The principle of national treatment in the GATT: a survey of the jurisprudence, practice and policy
Gespeichert in:
| Beteilige Person: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Bruxelles
Bruylant
2005
|
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014717700&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Umfang: | XXII, 253 S. |
| ISBN: | 2802721038 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGES
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS VH
PREFACE IX
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS XVN
LIST OF CASES, DOCUMENTS AND PUBLICATIONS XIX
GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1
CHAPTER 1
NON-DISCRIMINATION
AND NATIONAL TREATMENT
1. INTRODUCTION 9
2. - NON-DISCRIMINATION IN INTERNATIONAL LAW 10
2.1. - THE OLD MEANING OF NON-DISCRIMINATION 10
2.2. - THE MODERN MEANING OF NON-DISCRIMINATION 11
3. - NON-DISCRIMINATION IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE LAW 12
3.1. - THE EMBRYO OF FAIRNESS IN TRADE 12
3.2. - ITS MODERN MEANING AND HISTORY 13
3.3. - NON-DISCRIMINATION AND THE TRADE CONFERENCES. LONDON,
GENEVA AND HAVANA 18
4. - NATIONAL TREATMENT. ONE FEATURE OF NON-DISCRIMINATION 20
4.1. - NATIONAL TREATMENT IN BILATERAL AND MULTILATERAL TRADE
AGREEMENTS 20
4.2. - NATIONAL TREATMENT, LIKENESS AND PROTECTION, IN DE JURE
AND DE FACTO CONTEXTS 23
5. - CONCLUSIONS 28
XII TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGES
CHAPTER 2
THE GATT/WTO CASE LAW
ON NATIONAL TREATMENT
1. - ARTICLE 111:2 OF GATT: TAX MEASURES 29
1.1. - GATT CASES 29
1.1. - BRAZIL - INTERNAL TAXES 29
1.1. - CANADA - GOLD COINS 30
1.1. - US - SUPERFUND 31
1.1. - JAPAN - ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES I 33
1.1. - EEC - PARTS AND COMPONENTS 35
1.1. - US - MALT BEVERAGES 37
1.1. - US - TAXES ON AUTOMOBILES 39
1.1. - THE LUXURY TAX 39
1.1. - THE GAS GUZZLER TAX 43
1.2. - WTO CASES 46
1.2. - JAPAN - ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES II 46
1.2. - CANADA - PERIODICALS 51
1.2- INDONESIA - AUTOS 54
1.2. - KOREA - ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES 57
1.2. - CHILE - ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES 63
1.2. - ARGENTINA - HIDES AND LEATHER 66
2. - ARTICLE 111:4 OF GATT: OTHER INTERNAL MEASURES 68
2.1. - GATT CASES 68
2.1. - AUSTRALIA - AMMONIUM SULPHATE 68
2.1. - ITALY - AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY 70
2.1. - EEC - ANIMAL FEED PROTEINS 71
2.1. - SPAIN - SOYABEAN OIL 73
2.1. - US - SECTION 337 II 76
2.1. - EEC - PARTS AND COMPONENTS 79
2.1. - CANADA - PROVINCIAL LIQUOR BOARDS (EEC) 80
2.1. - US - MALT BEVERAGES 81
2.1. - US - TAXES ON AUTOMOBILES 85
2.1. - THE CORPORATE AVERAGE FUEL ECONOMY (CAFE) REGULATION 85
2.2. - WTO CASES 87
2.2. - US - GASOLINE 87
2.2. - EC - BANANAS III 9
2.2. - INDONESIA - AUTOS 94
TABLE OF CONTENTS XIII
PAGES
2.2. - CANADA - AUTOS 95
2.2. - KOREA - BEEF 97
2.2. - EC - ASBESTOS 102
2.2. - INDIA - AUTOS 109
2.2. - CANADA - WHEAT 112
CHAPTER 3
ASSESSMENT OF LIKENESS
1. - INTRODUCTION 117
2. - THE BTA REPORT 119
2.1. - THE BTA CRITERIA 119
2.2. - WHEN PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND TARIFF CLASSIFICATIONS
ONLY MATTERED IN THE GATT CASE LAW ANTECEDENT THE BTA
REPORT 122
3. AFTER THE BTA REPORT 122
3.1. WHEN PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND TARIFF CLASSIFICATIONS
STILL MATTERED. THE GATT/WTO CASE LAW POST-BTA REPORT . . 122
3.2. - END-USES IS THE GATT/WTO CASE LAW. FROM ABSTRACT
END-USES TO END-USES IN THE MARKET UP TO END-USES FROM
THIRD MARKETS 125
3.2.1. - ABSTRACT END-USES 125
3.2.2. - FROM ABSTRACT END USES TO CROSS-PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
( CPE ). A MARKET ANALYSIS 126
3.2.3. - FROM CROSS-PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND ( CPE ) TO EVIDENCE
OF SUBSTITUTABILITY FROM THIRD MARKETS, SACK TO ABSTRACT END-USES.
