmyt, CONCLUSIONS
289
BIBLIOGRAPHY
291
SUMMARY
299
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
305
Studies
in and research resources for investigation of the Late Neolithic on the
Kujawy
Plateau.
.. 299
Studies in and research resources for investigation of the Late
Neolithic on the
Kujawy
Plateau Opatowice
—
Prokopiak s
Mount, volume I
Summary
This book is the first in a new series to be published
by the Institute of Prehistory, Adam
Mickiewicz
Uni¬
versity in
Poznań.
In the series shall be published
sources obtained over many years of investigations
on Prokopiak s Mount in Opatowice (district of
Radziejów, Kujawy-Pomerania
Province, Poland). At
present, this is one of the most important and best
explored settlement regions in
Kujawy.
It is especially
significant for the study of the Late Neolithic in
Kujawy
or
—
assessing it from the continental per¬
spective
—
the processes of eneolithization of the
eastern portion of the Central European Plain. Vol¬
ume I gives the foundations of the Opatowice
programme (historical background of investiga¬
tions, description of the natural environment of
Prokopiak s Mount, methodology of analytical work
on the most numerous category of sources, i.e. pot¬
tery) and publishes sources from site Opatowice
33.
PART I. GENERAL QUESTIONS
Chapter
1.
History, problems and methods
of archaeological investigations
on Prokopiak s Mount in Opatowice
Prokopiak s Mount is a local designation identify¬
ing one of the elevations in the range of the
Radziejőw
Hills lying in the south of the
Kujawy
Pla¬
teau (Fig.
1.1 - 1.2).
Archaeological investigations on
Prokopiak s Mount can be divided into two major
stages: the first, of pre-comprehensive
Çad
hoc) char¬
acter and the second, of comprehensive nature. In
the first stage, which began in
1934,
special merit is
deserved by the work of
Lidia Gabałówna
of the Ar¬
chaeological and Ethnographic Museum in
Łódź
(Fig.
1.3).
The comprehensive investigations were carried
out by the Department of Prehistory of Poland, Insti¬
tute of Prehistory, Adam
Mickiewicz
University in
Poznań (Aleksander Kosko, Marzena Szmyt and
a team) on the assumption that all source data col¬
lected on the Mount would be approached in a sys¬
tematic way (Table
1.1).
The Mount is exceptional for
three reasons. First, it is an isle of sandy soils lo¬
cated on a flat plateau covered with black-earths. The
plateau, beginning with the 6th millennium
ВС,
was
home for many settlement complexes at different
times. For the Mount s immediate vicinity was at the
centre of functionally diversified processes of settling
the centre of
Kujawy,
being a peculiar ecological iso¬
late. The area could have potentially preserved not
only the traces of successive stages of settling the
Kujawy
Plateau but also
—
which we believe to be
the second reason for its exceptionality
—
the
symptoms of special behaviour related to the percep¬
tion of the isolated space of the
Radziejów-
-Opatowice Hills and their cultural valorisation. It is
justified to believe that, at least in the first half of the
3rd
millennium
ВС,
Prokopiak s Mount was part of
the system of interregional contact centres: places of
periodical meetings of various groups during which
functionally complex rites were performed. This is
visible in the accumulation of ritual features in a small
area. Third, local stratification processes are quite
specific. The Mount s stratification exhibits a se¬
quence of alternating strata of fossil humus and
eolian cover sand. The latter category of strata was
a result of deforestation of the area by humans.
Hence, the stratification of Prokopiak s Mount re¬
cords the cycles of biocultural phenomena being in
a way a calendar of local settlement process. These
reasons make us treat the body of data from
Prokopiak s Mount as a peculiar laboratory for the
study of the Late Neolithic in
Kujawy.
The programme of comprehensive investigations
was carried out between
1983
and
1998
(Fig.
1.4 -
1.7).
As a result,
900
features were recovered, of both
economic and dwelling functions, as well as ritual
ones including graves. A record was made of
116,000
pottery fragments and rich series of flint, stone and
bone goods. Other finds included animal bone re¬
mains (both post-consumption remains and animal
deposits), pieces of daub and charcoal. Numerous
natural samples were taken (soils, molluscs and oth-
300
Studia i materiały do badań nad późnym neolitem Wysoczyzny Kujawskiej
ers).
