Wrocławskie spisy zastawów, długów i mienia żydowskiego z 1453 roku: studium z historii kredytu i kultury materialnej
Gespeichert in:
| Beteilige Person: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polnisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Wrocław
Wydawn. Uniw. Wrocławskiego
2006
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis
Historia ; 173 Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis 2852 |
| Schlagwörter: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015729223&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015729223&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The registrations of Jewish pledges, debts and property in 1453, Wrocław |
| Umfang: | 278 S. |
| ISBN: | 832292741x |
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| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The registrations of Jewish pledges, debts and property in 1453, Wrocław | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819315777796308992 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Spis
tresei
Wstęp
.............................................
5
I. Wprowadzenie
...................................... 7
1.1.
Faktografia
...................................... 7
1.2.
Rękopisy
....................................... 17
II.
Kredyt
........................................... 23
II.
1.
Praktyka lichwy i zastawu
.............................. 23
11.2. Finansiści i ich klientela w świetle listów dłużnych
................ 35
11.3. Finansiści i ich klientela w świetle zastawów
.................... 63
11.4. Inne rozliczenia
................................... 73
III. Kultura materialna
-
kultura bytowania
......................... 77
111.1.
Dobra ruchome
................................... 77
ПІЛ.
a. Ubiór
....................................... 78
ПІЛ
.b. Bielizna stołowa i pościelowa, tkaniny
...................... 90
III.
I.e.
Pasy i pasmanteria
................................ 94
IH.l.d. Dewocjonalia
................................... 98
Hl.l.e. Biżuteria i ozdoby
................................ 102
III.
1
.f. Broń i narzędzia
.................................. 105
ПІЛ
.g.
Zastawa stołowa i naczynia metalowe
...................... 108
III.
1
.h. Pozostałe sprzęty domowe
............................ 113
111.1.
i. Inne
........................................ 114
III.l.j. Przedmioty nierozpoznane
............................ 115
111.2. Wyceny i handel zastawionymi przedmiotami
................... 116
111.3. Domy żydowskie i ich mieszkańcy
......................... 135
IV.
Źródła
........................................... 146
IV.
1.
Przygotowanie tekstów do druku
.......................... 146
IV.2.
Zasady edycji i oznaczenia
.....,....................... 146
Spis I: Wykaz przedmiotów wartościowych znajdujących się w zastawie u wrocławskich
Żydów
........................................... 150
Spis
II:
Wykaz przedmiotów wartościowych znalezionych w domach wrocławskich
Żydów
........................................... 192
Spis III: Wykaz listów dłużnych znalezionych u wrocławskich Żydów
......... 198
Spis
IV:
Wykaz listów dłużnych znalezionych u Żydów w Świdnicy, Strzegomiu, Jawo¬
rze i Lwówku
....................................... 223
Indeks osobowy i miejscowy
................................. 236
Indeks rzeczowy
........................................ 261
Summary
............................................ 274
Spis tabel
............
ý
.......
. ^
1
,
.................... 279
The registrations of Jewish pledges,
debts and property in
1453,
Wrocław
A study into the history of credit
and material culture
Summary
The arrest of all the Jews in Wroclaw accused of theft commission and the collective desecration
of the Host along with the sealing of their property took place on May
2,1453,
on the official order
of the city council. Afterwards,
a commissionai
inventory of the sealed property was made. On behalf
of the council, it was conducted in individual houses by designated jurors, city councillors and
notaries accompanied by witnesses selected from the common people. Two inventory protocols
have been preserved. One of them documents the registration conducted in five houses on May
4-5.
The second one, written down in a form of notarial instrument, is the result of work carried
out in seven other houses in Jewish Street on the 5th and 7th of May. The copy of the former has re¬
mained unfinished. In view of the fact that two dates (May 5th and 6th) were quoted accidentally
in another manuscript that has been preserved it is presumed that, along with the above, an official
register of the pledges being in the possession of the Jews, interlaced with the notes on small-scale
financial and material settlements between the imprisoned and the outside world, was made.
