Statistical methods for geography: a student guide
Gespeichert in:
| Beteilige Person: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
London [u.a.]
SAGE Publ.
2006
|
| Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
| Schlagwörter: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014766279&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Umfang: | XVI, 304 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 1412907969 1412907950 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Statistical methods for geography |b a student guide |c Peter A. Rogerson |
| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a Geography |
| 250 | |a 2. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a London [u.a.] |b SAGE Publ. |c 2006 | |
| 300 | |a XVI, 304 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
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| 650 | 7 | |a Geografie |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Géographie - Méthodes statistiques | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Statistische methoden |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Geografie | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Geography |x Statistical methods | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Preface xii
Preface to the second edition xv
1 Introduction to Statistical Methods for Geography 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 The scientific method 1
1.3 Exploratory and confirmatory approaches in geography 4
1.4 Probability and statistics 4
1.4.1 Probability 4
1.4.2 Statistics 5
1.4.3 Probability paradoxes 6
1.4.4 Geographical applications of probability and statistics 8
1.5 Descriptive and inferential methods 13
1.6 The nature of statistical thinking 14
1.7 Special considerations for spatial data 15
1.7.1 Modifiable areal unit problem 16
1.7.2 Boundary problems 16
1.7.3 Spatial sampling procedures 17
1.7.4 Spatial autocorrelation 17
1.8 Structure of the book 17
1.9 Datasets 19
1.9.1 Mobile phone signal strength in Erie County,
New York, US 19
1.9.2 House sales in Tyne and Wear 20
2 Descriptive Statistics 23
2.1 Types of data 23
2.2 Visual descriptive methods 24
2.3 Measures of central tendency 27
2.4 Measures of variability 29
2.5 Other numerical measures for describing data 30
2.5.1 Coefficient of variation 30
2.5.2 Skewness 31
2.5.3 Kurtosis 31
2.5.4 Standard scores 32
Vi CONTENTS
2.6 Descriptive spatial statistics 32
2.6.1 Mean center 32
2.6.2 Median center 33
2.6.3 Standard distance 34
2.6.4 Relative distance 34
2.6.5 Illustration of spatial measures of central tendency
and dispersion 35
2.6.6 Angular data 36
2.7 Descriptive statistics in SPSS for Windows 12.0 39
2.7.1 Data input 39
2.7.2 Descriptive analysis 39
Exercises 41
3 Probability and Discrete Probability Distributions 47
3.1 Introduction 47
3.2 Sample spaces, random variables, and probabilities 47
3.3 Binomial processes and the binomial distribution 49
3.4 The geometric distribution 53
3.5 The Poisson distribution 55
3.6 The hypergeometric distribution 59
3.6.1 Application to residential segregation 61
3.6.2 Application to the space time clustering of
disease 61
3.7 Binomial tests in SPSS for Windows 12.0 63
Exercises 63
4 Continuous Probability Distributions and
Probability Models 69
4.1 Introduction 69
4.2 The uniform or rectangular distribution 69
4.3 The normal distribution 72
4.4 The exponential distribution 77
4.5 Summary of discrete and continuous distributions 82
4.6 Probability models 82
4.6.1 The intervening opportunities model 84
4.6.2 A model of migration 88
4.6.3 The future of the human population 89
Exercises 90
5 Inferential Statistics: Confidence Intervals, Hypothesis
Testing and Sampling 93
5.1 Introduction to inferential statistics 93
5.2 Confidence intervals 93
CONTENTS Vil
5.2.1 Confidence intervals for the mean 93
5.2.2 Confidence intervals for the mean when the
sample size is small 96
5.2.3 Confidence intervals for proportions 97
5.3 Hypothesis testing 97
5.3.1 Hypothesis testing and one sample z tests of the mean 97
5.3.2 One sample Mests 101