Over sixty radiocarbon dates make the
Opatowice complex one of the best-dated archaeo¬
logical features in Central Europe. The vast majority
of the sources record the activities of Funnel Beaker
culture (FBC) and Globular Amphora culture (GAC)
societies and those of the groups living in the transi¬
tion stage
(=
the interstage) between the Neolithic
and Bronze Age
(INB)
including the Corded Ware
culture (CWC).
Chapter
2.
Archaeological investigations
on Prokopiak s Mount against a background
of its economic use in the 20th century
The archaeological investigations on Prokopiak s
Mount proceeded simultaneously with progressing
destruction of the elevation due to sand excavation
and its
forestation.
The stages of these changes were
traced on the basis of a collection of aerial photo¬
graphs from
1941 - 2004
and a number of maps and
location-altitude plans from
1944-1981
(Figs
2.1-
2.13
and Table
2.1).
The outcome of these efforts is
a map (Fig.
2.14)
giving the range of site destruction
in the years preceding the comprehensive investiga¬
tions.
Chapter
3.
The principles of analysis
of pottery from the Late Neolithic and
the Interstage of the Neolithic and Bronze
Age in
Kujawy
This chapter is devoted to the presentation of the
principles of analysing the most numerous category
of archaeological sources on Prokopiak s Mount in
Opatowice, i.e. pottery. The principles have been de¬
veloped since the late
1970s
and now they serve as
a tool for analysing pottery from the Neolithic and
Bronze Age not only in
Kujawy
but also in other parts
of Poland. They rely on very detailed questionnaires
using a precise and formalized language to describe
characteristics of pottery relating to its technology,
morphology (i.e. pottery forms
—
Fig.
3.3)
and or¬
namentation (Table
3.8 - 3.9,
Fig.
3.7 - 3.9).
For this
purpose a macroscopic description of pottery tech¬
nology is used which is presented in this volume in
three versions adapted to FBC (Table
3.1 - 3.3,
Fig.
3.1)
and GAC (Fig.
3.2)
materials, and those of the
INB
(Table
3.4-3.7).
Similar three cultural variants
are also used in vessel form systematics. For the pur¬
pose of precisely characterizing the micromor-
phology of vessels (i.e. non-measurable characteris¬
tics), however,
intercultural
systematics schemes of
vessel rims, handles and bottoms have been devel¬
oped (Fig.
3.4-3.6).
PART II. THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
OF PROKOPIAK S MOUNT
Chapter
4.
Eolian cover sands
on Prokopiak s Mount in Opatowice
In the contemporary relief of Prokopiak s Mount
(or more broadly:
Radziejów
Hills) eolian sands dom¬
inate covering an end moraine of sands, gravels and
glacial till. Studies made and literature perused allow
us to trace the sequence of events in this area caused
by natural forces and human intervention in the natu¬
ral environment (Fig.
4.1-4.10).
The end moraine
was formed by the oscillating advance of the Baltic
glacier that took place about
18,200
years BP. Once
the glacier receded, in the conditions of an arctic
desert, next to mass movements (solifluction and
washing away) eolian processes occurred. After the
area had been won over by vegetation, the denuda¬
tion and eolian processes stopped and the formation
of soil began. When this happened, we cannot say.
However, the end of some of these processes is de¬
termined by 14C dates of charcoals and the presence
of material culture relics of man. Hence, we can say
without doubt that it was the appearance of man that
destroyed vegetation (fires). A consequence of this
was the moving of sand lying west of the archaeologi¬
cal sites by wind and the beginning of accumulation
of eolian cover sands on the northern and eastern
slopes of Prokopiak s Mount. The eolian process did
not last long then
—
there could have been only ep¬
isodes of stronger winds lasting from several hours to
a few days. The first period of eolian activity can be
placed in the late Atlantic Phase in Opatowice. Re¬
corded on Prokopiak s Mount, successive strata of
fossil humus prove that after an interval necessary for
them to develop there occurred another episode or
other episodes of eolian activity resulting in the accu¬
mulation of one or more eolian strata. The presence
of artefacts from several epochs and cultures scat¬
tered in eolian sands shows that the process re¬
peated itself several times.
