The failure to prevent genocide in Rwanda: the role of bystanders
Gespeichert in:
| Beteiligte Personen: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Leiden ; Boston
Nijhoff
2007
|
| Schriftenreihe: | International and comparative criminal law series
|
| Schlagwörter: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015659641&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Umfang: | XXIX, 299 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9004157816 9789004157811 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The failure to prevent genocide in Rwanda |b the role of bystanders |c Fred Grünfel, Anke Huijboom |
| 264 | 1 | |a Leiden ; Boston |b Nijhoff |c 2007 | |
| 300 | |a XXIX, 299 Seiten |b Illustrationen, Diagramme | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 0 | |a International and comparative criminal law series | |
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
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| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1994 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
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| 650 | 4 | |a Genocide |x Prevention | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Genocide |z Rwanda |x History |y 20th century | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Humanitarian intervention | |
| 650 | 4 | |a International agencies | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819355792423256064 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | CONTENTS
Foreword
...................................................... xi
Preface
...................................................... xv
Acknowledgments
................................................... xvii
List of Abbreviations
................................................. xix
List of Actors
...................................................... xxiii
Glossary
...................................................... xxix
Chapter
1:
Early Warnings and Early Action by Bystanders
........... 1
1.1
Introduction
.................................................. 1
1.1.1
Human Rights Standards
................................. 1
1.1.2
After the Cold War
...................................... 2
1.1.3
Perpetrator
—
Victim
—
Bystander Approach
.................. 3
1.1.4
Third-Party Intervention
.................................. 4
1.2
The Role of the Bystander
....................................... 5
1.3
Early Warning
................................................. 7
1.3.1
Categorizing Early Warnings on Human Rights Violations
...... 8
1.3.2
Linking Gross Human Rights Violations to Violent
Conflicts
.............................................. 11
1.4
Early Action
.................................................. 14
Chapter
2:
The Tribunal s Interpretation and Implementation
of the Genocide Convention
.............................. 17
2.1
The
1948
Convention Definition of Genocide
....................... 18
2.2
The Rwanda Tribunal s Definition of Genocide
...................... 20
2.2.1
Akayesu s Hate Speech: Direct and Public Incitement to
Genocide
.............................................. 20
2.2.2
Hate Propaganda by Radio RTLMC and the Newspaper,
Kangura:
Genocide
...................................... 21
Chapter
3:
Rwandan History
...................................... 27
3.1
German Colonial Rule
.......................................... 27
3.2
Belgian Colonial Rule
.......................................... 28
3.2.1
Belgian Introduction of Identity Cards
................... 29
3.3
Hutu Dominance After Independence
.............................. 30
3.4
Tutsi-RPF Invasionin
1990...................................... 32
3.5
Concluding Observations
........................................ 34
vi
The Failure to Prevent Genocide in Rwanda
Chapter
4:
Undermining
UNAMIR................................. 35
4.1
The Arusha Peace Accords
...................................... 35
4.2
The Mission of the Neutral International Force in the Arusha
Peace Agreement
.............................................. 38
4.3
The
UNAMIR
Mandate
......................................... 40
4.4
Differences Between the Arusha Accords and the
UNAMIR
Mandate
..................................................... 41
4.5
The Rules of Engagement and the Operational Procedure
............. 43
4.5.1
The Rules of Engagement
................................ 43
4.5.2
The Operational Procedure for the Establishment of the
Weapon-Free Zone in Kigali
.............................. 45
Chapters: The Installment of
UNAMIR
with Belgian Participation
..... 47
5.1
The Preparation by the Reconnaissance Mission
..................... 47
5.2
Belgian Participation
........................................... 51
5.2.1
The Only Western Country Willing to Participate
............. 51
5.2.2
Belgium Explicitly Requested by the United Nations
to Participate
........................................... 52
5.2.3
Belgian Awareness of the Danger of Participating
inUNAMIR
............................................ 54
5.3
Composition of the Peace-Keeping Force and Its Resources
........... 57
5.3.1
No U.N. Intelligence Unit
................................. 59
5.4
Concluding Observations
........................................ 60
Chapter
6:
Early Warning of Atrocities in