5.3.3 One sample tests for proportions 103
5.3.4 Two sample tests: differences in means 105
5.3.5 Two sample tests: differences in proportions 108
5.4 Distributions of the random variable and
distributions of the test statistic 109
5.5 Spatial data and the implications of nonindependence 111
5.6 Further discussion of the effects of deviations from the
assumptions 112
5.6.1 One sample test of proportions: binomial distribution
assumption of constant or equal success probabilities 113
5.6.2 One sample test of proportions: binomial
distribution assumption of independence 114
5.6.3 Two sample difference of means test: assumption
of independent observations 115
5.6.4 Two sample difference of means test: assumption
of homogeneity 117
5.7 Sampling 117
5.7.1 Spatial sampling 118
5.7.2 Sample size considerations 119
5.8 Some tests for spatial measures of central tendency and
variability 122
5.9 One sample tests of means in SPSS for Windows 12.0 124
5.9.1 Interpretation 124
5.10 Two sample Mests in SPSS for Windows 12.0 125
5.10.1 Data entry 125
5.10.2 Running the t test 125
5.11 Two sample t tests in Excel 127
Exercises 128
6 Analysis of Variance 132
6.1 Introduction 132
6.1.1 A note on the use of F tables 135
6.2 Illustrations 135
6.2.1 Hypothetical swimming frequency data 135
6.2.2 Diurnal variation in precipitation 137
6.3 Analysis of variance with two categories 138
Viii CONTENTS
6.4 Testing the assumptions 138
6.5 Consequences of failure to meet assumptions 138
6.6 The nonparametric Kruskal Wallis test 139
6.6.1 Illustration: diurnal variation in precipitation 139
6.6.2 More on the Kruskal Wallis test 140
6.7 The nonparametric median test 141
6.7.1 Illustration 141
6.8 Contrasts 142
6.8.1 A priori contrasts 143
6.9 Implications for hypothesis tests when assumptions are
not met 144
6.9.1 Normality 144
6.9.2 Homoscedasticity 144
6.9.3 Independence of observations 145
6.10 One way ANOVA in SPSS for Windows 12.0 146
6.10.1 Data entry 146
6.10.2 Data analysis and interpretation 147
6.11 One way ANOVA in Excel 148
Exercises 148
7 Correlation 154
7.1 Introduction and examples of correlation 154
7.2 More illustrations 157
7.2.1 Mobility and cohort size 157
7.2.2 Statewide infant mortality rates and income 157
7.3 A significance test for r 160
7.3.1 Illustration 160
7.4 The correlation coefficient and sample size 160
7.5 Spearman s rank correlation coefficient 162
7.6 Additional topics 162
7.6.1 The effect of spatial dependence on significance
tests for correlation coefficients 162
7.6.2 Modifiable area unit problem and spatial
aggregation 165
7.7 Correlation in SPSS for Windows 12.0 165
7.7.1 Illustration 166
7.8 Correlation in Excel 167
Exercises 168
8 Introduction to Regression Analysis 170
8.1 Introduction 170
8.2 Fitting a regression line to a set of bivariate data 173
CONTENTS ix
8.2.1 Illustration: income levels and consumer
expenditure 175
8.3 Regression in terms of explained and unexplained
sums of squares 176
8.3.1 Illustration 179
8.4 Assumptions of regression 180
8.5 Standard error of the estimate 181
8.6 Tests for beta 181
8.6.1 Illustration 181
8.7 Illustration: state aid to secondary schools 182
8.8 Linear versus nonlinear models 184
8.9 Regression in SPSS for Windows 12.0 186
8.9.1 Data input 186
8.9.2 Analysis 186
8.9.3 Options 186
8.9.4 Output 187
8.10 Regression in Excel 187
8.10.1 Data input 187
8.10.2 Analysis 188
Exercises 188
9 More on Regression 192
9.1 Multiple regression 192
9.1.1 Multicollinearity 193
9.1.2 Interpretation of coefficients in multiple regression 194
9.2 Misspecification error 194
9.3 Dummy variables 196
9.3.1 Dummy variable regression in a recreation
planning example 198
9.4 Multiple regression illustration: species in the Galapagos Islands 200
9.4.1 Model 1: The kitchen sink approach 200
9.4.2 Missing values 202
9.4.3 Outliers and multicollinearity 204
9.4.4 Model 2 204
9.4.5 Model 3 206
9.4.6 Model 4 206
9.5 Variable selection 208
9.6 Categorical dependent variable 209
9.6.1 Binary response 209
9.7 A summary of some problems that can arise in