Considering the size of the task, it was given to a group of few writers working at the same time.
Their work was described neither by a title nor by a date, it was also not signed by any name. Accord¬
ing to numerous expressions in the first person quoted in the work, it was based on the oral testi¬
monies of the interested Christians themselves and sometimes the Jews, written down live and
somehow chaotically. The work proceeded fast and under the pressure of a mass of debtors and
creditors. Some of them reported the fact of settling the final accounts with the imprisoned, calling
the city guardians as witnesses. Collective and somehow spontaneous compiling the register was
not the exception compared to the already mentioned inventories. In a way, the Jewish women
-
the
housewives of the penetrated households, took part in them. In order to recognize the owners of
the pawned pledges, the inquisitors used the knowledge of the third parties.
Thereafter, using the same writing materials, the selfsame clerks made, in a form of short sum¬
maries, a non-dated and non-titled overall list of several hundred promissory notes and other docu¬
ments of the property character that belonged to individual Jews. They were grouped according to
the boxes and other containers in which they have been stored up to the present. In the later
period the list was separated into two parts. The first one comprised approximately
450
documents,
the last owners of which might have been mostly the Jews from
Wrocław
(this unclear situation is
best illustrated by the title of one of the chapters: Schuldebrieffe
der nochgeschrebin Juden zu Bres-
law vnnd
ander Jüdin). In
one point of the list only an unexpected reference was made to the con¬
tent of the documents found in
Świdnica,
These should have been placed in the second part of the
list which formally comprised more than
170
documents found in
Świdnica, Strzegom, Jawor
and
Summary
275
Lwówek.
The expressed above distance to the authenticity of the second part s title stems on the
one hand from a feeling that it also comprised the documents which were taken away from the
Wrocławians.
On the other, it stems from the fact that no mention of the Jews from
Jawor
was made
in it. There are no doubts to be raised only about the assignment of the ownership of the taken
over part of the documentation to the individual Jews from
Świdnica,
whereas the pawn letters that
were addressed to the Jews from
Strzegom
and
Lwówek
might have been found also in
Świdnica
and Wroclaw. The content of the source as well as its external features would allow to presume that
there was a direct relation between the moment of its origin and the described-above acts to make
an inventory of the Jewish property and pledges in Wroclaw. This presumption is, however, con¬
tradicted by the quoted expression on the documents found at the Jews in
Świdnica, Strzegom,
Jawor
and
Lwówek.
Therefore, it must have happened not until after the arrest of the Jews and the
fact of sealing their property in the royal towns in the territory of the duchy of
Świdnica-Jawor.
According to the Rosicz s Annals the apprehension of the Jews in
Świdnica, Jawor
and
Strzegom
took place no sooner than on June
17.
The alternative data from the town book of
Strzegom
are not
precise in that matter. The note on John Kapistran and the crackdown on the Jews was made in it
under the date of the 20th of May. It says that the arrests
im gantczen lande zu Breslaw, zur
Swid-
nicz, alhie,
zum Jawer, zu
Lemberg
took place on the day of St John, that is, most likely on June
24.
By contrast, in the court book of
Świdnica
the last note considering a Jew was made at the court
meeting just after May
10.
In the end, a note made in the later manuscriptal chronicle of
Lwówek
written in the middle of the 17th century says that June
11
is the date when the arrest of the local
Jews took place.
In Wroclaw the items found at the imprisoned Jews were listed and then placed in the local royal
castle. This fact is confirmed by the document of
Władysław
Posthumous dated May
22,
which
sanctioned the acts of the council up to date. From that time the material reasons for the acts of
a young and not crowned yet monarch of the Czech Kingdom began to predominate in the outcome
of his chancellery concerning the case. In a letter dated June
26,
the King informed princes and the
whole Silesian community that he had fully entitled his three special emissaries to apprehend the
Jews guilty of the desecration of the Holy Sacrament and to take over all their property, including
pledges and promissory notes, in the King s name. According to the records in the town book of
Strzegom
that was exactly what happened in
Świdnica.