1991-1994.................. 61
6.1
Hutu Extremism Emerges
....................................... 61
6.1.1
Military Attacks in
1991-1993............................ 63
6.1.2
Reaction by Bystander States in Spring
1992................. 64
6.1.3
Violence Continues During Arusha Peace Negotiations
1992-1993............................................. 65
6.2
Reports from Diplomats to the Outside World
....................... 66
6.3
Reports from Human Rights Organizations
......................... 69
6.4
Report from the U.N. Special Rapporteur on
Extrajudicial
Executions
................................................... 71
6.5
Human Rights Watch Warnings in
1993
and
1994.................... 72
6.6
American Warnings—CIA—in
1993
and
1994...................... 74
6.7
Hate Propaganda Is Reported as Early Warning
..................... 74
6.7.1
Hate Newspaper
Kangura
................................. 75
6.7.2
Hate
Sadio
Mille Collines
................................ 77
Chapter
7:
Early Warnings from November to January
................ 81
7.1
A Violent Start for
UNAMIR.................................... 81
7.2
The
Machiavelli
Plan
........................................... 86
7.3
Announcements on the Distribution of Arms
........................ 87
7.4
Knowledge of the Distribution of Arms
............................ 89
Contents
v¡¡
7.5
Inability to Install the Broad Based Transitional
Government (BBTG)
........................................... 91
7.6
The First Violent Demonstration
.................................. 92
Chapter
8:
The Genocide Fax and the Prohibition from U.N. Headquarters
to Act
................................................. 95
8.1
Marchai
Meets Informant Jean Pierre
.............................. 95
8.2
The Genocide Fax
............................................. 96
8.3
The Recipients of the Fax
....................................... 97
8.4
The Instructions Following the Genocide Fax
....................... 99
8.4.1
The First Response from Annan and
Riza
to Booh Booh
....... 99
8.4.2
The Direct Reaction from Booh Booh to New York
............ 100
8.4.3
New York s Reaction to Booh Booh and Dallaire
.............. 100
8.4.4
Communications Between Dallaire andNew York
............. 101
8.4.5
Dallaire s Vain Attempts to Influence Booh Booh
............. 101
8.5
Arms Raids and the Scope of Resolution 872 s Mandate
.............. 101
8.6
Conclusions on the U.N. Political Leadership of Annan,
Riza
and Annabi
............................................... 103
Chapter
9:
The Negative Response of New York and Capitals in the
West to the Deteriorating Situation
....................... 107
9.1
Following the Instructions After the Genocide Fax
................... 107
9.2
The Response of the Heads of Missions of France, Belgium and the
United States to the Fax of Dallaire
............................... 108
9.3
Jean Pierre Proves His Story but Is Denied Asylum
..................
Ill
Chapter
10:
Deteriorating Security in Rwanda and the Negative
Response from New York from January Up Until March
..... 113
10.1
Political Deadlock in the Arusha Peace Agreements
.................. 113
10.2
January
1994................................................. 114
10.3
February
1994................................................. 117
10.4
March
1994................................................... 122
10.5
April
1994.................................................... 124
10.6
Concluding Observations
........................................ 125
Chapter
11:
Requests from Dallaire and from Belgium to New York for a
Stronger and Firmer Broadened Mandate for
UNAMIR..... 127
11.1
Dallaire s Requests to Seize Arms
................................ 127
11.1.1
Failure of U.N. Top Officials
.............................. 130
11.2
Belgium Asks for a More Robust Role for
UNAMIR................. 131
11.3
Conclusion
................................................... 138
Chapter
12: UNAMIR:
Its Mandate and the Offending Belgian Role
..... 141
12.1
SC Resolution
909,
April
5,1994:
A Possibility to Broaden the
UNAMIR
Mandate
............................................. 141
12.2
The American Attitude Toward Peace-Keeping in
1994............... 142
viii
The Failure to Prevent Genocide in Rwanda
12.3
Continuing Anti-Belgian Feeling
................................. 143
12.4
Radio Broadcasts Reinforce the Anti-Belgian Climate
................ 147
12.5
Anti-Belgian Incidents
.......................................... 149
12.6
Belgian Peace-Keepers: An Easy Target
............................ 150
Chapter
13:
The Start of the Genocide
............................... 153
13.1
Indifference as to Who Shot the Plane Down
....................... 153
13.2
The First
12
Hours Following the Plane Crash
...................... 156
13.2.1
A Denial of Prime Minister
Agathe
Uwilingiyamana s
Authority
.............................................. 156
13.2.2 UNAMIR
Fails to Protect Madame
Agathe................... 158
13.2.3
The Killings Start with a Politicide
......................... 159
13.2.4
Contact Between
Riza
and Dallaire in the First Hours
Afterthe Crash
......................................... 161
13.3
Death of Ten Belgian Peace-Keepers
.............................. 162
13.3.1
Jean Pierre s Prediction Becomes Reality
.................... 162