Chapter
5.
The vegetation on Prokopiak s
Mount and its vicinity
—
possibilities
and limitations of palaeobotanical studies
This chapter gives a description of a regional data¬
base for establishing the history of vegetation with
particular stress laid on the main stage of prehistoric
human activity on Prokopiak s Mount and its immedi¬
ate vicinity (ca.
5300-2000
ВС).
We have varied
sources at our disposal. Above all, these are cores for
palynological analyses (currently under way), col¬
lected on the Mount and in the surrounding area
(4
km from the Mount at the maximum; Fig.
5.1).
There is a rich collection of floral remains from vari¬
ous cultural contexts found on the
Radziejów
Hills. It
Studies
in and research resources for investigation of the Late Neolithic on the
Kujawy
Plateau...
301
includes floral deposits recovered by L.
Gabafówna in
Radziejów,
site
1
and Opatowice, site
12,
and numer¬
ous charcoals and other macrofossils and impres¬
sions on pottery and daub.
A very important question, in our opinion, is the
identification, using palaeoecological methods, of
changes in hydrological relations in the surroundings
of the site on Prokopiak s Mount and in the region in
Holocene. Hydrological changes depending primarily
on climatic factors have a direct impact on both vege¬
tation cover and settlement-economic behaviour. It is
planned to explore other features filled with biogenic
sediments and located in the landscape of Proko¬
piak s Mount and the surrounding plateau.
PART III. SITE OPATOWICE
33
Chapter
6.
Excavations on site Opatowice
33
Site Opatowice
33
had been destroyed in
50
per cent
before the investigations were taken up (Fig.
6.1-
6.2).
The excavations were carried out on the site in
1983 - 1985
and covered the area of
285-5
sq.
m
(Fig.
6.3 - 6.4).
Eighty-five ground feature have been un¬
earthed (Fig.
6.5).
A rich collection of finds has been
recorded consisting of pottery, flint and stone goods
and post-consumption faunal remains. Numerous
samples for scientific and
Chronometrie
studies have
been collected including charcoals, animal bones and
soil. Office studies and lab examinations provided
analyses of archaeological and biological sources and
rendered
10
radiocarbon dates.
Chapter
7.
Stratification peculiarity
of the site and description
of stratigraphic-cultural units
On the site, an extensive sequence of cultural and
natural, including fossil humus, strata have been re¬
corded (Table
7.1;
Fog.
7.1-7.22).
The sequence
contains chronologically different remains of human
settlement (FBC, GAC and
INB)
including
85
features
in all (Table
7.2).
Among the latter are
29
pits,
54
postholes and two other features (Fig.
7.23 - 7.36).
Taking into account their functional aspect, they can
be divided into: (a) remains of a hypothetical eco¬
nomic-dwelling structure (pit-semidugout
+ 4
post-
holes), (b)
7
storage pits (root cellars), (c)
21
pits of
unknown use, (d) fragment of a concave form
(a ditch?), (e) postholes (including a series inter¬
preted to be the remains of a stake fencing). In addi¬
tion, a separate designation (f) has been given to
a sheet of a cultural stratum.
Relying on their cultural contents and strati-
graphic observations,
48
features have been assigned
to a culture. Most of them
(44
features including re¬
mains of a farmstead
—
a dwelling structure and
a fence) should be associated with FBC settlement,
three should be identified with the GAC and one
bears affinities with the societies of the
INB.
Thirty-
-seven features have not been assigned to any cul¬
ture.
Chapter
8.
list of finds
(cultural and natural)
Among finds recorded on site Opatowice
33
(Table
8.1),
pottery is the most numerous category (in total
5308
fragments weighing
28.036
kg) belonging to
several
taxonomie
units, specifically the FBC
(85.9%,
i.e.
4.561
fragments weighing
23.425
kg in total), the
GAC
(12.7%,
i.e.
672
fragments weighing
4.040
kg),
the
INB
(1.1%,
i.e.
58
fragments weighing
0.472
kg).