On the basis of the settlement that the
monarch s commissaries have left, one might assume that, apart from Wroclaw, only in
Lwówek
some local initiative had happened first. Apart from the judicial murders (cruel tortures and the burn¬
ing of several dozen people in Wroclaw,
Świdnica
and
Lwówek),
the documented repressions
such as arrests, banishments and forfeitions reached up to and stopped in
Wrocław
and five more
towns of the duchy of
Świdnica-Jawor,
with
Dzierżoniów
(Reichenbach)
added to the towns men¬
tioned above
(Świdnica, Strzegom, Jawor, Lwówek).
The conviction of historiographers that the
persecutions took place also in Legnica is not sufficiently established in the sources from the epoch.
However, at that time the exceptional political conditions existed which might have facilitated the
coordination of such an action and the actions taken in other royal towns.
It appears from the non-dated final report of the King s plenipotentiaries that they had changed
the taken over pledges into cash, which they next attached to that found at the Jewish houses and
by the imprisoned themselves. There is no explanation though, by what means the exchange was
made. The document also reveals an official procedure of remelting and selling the silverware
which had been taken from the Jews. The absolute majority of the capital
(88.1%)
was, however,
blocked in the debts recorded on parchment or paper. The sources do not answer the question what
happened to the debts afterwards. What s equally important, in the sources concerning the case
either in its entirety or in
Wrocław
only the issue of the Jewish property was totally omitted despite
the fact that their sale could have been considerably profit-making. For certain, in
Świdnica
the
monarch had been capable of generosity
-
not only he donated all Jewish houses, fields and the
cemetery to the town on March
7, 1454,
but also he appropriated the synagogue for the church on
276
Summary
May
7.
In order to protect the citizens of
Świdnica
from any potential material claims that the con¬
tractors of the victims of the described cases might have made, as early as on April 18th,
1454,
Władysław
absolved the community of the responsibility related to the imprisonment of the Jews
and any further treatment of them. An analogous privilege to that in
Świdnica, Lwówek
had already
received on the 7th of March,
1454.
Władysław
had guaranteed to the town the right to ignore any
claims resulting from the imprisonment or any other actions taken towards the Jews in the previous
(that is,
1453)
and current (that is,
1454)
year. It was not about any direct material benefits as these
were gained not earlier than on December 6th,
1454,
when the monarch granted the Jewish apart¬
ments to the town. It seems that that was connected with the fact of granting the everlasting into¬
lerance privilege to the town, which was analogous to the one given to Wroclaw on January 30th,
1455
(such was given to
Świdnica
on July 26th,
1457).
From six official registers related to the case that have been preserved and, at present, are kept
in the State Archive in
Wrocław,
the only one so far that have been published in its entirety is the
final financial settlement (fond no
28:
Akta miasta Wrocławia,
the former call number of the archi¬
val unit
К
17a, later
E
10, 5,
at present
579).
Ludwig Oelsner,
its publisher, had also published an
abstract of an example excerpt from the register of the promissory notes and a thorough abstract of
the notarial instrument concerning the inventory of houses (fond no
28:
Akta miasta Wrocławia,
the former call number of the archival unit
К
lib, at present
3842).
Numerous references to the
unpublished registers housed in the former city archive and described there collectively by the
primary call number
К
17b are contained in the history of Silesian Jews, written by Marcus
Brann,
which, first and foremost, orders all the information included in it according to the debtors (with
minor mistakes in the text). Later and more in a methodological manner, the archives were used by
Werner Hayek, although he did it only for the purpose of his research on
Lwówek
district.
The first and the thickest of four archival units that have been published by us (fond no
28:
Akta
miasta Wrocławia,
the former call number of the archival unit
E
10, 1,
at present
575)
is the al¬
ready mentioned register of valuables that were put in pledge at the Jews in
Wrocław.
It numbers
92
paper leaves of
31
χ
11
cm format, with
161
pages being unevenly filled with writing. The unit is
not titled, it consists of five parts varied in their volume and originally numbered with Latin numbers,
not titled as well. For a long time they were loosely-functioning and their combining up to the pres¬
ent form must have been done no later than in
1894.