13.3.2
New York s First Response upon the Death of the Ten Belgian
Paramilitary Commandos
................................. 164
13.3.3
Marchai
and Dewez Heavily Criticized in Belgium
............ 165
13.4
Conclusion
................................................... 166
Chapter
14:
Evacuation
............................................ 167
14.1
U.S. Reaction to the Crash
....................................... 167
14.2
Evacuation by the American Military
.............................. 169
14.3
Evacuation by the French Military
................................ 172
14.4
Evacuation by the Belgian Military
............................... 173
14.5
UN. Role in the Evacuation
..................................... 175
14.6
Conclusion on the Possible Preventative Role of the
Evacuation Forces
............................................. 176
Chapter
15:
Belgian Decision to Withdraw Its Troops
.................. 179
15.1
Introduction
.................................................. 179
15.2
Belgian
ErForts
to Change the Mandate
............................ 179
15.2.1
Belgium Asks for an Explanation of the Mandate Immediately
Afterthe Plane Crash
.................................... 179
15.2.2
Belgium Requests a Change of the Mandate After the Death
of the Ten Paramilitary Commandos
........................ 182
15.2.3
Sincerity of the Belgian Requests for a Broader Mandate
....... 185
15.3
Belgian Participation at Stake After the Killings of the Belgian
Paramilitary Commandos
....................................... 187
15.4
Belgium Decides to Withdraw
.................................... 188
15.4.1
The Belgian Cabinet Prepares for the Meeting of Minister
Claes
with the U.N. Secretary-General
...................... 188
15.4.2
Minister
Claes
Meets the UN. Secretary-General on April
12
in Bonn
............................................... 189
Contents
¡χ
15.5
Belgium
Starts
Campaigning for a Total Withdrawal of
UNAMIR...... 191
15.5.1
Telling the World that
UNAMIR
Has Become Pointless
........ 191
15.5.2
The Belgian Explanation for Its Efforts to Get a Total
Withdrawal
............................................ 195
15.6
Conclusion
................................................... 196
Chapter
16:
The Response of the Security Council
..................... 199
16.1
Introduction
.................................................. 199
16.2
The Secretary-General s Response on the Death of the Peace-Keepers
and the Belgian Withdrawal
...................................... 200
16.2.1
The Secretary-General s April
8
Letter to the
Security Council
........................................ 200
16.2.2 Boutros-Ghali s
Response to the Security Council After His
Meeting with Minister
Claes
.............................. 201
16.3
The Security Council: What to Do After the Belgian Withdrawal
....... 202
16.3.1
April
13 :
A Meeting of Troop-Contributing States and an
Informal Security Council Meeting
......................... 202
16.3.2
April
14:
An Informal Security Council Meeting
—
Three Options Are Presented to the Council
.................. 204
16.3.3
April
15:
Another Informal Security Council Meeting
—
A Decision Without Saying No
.......................... 207
16.4
DPKO Suddenly Wants a Total Withdrawal
......................... 208
16.4.1
Information from Dallaire to New York
..................... 208
16.4.2
Reverse Reaction from New York by
Riza
on Input
from Dallaire
........................................... 210
16.4.3
Annan Favors Withdrawal
................................ 210
16.5 Boutros-Ghali
Suddenly Comes Up with an Option to Reinforce
the Mission
................................................... 212
16.6
Unanimous Adoption of Resolution
912:
Leaving a Symbolic Number
of Peace-Keepers Behind
........................................ 213
16.7
Resolution
918: UNAMIR
II, Enforcement Up to
5,500
Troops
........ 213
Chapter
17:
The Role of the Netherlands Throughout the Genocide
...... 219
17.1
The Dutch Role in UNOMUR and
UNAMIR....................... 220
17.2
Meetings During the Genocide Within International Organizations
and the
EU................................................... 221
17.3
Rwanda in the Dutch Parliament
.................................. 223
17.4
Dutch Non-Role in Peace-Keeping
................................ 225
17.5
Prank s Visits to Rwanda
........................................ 227
17.6
Efforts to Alleviate the Refugee Problems in
Goma
.................. 228
Chapter
18:
Apologies from Bystanders Ten Years Later
................ 231
18.1
Apologies from Belgium
........................................ 231
18.2
Apologies from the United States
................................. 232
18.3
Apologies from France
......................................... 233
x
The Failure to Prevent Genocide in Rwanda
18.4
Apologies from the European Union
.............................. 236
18.5
Apologies from the African Union
................................ 237
18.6
Apologies from the United Nations
............................... 239
18.6.1
Early and Clear Warning
................................. 240
18.7
Lessons Learned at U.N. Summit
2005............................ 241
Chapter
19:
Conclusions
........................................... 249
Annexes
1
Scheme Hurivic, Human Rights Violations and Conflict.