There are also trace amounts
(0.3%)
of pottery of
later groups, namely, the
Lusatian
culture
(4
frag¬
ments weighing
0.038
kg) or dating back to the Early
Middle Ages
(2
fragments weighing
0.026
kg) or com¬
ing from the modern times
(11
fragments weighing
0.035
kg). Other categories of finds included a piece
of a clay spindle whorl, flint and stone goods, few
lumps of daub and animal bones. Samples for
technoarchaeological analyses (wood tar and organic
colorants), palaeobotanical ones (plant impressions
on pottery, charcoals) and palaeopedological ones
(samples of soils from different
stratigraphie
levels)
have been collected as well.
Chapter
9·
Funnel Beaker culture pottery
The FBC pottery at site Opatowice
33
(Table
9.1;
Fig.
9.1)
reveals a complex system of cultural ties of its us¬
ers. One can distinguish in it several components un¬
derstood as stylistic traditions in pottery-making:
(a) Pikutkowo
(Wiórek-Pikutkowo
style), (b)
Wielko¬
polska,
(с)
Late-Tripolye and
(d)
Early Baden. The
first of the components is an endogenous factor
whereas the others can be called exogenous. This
general identification places the collection of pottery
in phases IIIB
-
IIIB-C
-
IIIC
-
IVA
-
VA
according to
the FBC periodization in
Kujawy.
These assessments
have been made more specific relying on a detailed
analysis of the distinguished components (Table
9.2
- 9.5;
Fig.
9.2 - 9.24).
The analysis allowed us to dis¬
tinguish three
taxonomie
units in the studied assem¬
blage. We consider these units (technological-stylistic
traits of pottery) as markers of three different periods
of settling the site by FBC populations (Fig.
9.25 -
9.31).
And so, we associate the oldest FBC pottery in
Opatowice
33
with phase IIIB in
Kujawy.
It is a relic of
a settlement of this phase known as
ОрЗЗ-АІ.
A vast
majority of the pottery, however, is related to the
next phase, IIIB-C, being the remnants of the largest
FBC settlement on the site
(ОрЗЗ-Аг).
The pottery of
this phase has the greatest range. Only trace amounts
of pottery marking the youngest FBC occupation on
302
Studia i materiały do badań nad późnym neolitem Wysoczyzny Kujawskiej
the site (settlement?
ОрЗЗ-В?)
are present. The last
coincided with phases IIIB-C
-
VA.
Chapter
10.
Globular Amphora culture
pottery
The relics of GAC populations on the site consist
above all of pottery (Table
10.1;
Fig.
10.1)
and three
features (pits: no.
24, 30
and
51).
Only to a limited ex¬
tent can one associate the settlement with other cate¬
gories of finds. In the light of analyses performed, the
assemblage of pottery from Opatowice
33
(Table
10.2
- 10.9)
represents the style of the intermediate stage
between phases lib and Ilia or of the early period of
phase Ilia of the GAC in
Kujawy (Fig.
10.2 - 10.4).
In
terms of absolute chronology, this corresponds to the
interval of
2800 - 2700
ВС.
It is possible, admittedly,
to move the dating of the assemblage to ca.
2900
ВС,
but this solution is of limited plausibility at present.
The character of ground features as well as pot¬
tery characteristics show that in this case we deal
most probably with a periodical/seasonal settlement
(designated as
ОрЗЗ-С),
i.e. a camp (whose size and
layout are consistent with those of similar forms
known throughout the GAC
oecumene).
As it can be
roughly judged from the number of isolated frag¬
ments (decorated shards, rims and bottoms), the
whole collection of ceramics from Opatowice is a re¬
sult of destruction of
10 - 20
vessels. It is not possi¬
ble, however, to correlate these estimates now with
any time ranges.
Chapter
11.
Pottery from the interstage
of the Neolithic and Bronze Age and from
later epochs
The sources concerning the
INB
are basically re¬
stricted to pottery (Table
11.1;
Fig.
11.1-11.3)
and
to a few flint items. With populations from the period
in question one may associate only a single pit (fea¬
ture
48).
The sources, however small in number, are
very varied and, consequently, have been divided
into eight techno-stylistic components (Table
11.1 —
11.5).