ONE STEP FORWARD TWO STEPS BACK 128
3.3. - CONSUMERS TASTES AND HABITS ( C.T.H. ) IN THE GATT/WTO
CASE LAW 130
3.3.1. - CURRENT CONSUMER DEMAND 130
3.3.2. - LATENT CONSUMER DEMAND 132
3.4. - MARKETING STRATEGIES, CHANNELS OF DISTRIBUTION AND POINTS
OF SALE 133
4. - THE AIM AND EFFECT TEST 136
5. - WEIGHTING THE BTA CRITERIA, TARIFF CLASSIFICATIONS, MARKETING
STRATEGIES, CHANNELS OF DISTRIBUTION AND EVIDENCE FROM THIRD
MARKETS 138
6. CONCLUSIONS 143
XIV TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGES
7. CHART OF LIKENESS 144
CHAPTER 4
ASSESSMENT OF PROTECTION
1. INTRODUCTION 147
2. - THE ARCHITECTURE 151
2.1. - PROTECTION AS UNDERSTOOD IN ARTICLE 111:2 AND 4 OP GATT. .. 151
2.2. - PROTECTION AS UNDERSTOOD IN ABTICLE 111:1 OF GATT 152
2.3. - THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PARAGRAPHS 2 AND 1 OF ARTI-
CLE III OF GATT 155
2.4. - THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PARAGRAPHS 4 AND 1 OF ARTI-
CLE III OF GATT 159
3. PROTECTION: AN ELUSIVE AND FLUID CONCEPT 160
3.1. - THE PROTECTION TEST. THE TWO UNDENIABLE ELEMENTS TO
MAKE THE TEST WORK 162
3.1.1. - EVIDENTIARY EFFECTS OF PROTECTION UPON IMPORTED PRODUCTS IN
THE DOMESTIC MARKET 163
3.1.1.1. THE BENCHMARK: MODIFICATION OF COMPETITIVE OPPORTUNITIES
BETWEEN DOMESTIC AND IMPORTED PRODUCTS. IS IT REALLY AN
ANALYSIS OF EFFECTS IN THE MARKET ? 163
3.1.1.2. THE LIMITS AND THE ALTERNATIVE 165
3.1.1.3. DE MINIMIS AND GATT. HOW WAS DE MINIMIS UNDERSTOOD IN
GATT 166
3.1.1.4. DE MINIMIS AND THE EC TREATY. HOW WAS DE MINIMIS
UNDERSTOOD IN THE EC TREATY. ONE STEP FURTHER TWO STEPS BACK 167
3.1.2. * THE PURPOSE OR INTENT OF THE LEGISLATOR 168
3.1.2.1. THE ITO PREPARATORY WORKS 169
4. - THE GATT/WTO CASE LAW 171
4. - GATT CASES 171
4.1. - EFFECTS. AN ATTEMPT TO INTERPRET THEM 171
4.2. - INTENT 172
4.3. - NEITHER EFFECTS NOR INTENT 175
4.4. - BOTH EFFECTS AND INTENT 181
4.4. - WTO CASES 183
4.5. - EFFECTS 184
4.6. - INTENT 184
TABLE OF CONTENTS XV
PAGES
4.6.1. - THE BEGINNING. INTENT IS NOT PART OF 8ATAP. SETTING THE
FRAMEWORK FOR THE ANALYSIS OF OBJECTIVE INTENT 184
4.6.2. - CARRYING OUT THE EXAMINATION OF INTENT AS REVEALED BY THE
DESIGN, THE ARCHITECTURE AND THE REVEALING STRUCTURE OF THE INTERNAL
MEASURE 187
4.6.3. - INTENT IS PART OF SATAP 189
4.7. - NEITHER EFFECTS NOR INTENT 191
4.7.1. - WHEN LARGE DIFFERENCES IN LEVELS OF TAXATION MATTERED 191
4.7.2. - RELIANCE ON MARKET SURVEY 194
4.7.3. - WHEN SMALL DIFFERENCES IN LEVELS OF TAXATION MATTERED 194
4.7.4. - LARGE AND MINOR DIFFERENCES OTHER THAN TAXES THAT WOULD