........... 263
2
Organization and Composition of
UNAMIR........................ 265
3
FaxDallaire
................................................. 267
4
List of Early Warnings
......................................... 269
Bibliography
...................................................... 279
Index
...................................................... 291
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Grünfeld, Fred 1949- Huijboom, Anke |
| author_GND | (DE-588)133347753 |
| author_facet | Grünfeld, Fred 1949- Huijboom, Anke |
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| author_sort | Grünfeld, Fred 1949- |
| author_variant | f g fg a h ah |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV022451794 |
| callnumber-first | H - Social Science |
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| callnumber-search | HV6322.7.G78 |
| callnumber-sort | HV 46322.7 G78 |
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| classification_rvk | MI 55096 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)77522457 (DE-599)BVBBV022451794 |
| dewey-full | 967.5710431 |
| dewey-hundreds | 900 - History & geography |
| dewey-ones | 967 - Central Africa and offshore islands |
| dewey-raw | 967.5710431 |
| dewey-search | 967.5710431 |
| dewey-sort | 3967.5710431 |
| dewey-tens | 960 - History of Africa |
| discipline | Politologie Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1900-2000 Geschichte 1991-1994 gnd Geschichte 1994 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1900-2000 Geschichte 1991-1994 Geschichte 1994 |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV022451794 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T12:55:42Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9004157816 9789004157811 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2006048096 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015659641 |
| oclc_num | 77522457 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-703 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-11 DE-188 DE-29 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-703 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-11 DE-188 DE-29 |
| physical | XXIX, 299 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| publishDate | 2007 |
| publishDateSearch | 2007 |
| publishDateSort | 2007 |
| publisher | Nijhoff |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | International and comparative criminal law series |
| spellingShingle | Grünfeld, Fred 1949- Huijboom, Anke The failure to prevent genocide in Rwanda the role of bystanders Geschichte Genocide Prevention Genocide Rwanda History 20th century Humanitarian intervention International agencies Internationale Organisation (DE-588)4027366-0 gnd Scheitern (DE-588)4299802-5 gnd Völkermord in Ruanda (DE-588)4360701-9 gnd Vorgeschichte (DE-588)4138921-9 gnd Prävention (DE-588)4076308-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4027366-0 (DE-588)4299802-5 (DE-588)4360701-9 (DE-588)4138921-9 (DE-588)4076308-0 |
| title | The failure to prevent genocide in Rwanda the role of bystanders |
| title_auth | The failure to prevent genocide in Rwanda the role of bystanders |
| title_exact_search | The failure to prevent genocide in Rwanda the role of bystanders |
| title_full | The failure to prevent genocide in Rwanda the role of bystanders Fred Grünfel, Anke Huijboom |
| title_fullStr | The failure to prevent genocide in Rwanda the role of bystanders Fred Grünfel, Anke Huijboom |
| title_full_unstemmed | The failure to prevent genocide in Rwanda the role of bystanders Fred Grünfel, Anke Huijboom |
| title_short | The failure to prevent genocide in Rwanda |
| title_sort | the failure to prevent genocide in rwanda the role of bystanders |
| title_sub | the role of bystanders |
| topic | Geschichte Genocide Prevention Genocide Rwanda History 20th century Humanitarian intervention International agencies Internationale Organisation (DE-588)4027366-0 gnd Scheitern (DE-588)4299802-5 gnd Völkermord in Ruanda (DE-588)4360701-9 gnd Vorgeschichte (DE-588)4138921-9 gnd Prävention (DE-588)4076308-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Geschichte Genocide Prevention Genocide Rwanda History 20th century Humanitarian intervention International agencies Internationale Organisation Scheitern Völkermord in Ruanda Vorgeschichte Prävention |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015659641&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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