Hence, the assemblage must be an effect of
several different forms of human activity.
It seems that the site was settled several times (at
least
2-3)
during the
INB.
The single feature associ¬
ated with the period in question testifies to the fact
that at a certain (unidentified) time, on site Opatowice
33,
there could have existed a small (short-lived) camp
(periodical/seasonal settlement) of
INB
populations,
the size and layout of which are consistent with the
standards of the times. The other traces may be a re¬
sult of penetration of the area by inhabitants of neigh¬
bouring settlements located on other sites on Proko-
piak s Mount.
Concluding from few sources (several or over
a dozen pottery fragments), it can be claimed that hu¬
man settlement avoided the area of site Opatowice
33
in the periods coming after the Early Bronze Age
(Table
11.6).
The artefacts of the
Lusatian
culture or
those dating back to the Early Middle Ages or mod¬
ern times found on the site show that it was pene¬
trated only very infrequently and for short periods of
time. The area must have lain outside of the interests
of the then populations.
Chapter
12.
Flint materials
Among flint materials
(277
artefacts; see Table
12.1 -
12.3)
one can distinguish sources dating back to the
Mesolithic, Early Neolithic, Late Neolithic and
INB
(Fig.
12.1-12.4).
Over a dozen microliths of Baltic flint can be asso¬
ciated with the Mesolithic. Early Neolithic popula¬
tions (Linear Band Pottery Culture) must have pro¬
duced at least one artefact: a Baltic flint truncated
piece with a sheen on upper and bottom sides.
Much more can be said about the flint industry of
FBC populations. A prominent position in the indus¬
try was occupied by imported southern raw materi¬
als. On the site, numerous goods made of chocolate
flint and single specimens made of Volhynia and
Świeciechów
flint were recorded. The latter found its
way to the site as ready-made goods. This is indicated
by the lack of technical forms that would testify to
their working on the site. Whereas the chocolate and
Baltic flint were at least in part worked on the site.
The classical techniques of striking a core (knapping
and flaking) were used more often on chocolate flint,
whereas the percussion flaking technique is more
frequently recorded on Baltic flint artefacts. The
group of tools includes scrapers, retouched blades,
retouched flakes and a flake most probably removed
from an axe. The assemblage has a clear household
character.
GAC settlement cannot be connected now to any
flint artefacts, whereas
INB
communities left behind
several Baltic flint goods (including a leaf-shaped ar¬
rowhead).
Chapter
13-
Stone artefacts
Numbering 111 items (Table
13.1),
the assemblage of
stone artefacts is dominated by raw materials coming
from the local deposits of erratic boulders
.
(gneiss,
quarzitic sandstone, granite, porphyry, diabase, quar-
tzite,
gabbro, biotite
gneiss and others). Only in one
case, a microscope examination revealed foreign raw
material
(olivine
diabase) that must have been
brought from outside of the Polish Lowlands. The as¬
semblage represents a classic set of stone industry
forms typical of household use, namely, grinding
plates
(17),
slicks
(13),
axe blanks and semi-finished
axes
(11),
beaters
(10),
grain rubber
(7),
querns
(2),
fragments of unidentified tools
(16),
débitage
(29)
Studies in and research resources for investigation of the Late Neolithic on the
Kujawy
Plateau...
303
and others
(6).
In general, the set corresponds
—
in
terms of the raw material structure, manufacturing
techniques and functional intention
—
to the stan¬
dards of the Late Neolithic stone industry in
Kujawy.
It seems to be justified to accept that most of the
sources represent the FBC.
Chapter
14.
Production and use of tar
substances. Technoarchaeological studies
of organic remains identified with the
activities of Funnel Beaker culture societies
Physico-chemical analyses were made of five samples
of a black tar substance found on the FBC pottery of
phases Illb and IIIB-C (i.e. when
ОрЗЗ-АІ
and
OP33-A2 were settled).
The examined material (Table
14.1 -14.5;
Fig.