The author of each part, coinciding with the
subsequent fold, was a different anonymous writer and the fifth part was written down by at least
three people. In consequence, in the unit we deal with the abundance of variants of both German
writing and the vocabulary that was used. The fact that joined the work of all the people engaged
in creation of the register was an expressive rush and characteristic of the written down live notes
lack of neatness. This is often manifested in the illegible quick track of writing, the partitioning
of the words into separately written syllables (with simultaneously existing accidental groups of
words and syllables from the neighbouring words), the lack of consequence in writing the same
words even within the same sentence, either skipped or wrongly used words (mainly predicates),
carelessness of grammatical accuracy and the syntax, letter mistakes, crossing out the mechanical
mistakes and lack of the final proofreading. Those who had used the manuscript have left no sign
of interference either in the text or in its margin. Therefore, nothing might be said about the possible
practical use of the register in the past.
The second unit, comprising the houses inventory papers (fond no
28:
Akta miasta Wrocławia,
the former call number of the archival unit
E
10.2,
at present
576),
is a notebook consisted of eight
paper leaves of
31
χ
22
cm format, with nine first pages and the last one filled with writing. As the
other units, this one was bereft of its original cover and, consequently, its possible title. The sign:
sextus makes it the direct continuation of the previous unit (in which the last fold was signed quintus).
The neat writing that fills the leaves of the manuscript belongs to Stefan Walter, a notary public
of the jury, who signed it at its end. In his work he also used the German language, however, with
frequent Latin interjections. Characteristic of him were the elements of dating typical of notarial
Summary
277
instruments, introduced into the text. As far as the content of the inventory papers is concerned, it
shows the characteristic different from the one that is recorded in the document mentioned above,
from which the excerpt was published by L. Oelsner. In the latter tens of items such as pieces of
clothes were precisely listed, but the property of the Jews and the pledges that were kept by them
were not distinguished. In the former, it was made do with a detail listing of solely the items assumed
valuable, noting the existence of the rest vaguely only, while next to the pledges the names were
listed, mostly the owners from outside the city, and the value of the items was noted repeatedly.
The third unit (fond no
28:
Akta miasta Wrocławia,
the former call number of the archival unit
E
10, 3,
at present
577)
numbers thirty four leaves of
31
x
11.2
cm format. The book was sewn out
of four unequal folds (they preserved their original numeration in Arabic numbers), which may have
functioned separately up to the 19th century. Each fold was written by a different hand. The fourth
unit (fond no
28:
Akta miasta Wrocławia,
the former call number of the archival unit
E
10, 4,
at
present
578)
numbers fourteen leaves of much the same format. On the first page the number of the
subsequent fold has survived: Arabic number five. Therefore, the unit is a direct continuation of the
previous one. This statement is confirmed by the content of both the units, that is, a list of the
documents found by the Jews, created in a form of short, templated abbreviations. In all the manu¬
scripts no proofreading was made, hence a number of non-corrected mistakes and even skipped
words, including the ones that should have decided about the point of making a given entry in the
list (names, amounts of money), is to be found there. Characteristic of this listing of the promissory
notes was its creation, which was based on the content read in these documents in an atmosphere
of rush and without a proper thinking. That explains the coexistence of various forms of writing the
same proper names, not only for the reason of the differences existing in the original but, first and
foremost, for the reason of the difficulties in its reading. The names were often misunderstood,
which apparently resulted from the problems with the distinction of the letters, nonetheless, the
readings were not confronted with any other readers and the writing was not properly neatly done.
In the register I, three variants of the interest rates of short-term credits secured against the
items:
1/144,1/90
and
1/10,
in a non-defined, small unit of time (a day, a week, a month?), were
presented altogether. All the rest were their multiplications, proportional to the flow of these
periods. If a day is assumed to be the mentioned unit for two first variants, the interest rate on a year
time scale would have reached
253
and
405
percent, if a week
-
it would have been
36
and
58
percent
respectively and if for the third variant a month is assumed to be the unit, it would have reached
120
percent. Special and not at all rare kind of contracts accompanying the secured loans were the
ones in which a material equivalent for money interests was established (for instance, part of pledges).
