The volcanic activity and hot springs of Lassen Peak:
Gespeichert in:
| Beteiligte Personen: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Washington, DC
Carnegie Institution
1925
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Publication
360 |
| Schlagwörter: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015758857&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Umfang: | VII, 190 S. |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The volcanic activity and hot springs of Lassen Peak |c by Arthur L. Day and E. T. Allen |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819323157838823424 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | THE
VOLCANIC ACTIVITY AND HOT
SPRINGS OF LASSEN PEAK
B Y
ARTHUR L DAY AND E T ALLEN
P UBLISHED BY TI IK C ARNKCTK I NSTITUTION OF W ASHINGTON
W AS 111N GTON A L R IL , 192 5
Oarnegie/Bfic
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valkpne- r;
CONTENTS
PAGE
PREFACEM
ILLUSTRATIONS v: I
INTRODUCTION • • 1
PARTIERUPTIONOFVOLCANO
CHAPTERISEQUENCEOFEVENTS3
Beginning of explosive activity, 1914 3
Character of explosions of 1914 • i°
Culmination of explosive activity May 19 to 2: 1915 i4
Kirst appearance of glowing lava 16
First horizontal blast and mud flow, May 19, 1915 i9
Origin of the mud flow 20
Second horizontal blast, May 22, 1915 25
Period of subsidence 26
Summary of field observations 3°
Second period of activity, May 1915 33
CHAPTERIICHEMICALANDPHYSICALRELATIONSLABORATORYSTUDY 36
Chemical composition 3^
Products of recent activity 4°
Water content of conduit lava 45
Gas content of conduit lava 4^
Ferric ratio in conduit lava ^ 4^
Thermal study of conduit lava 49
Mineral changes on heating 49
• Bending (flow) temperature of dense andcsite : 5°
General effects of heating to 1260° C 5 1
Some conclusions from laboratory studies of conduit lava 51
CHAPTERIIIFIELDEVIDENCEOFTEMPERATURERELATIONS 54
Horizontal blasts 54
Lava temperature and flow 59
Mechanics of upheaval of plug and ot horizontal blasts 64
Volcanic bombs and breccia - 68
Bread-crust bombs : 69
CHAPTERIVSOMEINFERENCESCONCERNINGCAUSESOFACTIVITY 72
PARTILTIM:HOTSPRINGSOFLASSENNATIONALPARK
INTRODUCTION86
CH APTERIOBSERVATIONSANDEXPERIMENTALWORK 87
Location of springs 87
Geologic relations of hot springs 87
Hot-spring groups 87
Geyser 88
Boiling Lake or Lake Tartarus 88
Drake s Springs 9°
Devil s Kitchen : 91
Bumpass Hell 94
Supan s Springs 96
Morgan s Springs 98
Types of springs 100
Mud pots and mud volcanoes : 101
CHAPTERIE-FIELDANDLABORATORYWORK 104
Work in the field 104
Maps 104
Temperature measurements 104
Other field tests / 108
Tests at camp • •• 109
Determination of ferrous iron 109
Determination of free acid 109
Work in the laboratory no
The waters • / no
- ^^Peculiarities 111 the composition of tin- waters J 1 ic
Reaction of the waters 113
v
V I
PAGE
Salt incrustations 1 1 3
Analysis of the salts 115
Determination of pentathionate 1 1 5
Microscopic examination • 1 1 8
The sediments 119
The gases i-3
Collection of the gases 123
Analysis of the gases 1 2 4
Composition of the gases 1 3 °
CHAPTERIIICHEMICALEFFECTSOFTHEHOTWATERSANDGASES137
Chemical changes in the springs 137
Formation of pynte *-• 137
Absence of marcasite 138
Origin of sulphuric acid 138
Chemical decomposition of the lavas 1 4 0
Significance of the occurrence ot kaolin H1
Significance of the occurrence of alunite 1 4 1
Silica the final residue of rock decomposition 1 4 2
Two t pes of lava decomposition contrasted 1 4 4
Formation of pentathionate • 1 4 5
Significance of hydrochloric acid in the crater gases 1 4 6
Uniformity of rock decomposition 1 4 7
CHAPTERIVORIGINOKHOTSPRINGSANDTHEIURELATIONTOIGNEOUSACTIVITY150
Source of heat m the hot-spring areas : 15°
Volcanic heat 15°