14.1-14.7)
turned out to be thermally degraded
wood tar. To the advanced method of its production
testifies the absence of any remains of unprocessed
raw material. No such remains have been revealed
even after examination under an electronic micro¬
scope. This, in turn, is evidence that its producers
had considerable knowledge and skills since they
were able to separate the raw material (wood or
bark) from the final product (tar) in a two-chamber
production container. The analysed samples were
produced or processed in vessels, the fragments of
which were examined as well. The lab results showed
that one of the samples was a product of the destruc¬
tive distillation of birch bark. In the other cases, it
was not possible to identify the raw material.
Chapter
15.
Colorants on Funnel Beaker
culture pottery. On the study of new kinds
of organic colorants in the circle of
Neolithic cultures on the Polish Lowlands
In the pottery assemblage from site Opatowice
33,
fragments of vessels were identified which were cov¬
ered with a black substance on the outside. The frag¬
ments come from phase IIIB-C of the FBC, i.e. from
settlement stage OP33-A2. For physico-chemical anal¬
yses nine such pottery fragments were selected (Ta¬
ble
15.1;
Fig.
15.1-15.10).
Microscope observations show that the colorant
layer was subjected to high temperatures, which
fixed it but also largely destroyed organic ingredients.
Advanced graphitization makes the samples black
and prevents direct identification of organic ingredi¬
ents. For this reason, a detailed determination of the
chemical nature of these substances requires further
research, especially as similar properties are exhib¬
ited by preparations resulting from the thermal de¬
composition of proteins and starch (dextrins). Such
materials could have been used for technological rea¬
sons in order to make a stable water suspension of
fine mineral particles used next to cover pottery with
a thin and homogeneous layer of colorant. A possibil¬
ity that an admixture of blood, which introduces
a highly comminuted iron compounds, was used was
already mentioned relying on the earlier examina¬
tions of sample designed Sri.
Chapter
16.
Daub
Only
33
fragments of daub of aggregate weight of
92
g
were discovered. It is worth mentioning that so far
it has been widely held that clay was much used in
the construction industry of FBC communities in
central
Kujawy
from phases IIIB
-
IIIB-C. From this
perspective, it has to be stressed that the site in ques¬
tion is different in this respect also from other sites
on Prokopiak s Mount.
Chapter
17.
Animal bone remains
On the site, a record was made of
37
animal bone re¬
mains out of which
10
bones or bone fragments were
identified (Table
17.1).
All identified remains be¬
longed to cattle. Relying on tooth examination, it was
possible to determine the death age of two animals
— 19-24
months and about
3.5
years.
Chapter
18.
Plant impressions on Funnel
Beaker culture and Globular Amphora
culture pottery
On ten pottery shards (FBC
— 9
pieces, GAC
— 1
piece) plant impressions were identified (Table
18.1;
Fig.
18.1).
Among the identified plants are remains of
grasses (Poaceae
— 5
remains), cereals (Cerealia
—
twice) and single instances of wheat Triticum
cf.
diccocon, lentil Lens culinaris and a seed of
papilionaceous plants (Fabaceae).
Chapter
19.
Taxonomie
identification of
charcoals from ground features. Foundations
of their functional assessment
Analyses were made of
39
samples of charcoals found
in the fills of
28
features (Table
19.1
and
19.2).
In to¬
tal,
539
charcoal pieces were examined of which
87.5%
represented charred pine fragments Pinus sp.
,
3.7%
were broadly identified as coniferous,
2.3%
be¬
longed to salicaceous plants (Salicaceae),
0.6%
were
identified as deciduous vascular plants,
0.4%
as hazel
Corylus
αν.
,
and
5.5%
were made up of bark remains.
No differences in samples were identified that would
be related to the functions of features, their chronol¬
ogy or to phases of fill accumulation.
Chapter
20.
Absolute chronology
The absolute chronology of settlement on site
Opatowice
33
was determined relying on
10
radiocar¬
bon dates (Table
20.1).
In one case, charcoals were
used (Gd-2287), also in one case finely comminuted
animal bones were dated (Ki-5602), in two cases or-
304
Studia i materiały do badań nad późnym neolitem Wysoczyzny Kujawskiej
ganić
substances (wood
tar and pigment)
covering
vessel surfaces were analysed (Poz-9835 and
Poz-9837) and in six cases analyses concerned carbon
content in the ceramic body (Ki-11351, Ki-11352,
Ki-11366,
10-11367,
Ki-11478 and Ki-11481). The sam¬
ples were calibrated using OxCal v.3.10 and CalPal v.