The interests of the long-term loans that had not been secured against a pledge were not revealed.
For some unknown reason, the age of the promissory notes recorded in
1453
was not more than
forty-some years. In a period directly preceding the creation of the register the great majority of the
funds borrowed against a promissory note came from
Wrocław.
Earlier to that, in the second and
the third decade of the 15th century, the situation had been quite opposite
-
the majority were the
Jews from the towns of the duchy of
Świdnica-Jawor.
Regarding the amount of money irretrievably
lost during the mentioned period (enormous unpaid debts of the dead princes), the Jewish economists
protected themselves against an individual deficit with virtual capitals in the form of boxes filled
with the old pawn tickets. Thanks to that kind of security the means, which repeatedly and inevitably
have been deficient in any loan transactions for the knighthood and the patriciate, have been suc¬
cessfully raised from the other Jews. The domination of the knighthood among the clients giving
the promissory notes might be contrasted to the domination of the Wroclavian bourgeoisie, mainly
the common people, over the receptors of the secured loans.
In May,
1453,
the Jews in Wroclaw had at their disposal
6.5
to
10
times more money than the
other repressioned Jews from the duchy of
Świdnica-Jawor.
Much more expressive was their
domination on the field of short-term credits, secured by pledges. The worth of the pledges they
had owned was
17
times larger than the one for
Świdnica, Strzegom, Lwówek
and
Jawor.
What has
278
Summary
distinguished that kind of activity, was a great percentage of women taking part in it. In large
documented transactions their engagement was no more than several percent, while here the
unmarried and widowed Jewish women were no less present or active than their husbands and sons.
Against the contradictions expressed in the modern literature, some difference in the structure of
clients of men and women is to be found. However, considering the fact that the market of small
and short-term loans was dominated by the women clients, these differences were minor. Per one
man taking the secured credit there were more than two women
(2.1),
which is much different from
the situation known from the promissory notes, rarely written down to the Jews by the rich women
themselves.
A wide extent of Jewish credits as well in a social aspect as in a territorial one and, consequently,
the diverse sources of the pledges given to the Jews, allow to perceive these things as more or less
cross-sectional reflections of material culture of the Silesian knighthood and bourgeoisie, analyzed
in detail in this work. Thanks to the inventories of Jewish houses we also learn about the objects
that were directly their property. Even assuming that the only reason for coming into the posses¬
sion of these items was to take over the pledges that had been lost, with their future encashment in
mind, it is difficult not to suspect the influence that an everyday contact with the products of the
surrounding world might have had on the increased pace of the adoption of the patterns deriving
from it.
Per sixteen Jewish men, either the owners or the main residents of the houses in
Wrocław,
there
were twenty five others, including ten living with them in the common household
-
three members
of the family, three servants, one (probably) private writer and three students. Among the others
were four tenants, four guests and seven co-locators of unspecified relation. Taking into account
the differences between the individual houses, this picture becomes more complex. In five houses,
which constitutes one third of them, no one except for the owner was listed. The rest were differ¬
ent from one another as well. Ones were filled by the members of the family and the workers of
the master of the house, while the others
-
by several poorer families, for instance, connected to
crafts. In yet other houses either the rent of the apartments to the permanent tenants or the specia¬
lization in guesting the comers was a main focus. The additional information taken from the
register of the pledges confirms the observations made that under one roof two or even three active,
economical adult generations representatives had been gathered, with the emphasis put on the
relations not only between parents and their children but also among father-in-law or mother-in-
law and son-in-law or daughter-in-law. The inventory protocol informs about sectioning off in the
individual houses even several distinct rooms , which belonged to different people of different
gender. In these rooms the valuables, including those that had been put in pledge, were stored.