Radioactivity as a source ot heat 15°
Heat developed from chemical processes 151
Heat carried away by surface water i$3
Source of the water 154
Surface water 154
Seasonal changes in thermal activity 1 5 5
Variation 111 thermal activity in different years 156
Salt patches as an indication of the state of the ground 1 5 7
Recent outbreak of thermal activity 158
Fluctuations in the composition of the waters 1 6 2
The presence of magmatic water 1 6 2
Relation of hot springs to the magma 1 6 3
Views of other investigators 163
The magmatic water 164
Acid and alkaline springs 164
Coexistence of acid and alkaline springs 1 6 6
Time relation between acid and alkaline springs 1 6 7
Substances of secondary origin in volcanic hot springs 1 7 0
The means by which heat is conveyed to the surface 17°
Conclusion 175
APPENDIX176
ILLUSTRATIONS
PAGF
Lassen Peak in 1900 View from Manzanita Lake looking southeast Frontispiece
1 Successive views of the explosion of June 14 1914 taken near Manzanita Lake 9
2 Views of the mud flow May 19, 1915 in Lost Creek and Hat Creek Valleys 19
3 May 22, 1915 Lassen Peak and Lost Creek Valley after the first and before the second horizontal blast 25
4 July 22, 1915 Lassen Peak from the northeast showing the devastated area after the blast of May 22, 1915 * 26
5 May 27, 1916 Same view as Plate 4, one year later 28
6 (1) A part of the exposed eastern end of the volcano plug 62
(2) An instance of flow structure in situ cited by Diller 62
(3) (Center) A large block from the original plug (solid) tilted outward 90° by the upheaval 62
7 The Geyser Northernmost Pool 88
8 May 19, 1916 Boiling Lake The outlet at high water 90
9 May 19, 1916 Mud pots on the shore of the Boiling Lake (high water) 92
10 July 21, 1915 East end of the Devil s Kitchen showing disintegration of the ground by thermal action 94
11 July 10, 1915 A portion of Bumpass Hell looking southwest 96
12 July 10, 1915 Spouting Spring (No 14, Fig 50) at Bumpass Hell 142
l3- (0 Ju r I0 I91S- Deep hot pool at Bumpass Hell (No 16, Fig 50) nearly filled with water 157
(2) Same pool empty July 1922 Great fumarole extinct 157
TEXT-FIGURES
1 June 9, 1914- One of the earliest eruptions of Lassen Peak 4
2 1891 Inside the old crater looking southeast 5
3 The bottom of the old crater with its pool of water draining westward through the western notch 5
4 The western notch in the crater rim before the upheaval in May, 1915 6
5 June 28 1914 Explosion crater showing the lateral fissures 7
6 The first explosion crater showing the snow with ash and debris lying upon it 7
7 June 20, 1914 Looking north Explosion vent now 600 feet long and 100 feet wide 9
8 October 27, 1914 1 he explosion crater and its vertical rift 11
9 May 22,1915 The great eruption seen from the east 15
10 July 20, 1915 I he upheaval in the western notch 18
11 July 14, 1915 The northeast Hank of the mountain where the horizontal blasts and the Hood originated : 21
12 June 4, 1915 Logs piled on the divide between Lost Creek and Hat Creek 22
13 July 18, 1915 Boulders and tree trunks Lost Creek Valley 22
14 June 4, 1915 Boulder from Lassen Peak carried for 4 miles by rlie mud flow of May 19 1915 22
15 June4 4, 1915 Log jam below Jessen Meadow 1 22
16 July 14, 1915 View across Lost Creek Valley S to T showing the timber lying away from the blast and across the
hillside In the foreground the center of t he path of the blast now swept clean 23
17 June 28/1915 I he path of the blast showing the sand-blasted trunks on the south border 24
18 May 24, 1915 Minor mud flows on the north and west flanks of the mountain due to falling ash and condensed
steam melting the snow 25
19 July 26, 1915 1 he bottom of the summit crater after the great eruption of May 22, 191^ 27