June
2004
(Table
20.2-20.3;
Fig.
20.1-20.5).
To sum up, in the light of the results of the radio¬
carbon dating and the analysis of the stratigraphy and
the archaeological materials, some of the occupation
phases can be dated in calendar years:
5300 - 5000
ВС
(Linear Pottery culture),
4800-4600
BC (Late
Band Pottery culture),
3650 - 3500
ВС
(FBC phase
ШВ
=
ОрЗЗ-АІ),
3400-3200?
ВС
(FBC phase IIIB-C
=
OP33-A2+B?),
3120-2910
ВС
(GAC phase Ilia
=
ОрЗЗ-С).
Chapter
21.
Prehistoric occupation on site
Opatowice
33
The investigation of a fragment of Prokopiak s
Mount, designated as site Opatowice
33,
revealed at
least
12 - 13
phases of its occupation (Fig.
21.1).
The
settlement sequence on the site is made up of several
penetration phases and several phases when the area
was settled. Under the concept of penetration phase
we understand a transient presence of humans who
used the potential of the natural environment, to put
it broadly, for instance during hunting, gathering wild
plants, grazing cattle or cultivating crops. In turn, we
call settlement phases those periods of using the area
during which settlement infrastructure was intro¬
duced into the natural environment (including dwell¬
ing and/or economic structures as the major ele¬
ments of such infrastructure).
The sequence is initiated by the manifestations of
a small Mesolithic camp (Fig.
21.2)
and then of two
transient penetrations (i.e. short episodes) of the
area by Early Neolithic societies: the Linear Pottery
culture and Late Band Pottery culture. The state of
settlement stabilization is marked only by FBC and
GAC settlers, which is documented by the Late Neo¬
lithic settlement phases
(ОрЗЗ-АІ, ОрЗЗ-Аг, ОрЗЗ-В?
and
ОрЗЗ-С)
of the site (Fig.
21.4-21.7).
In these
phases, there were seasonal or periodical settlements
on the site. The last manifestations of a more perma¬
nent interest in settling the site (i.e. the last settle¬
ment phase on the site) can be found when the area
was used by
INB
populations and an ephemeral set¬
tlement
(?)
functioned there. The relics of the settle¬
ment include one economic feature (feature
48)
and
a small assemblage of pottery (Fig.
21.3).
Later mani¬
festations of interest in the discussed section of the
Prokopiak s Mount have again the nature of short
episodes (penetration phases) that must have ac¬
companied economic activities.
|
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| author | Kośko, Aleksander 1948- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)140104313 |
| author_facet | Kośko, Aleksander 1948- |
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| id | DE-604.BV023037027 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T13:07:10Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 8371773587 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016240789 |
| oclc_num | 237191284 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-188 |
| physical | 304 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2006 |
| publishDateSearch | 2006 |
| publishDateSort | 2006 |
| publisher | Wydawn. Poznańskie |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Studia i Materiały do Badań nad Późnym Neolitem Wysoczyzny Kujawskiej |
| spellingShingle | Kośko, Aleksander 1948- Opatowice - Wzgórze Prokopiaka |
| title | Opatowice - Wzgórze Prokopiaka |
| title_auth | Opatowice - Wzgórze Prokopiaka |
| title_exact_search | Opatowice - Wzgórze Prokopiaka |
| title_full | Opatowice - Wzgórze Prokopiaka 1 Aleksander Kośko, Marzena Szmyt |
| title_fullStr | Opatowice - Wzgórze Prokopiaka 1 Aleksander Kośko, Marzena Szmyt |
| title_full_unstemmed | Opatowice - Wzgórze Prokopiaka 1 Aleksander Kośko, Marzena Szmyt |
| title_short | Opatowice - Wzgórze Prokopiaka |
| title_sort | opatowice wzgorze prokopiaka |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016240789&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016240789&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV023037018 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT koskoaleksander opatowicewzgorzeprokopiaka1 |