Translated by
Agnieszka Wiszewska
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Goliński, Mateusz 1960- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1134998244 |
| author_facet | Goliński, Mateusz 1960- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Goliński, Mateusz 1960- |
| author_variant | m g mg |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV022522508 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)77504677 (DE-599)BVBBV022522508 |
| dewey-full | 332.7094385209031 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 332 - Financial economics |
| dewey-raw | 332.7094385209031 |
| dewey-search | 332.7094385209031 |
| dewey-sort | 3332.7094385209031 |
| dewey-tens | 330 - Economics |
| discipline | Wirtschaftswissenschaften |
| era | Geschichte 1453 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1453 |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4135952-5 Quelle gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Quelle |
| geographic | Breslau (DE-588)4008216-7 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Breslau |
| id | DE-604.BV022522508 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T12:57:15Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 832292741x |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015729223 |
| oclc_num | 77504677 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-824 DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-824 DE-12 |
| physical | 278 S. |
| psigel | DHB_JDG_ISBN_1 |
| publishDate | 2006 |
| publishDateSearch | 2006 |
| publishDateSort | 2006 |
| publisher | Wydawn. Uniw. Wrocławskiego |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis |
| series2 | Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis : Historia Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis |
| spellingShingle | Goliński, Mateusz 1960- Wrocławskie spisy zastawów, długów i mienia żydowskiego z 1453 roku studium z historii kredytu i kultury materialnej Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis Kredyt - Polska - Wrocław - 15 w jhpk Żydzi - Polska - Wrocław - sytuacja gospodarcza - 15 w - źródła jhpk Żydzi - kultura materialna - Polska - Wrocław - 15 w jhpk Schulden (DE-588)4053461-3 gnd Eigentum (DE-588)4013793-4 gnd Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd Bürgschaft (DE-588)4008802-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4053461-3 (DE-588)4013793-4 (DE-588)4028808-0 (DE-588)4008802-9 (DE-588)4008216-7 (DE-588)4135952-5 |
| title | Wrocławskie spisy zastawów, długów i mienia żydowskiego z 1453 roku studium z historii kredytu i kultury materialnej |
| title_auth | Wrocławskie spisy zastawów, długów i mienia żydowskiego z 1453 roku studium z historii kredytu i kultury materialnej |
| title_exact_search | Wrocławskie spisy zastawów, długów i mienia żydowskiego z 1453 roku studium z historii kredytu i kultury materialnej |
| title_full | Wrocławskie spisy zastawów, długów i mienia żydowskiego z 1453 roku studium z historii kredytu i kultury materialnej Mateusz Goliński |
| title_fullStr | Wrocławskie spisy zastawów, długów i mienia żydowskiego z 1453 roku studium z historii kredytu i kultury materialnej Mateusz Goliński |
| title_full_unstemmed | Wrocławskie spisy zastawów, długów i mienia żydowskiego z 1453 roku studium z historii kredytu i kultury materialnej Mateusz Goliński |
| title_short | Wrocławskie spisy zastawów, długów i mienia żydowskiego z 1453 roku |
| title_sort | wroclawskie spisy zastawow dlugow i mienia zydowskiego z 1453 roku studium z historii kredytu i kultury materialnej |
| title_sub | studium z historii kredytu i kultury materialnej |
| topic | Kredyt - Polska - Wrocław - 15 w jhpk Żydzi - Polska - Wrocław - sytuacja gospodarcza - 15 w - źródła jhpk Żydzi - kultura materialna - Polska - Wrocław - 15 w jhpk Schulden (DE-588)4053461-3 gnd Eigentum (DE-588)4013793-4 gnd Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd Bürgschaft (DE-588)4008802-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Kredyt - Polska - Wrocław - 15 w Żydzi - Polska - Wrocław - sytuacja gospodarcza - 15 w - źródła Żydzi - kultura materialna - Polska - Wrocław - 15 w Schulden Eigentum Juden Bürgschaft Breslau Quelle |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015729223&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015729223&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV008005237 (DE-604)BV004668106 |
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