20 July 15, 1915 Rift extending radially down the north flank of Lassen Peak after the great eruption of May 22, 1915 27
21 July 7, 1922 Summit of Lassen Peak Shallow 1917 crater 28
22 Lassen Peak from the air (northwest) showing all three summit craters 29
23 24 June 1914 Explosions encountered on the summit by Robertson s parry 30
25 Explosions in quick succession in the summer of 1914 32
26 August 10, 1915^, Summit jookmg west along the southern edge of the upheaved plug 33
27 Curves-showing~the variations in the composition of the Lassen Peak rocks 38
28 A prism of dense Lassen andesite, supported at two points and heated to 1040° C for 15 minutes 50
29 April 28, 1922 Sketch Map showing a port ion of Lassen Volcanic National Park 55
30 July 7, 1915 Green pines blown down and charred at base of Jessen Mountain on Lost Creek, May 22, 1915, by a
hot blast from Lassen Peak 56
31 June 283 1915 Bread-crusted boulder imbedded in 1 he snow on the summit showing that the boulder was cold when
it fell ( ; 57
32 July 26, 1915 View of the Summit Crater of Lassen Peak after the upheaval (on or about May 19, :i 915) 60
33 July 15, 1915 Another view of the upheaved floor of the crater showing details • 61
34r-August 14, 1,923 Looking west across the upheaved area eight years later • 63
35 AnotHer viewjooking northwest across the exposed eastern end of the volcano plug ^ 66
36 Pumiceous material containing dacite inclusions 68
37 July 17, 1915 Bread-crust bomb about four feet long, northeast slope of Lassen Peak about cfne-half mile from
crater 70
v i i
V111
• TEXT FIGURES—Continued
PAGE
38 May 22, 1915 A view of the great, eruption from Mineral, 12 miles south of Lassen Peak 73
39, 40 The great eruption of May 22, 1915, viewed from Mineral, 12 miles south 74
41 Diagrams showing change of pressure, temperature, and composition of t lie univariant equilibria between solid,
liquid, and vapor phases in the binary system H2O-KNO3 78
42 May 22, 1915 View of the great eruption from Red Bluff, 45 miles southwest 83
43 The Geyser Plumas County Southernmost pool, July 1922 , : 88
44 July 23, 1915 Boiling Lake (Temp 30° C ) surrounded by a beautiful evergreen forest Outlet (then dry) in the
foreground Pyrite crystals abundant in the bed of the stream 89
45 May 19, 1916 Boiling Lake looking northwest Lassen Peak in the background 90
46 May 26, 1916 Springs on the bank of Boiling Lake Pyrite crystals abundant in the clay banks 91
47 Sketch Map of Devil s Kitchen area, six mtles southeast of Lassen Peak 92
48 July 2i, 1915 Four steaming springs at the foot of a high bank, east end of Devil s Kitchen 93
49 View of Bumpass Hell (looking west) taken in 1891 Activity greater than at the present time 94
50 July 1, 1922 Sketch Map of Bumpass Hell hot-spring region, Lassen Peak, California 95
51 July 10, 1915 Large shallow pool, brighr brown color, considerable gas evolution (center), pyrite scum (right) 96
52 July 10, 1915 Large sulphur cauldron, (No 4, fig 50), Bumpass Hell No outflow Little gas 97
53 July 1923 Supan s Springs, lower group, showing the effects of thermal action 98
54 July 1923 Mill Creek Hot Springs Probably the last vestige of activity in the old Lassen Peak crater southeast
of Brokeoff Mountain 99
55- July 10, 1915 General view of Bumpass Hell hot springs, looking west 100
56 July 10, 1915 Large mud pot in Bumpass Hell Inactive since 1915 101
57 June, 1922 Mud pot in the Devil s Kitehen (No 10, fig 47) Bursting ^;is bubble in the foreground 102
58 July 1923, Boiling Lake Mud pot active below the lake level (foreground), others drowned Very hnv water 102
59 Sketch Map of the Boiling Lake (1 artartis) showing location of the springs m June, 1916 114