regression analysis 213
9.8 Multiple and logistic regression in SPSS for Windows 12.0 213
X CONTENTS
9.8.1 Multiple regression 213
9.8.2 Logistic regression 213
Exercises 218
10 Spatial Patterns 222
10.1 Introduction 222
10.2 The analysis of point patterns 223
10.2.1 Quadrat analysis 224
10.2.2 Nearest neighbor analysis 228
10.3 Geographic patterns in areal data 231
10.3.1 An example using a chi squared test 231
10.3.2 Moran sl 232
10.4 Local statistics 238
10.4.1 Introduction 238
10.4.2 Local Moran statistic 239
10.4.3 Getis Gi statistic 240
10.5 Finding Moran s /using SPSS for Windows 9.0 240
Exercises 242
11 Some Spatial Aspects of Regression Analysis 244
11.1 Introduction 244
11.2 Added variable plots 245
11.3 Spatial regression: autocorrelated errors 246
11.4 Spatially varying parameters 247
11.4.1 The expansion method 247
11.4.2 Geographically weighted regression 248
11.5 Illustration 249
11.5.1 Ordinary least squares 250
11.5.2 Added variable plots 251
11.5.3 Spatial regression: autocorrelated errors 253
11.5.4 Expansion method 254
11.5.5 Geographically weighted regression 255
Exercises 256
12 Data Reduction: Factor Analysis and Cluster Analysis 257
12.1 Introduction 257
12.2 Factor analysis and principal components analysis 257
12.2.1 Illustration: 1990 Census data for Erie County,
New York 258
12.2.2 Regression analysis on component scores 262
CONTENTS Xi
12.3 Cluster analysis 263
12.3.1 More on agglomerative methods 266
12.3.2 Illustration: 1990 Census data for Erie County,
New York 266
12.4 Data reduction methods in SPSS for Windows 12.0 270
12.4.1 Factor analysis 270
12.4.2 Cluster analysis 271
Exercises 273
Epilogue 275
Appendix A Statistical Tables 277
Table A.I Random digits 277
Table A.2 Normal distribution 279
Table A.3 Student s ^ distribution 280
Table A.4 Cumulative ^ distribution 281
Table A. 5 P distribution 283
Table A.6 x2 distribution 286
Appendix B Mathematical Conventions and Notation 287
B.I Mathematical conventions 287
B.2 Mathematical notation 289
Appendix C Review and Extension of Some Probability Theory 293
Bibliography 297
Index 301
|
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| discipline | Geographie |
| edition | 2. ed. |
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| id | DE-604.BV021550197 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T12:36:14Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 1412907969 1412907950 |
| language | English |
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| physical | XVI, 304 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2006 |
| publishDateSearch | 2006 |
| publishDateSort | 2006 |
| publisher | SAGE Publ. |
| record_format | marc |
| spellingShingle | Rogerson, Peter A. Statistical methods for geography a student guide Geografie gtt Géographie - Méthodes statistiques Statistische methoden gtt Geografie Geography Statistical methods Geografie (DE-588)4020216-1 gnd Statistik (DE-588)4056995-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4020216-1 (DE-588)4056995-0 |
| title | Statistical methods for geography a student guide |
| title_alt | Geography |
| title_auth | Statistical methods for geography a student guide |
| title_exact_search | Statistical methods for geography a student guide |
| title_full | Statistical methods for geography a student guide Peter A. Rogerson |
| title_fullStr | Statistical methods for geography a student guide Peter A. Rogerson |
| title_full_unstemmed | Statistical methods for geography a student guide Peter A. Rogerson |
| title_short | Statistical methods for geography |
| title_sort | statistical methods for geography a student guide |
| title_sub | a student guide |
| topic | Geografie gtt Géographie - Méthodes statistiques Statistische methoden gtt Geografie Geography Statistical methods Geografie (DE-588)4020216-1 gnd Statistik (DE-588)4056995-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Geografie Géographie - Méthodes statistiques Statistische methoden Geography Statistical methods Statistik |
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