ACCORD AN ADVANTAGE TO DOMESTIC PRODUCTS 195
4.8. - BOTH EFFECTS AND INTENT 199
4.9. - ELEMENTS OF PROTECTION OTHER THAN EFFECTS AND INTENT .... 199
5. - REJECTION OF THE AIM AND EFFECT TEST 202
6. PROTECTION IN THE UNITED STATES AND THE EUROPEAN COMMUNI-
TIES. A SHORT OVERVIEW 205
6.1. - REVIEW OF THE UNITED STATES CASE LAW AND PRACTICE 205
6.1.1. - THE US CONSTITUTION 205
6.1.2. - THE COMMERCE CLAUSE 206
6.1.3. - THE US SUPREME COURT 207
6.1.4. - THE US SUPREME COURT S DORMANT COMMERCE CLAUSE JURISPRU-
DENCE 209
A) THE FIRST DECADES: THE STRICT SCRUTINY APPLIES 209
B) THE MODERN APPROACH: THE STRICT SCRUTINY IS LOOSENED 210
C) THE LIMITS OF THE NEW TEST: BLURRING THE ANALYSIS OF PROTECTION 212
D) EFFECTS: THE CLEARLY EXCESSIVE REQUIREMENT. ANALOGIES
WITH GATT/WTO LAW 212
E) INTENT: TAKING IT BACK TO ITS PLACE 214
6.2. - REVIEW OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES CASE-LAW AND PRACTICE 216
6.2.1. - ARTICLES 90 AND 28-30 OF THE EC TREATY 216
6.2.2. - THE COURT S JURISPRUDENCE 218
A) THE FIRST PERIOD: REMOVING ALL OBSTACLES TO TRADE FOR THE
SAKE OF THE COMMON MARKET (CM) 218
B) THE SECOND PERIOD: NO CHANGES 220
C) THE THIRD PERIOD: A DETOUR IN THE CLASSICAL ROUTE. THE SITUA-
TION IS STILL MESSY 222
D) THE CURRENT PERIOD: A REVOLUTIONARY POSITION ON INTENT 228
7. - CONCLUSIONS 230
XVI TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGES
8. - CHART OF PROTECTION 231
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSIONS
APPENDICES 241
BIBLIOGRAPHY 247
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| title | The principle of national treatment in the GATT a survey of the jurisprudence, practice and policy |
| title_auth | The principle of national treatment in the GATT a survey of the jurisprudence, practice and policy |
| title_exact_search | The principle of national treatment in the GATT a survey of the jurisprudence, practice and policy |
| title_full | The principle of national treatment in the GATT a survey of the jurisprudence, practice and policy Mattia Melloni |
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| title_full_unstemmed | The principle of national treatment in the GATT a survey of the jurisprudence, practice and policy Mattia Melloni |
| title_short | The principle of national treatment in the GATT |
| title_sort | the principle of national treatment in the gatt a survey of the jurisprudence practice and policy |
| title_sub | a survey of the jurisprudence, practice and policy |
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