60 July 1923 A warm pool in the Devil s Kitchen near No 10, Fig 47 On the surface floated a black scum of finely
divided pyrite * ^ 120
61 July 1923 Another view of sulphur cauldron (fig 52) at Bumpass Hell, (heater gas evolution with lower water
level (no outlet) and higher temperature 121
62 July,- 1923 A group of quiet sulphur pc ols_(fig 50, No 15) Bumpass Hell 121
63 May 20, 1916 Stream in Devil s Kitchen showing pyrite crystals (dark areas) in furrows on the sandy bottom
(looking down through the water) : 122
64 July 2, 1915 Hot pools in the Devil s Kitchen (No 9, fig 47) showing scums of pyrite reflecting light like bronze
mirrors 123
65 June 1922 Collecting gases at Bumpass Hell (Spring 14, fig 50) 124
66 June 1923 Collecting gases at the Mud Springs of Boiling Lake • 125
67 Device for removing the gas from the collecting tube 126
68 Pipette for absorbing-hydrogen sulphide 126
69 Apparatus for analysis of gases 127
70 Apparatus for analysis of gases Moist burette, absorption pipettes and combustion pipette 128
71 Apparatus for photographing spectra of the inert gases • 130
72 June 1923 Sulphur-bearing pools at Supan s Springs 140
73 June 1923 Spouting Spring in the Devil s Kitchen (No 3, fig 47) White alunite mound in background 142
74 June 1922 Western half of pool No 14 Bumpass Hell 143
75- July 2, 1 Q 15 Eastern end of the Devil s Kitchen showing encrusted ground and sulphur pools 148
76 July 2, 1915 Western end of the Devil s Kitchen close to Warner Creek 153
77 June 1923 Large mud pot at Bumpass Hell (fig 50, No 17) Active at the bottom Color, battleship gray 156
78 June 1922 Fresh outbreak of thermal activity in the Devil s Kitchen 158
79 The same region in July 1923 All of the central portion of the picture has set tied 8 to 10 feet 158
80 May 20, 1916 Wonderful magenta terraces colored by oxide of iron Obliterated by the new outbreak at the
Devil s Kitchen (1923) 159
81 June_i922 Spouting spring in Devil s Kitchen (No 23, fig 47) A jet of hot water and steam 8 or 10 feet m
—height 160
|
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| geographic | Lassen Peak (Calif.) |
| geographic_facet | Lassen Peak (Calif.) |
| id | DE-604.BV022552561 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T12:57:54Z |
| institution | BVB |
| language | English |
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| physical | VII, 190 S. |
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| publishDate | 1925 |
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| publisher | Carnegie Institution |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Publication |
| series2 | Publication |
| spellingShingle | Day, Arthur L. 1869-1960 Allen, Eugene Thomas 1864-1964 The volcanic activity and hot springs of Lassen Peak Publication Geysers California |
| title | The volcanic activity and hot springs of Lassen Peak |
| title_auth | The volcanic activity and hot springs of Lassen Peak |
| title_exact_search | The volcanic activity and hot springs of Lassen Peak |
| title_full | The volcanic activity and hot springs of Lassen Peak by Arthur L. Day and E. T. Allen |
| title_fullStr | The volcanic activity and hot springs of Lassen Peak by Arthur L. Day and E. T. Allen |
| title_full_unstemmed | The volcanic activity and hot springs of Lassen Peak by Arthur L. Day and E. T. Allen |
| title_short | The volcanic activity and hot springs of Lassen Peak |
| title_sort | the volcanic activity and hot springs of lassen peak |
| topic | Geysers California |
| topic_facet | Geysers California Lassen Peak (Calif.) |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015758857&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV035415500 |
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