U.S. international taxation: cases and materials [Hauptbd.]
Gespeichert in:
| Beteiligte Personen: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New York, NY
Foundation Press
2005
|
| Schriftenreihe: | University casebook series
|
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014682296&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Umfang: | XIX, 574 S. |
| ISBN: | 1587787245 |
Internformat
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| 100 | 1 | |a Avi-Yonah, Reuven S. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a U.S. international taxation |b cases and materials |n [Hauptbd.] |c by Reuven S. Avi-Yonah ; Diane M. Ring ; Yariv Brauner |
| 264 | 1 | |a New York, NY |b Foundation Press |c 2005 | |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Ring, Diane M. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Brauner, Yariv |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819296401892311040 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | SUMMARY OF CONTENTS
Preface v
Table of Cases xvii
PART A. General 17
CHAPTER 1. Jurisdiction to Tax and Definitions 18
1.1 Jurisdiction to Tax: In General 18
1.2 Definitions 20
CHAPTER 2. The Source of Income 30
2.1 Introduction and Overview 30
2.2 Substantive v. Formal Rules 31
2.3 To What Category Does Income Belong? 38
2.4 What About Income That Does Not Belong to Any Category? — 72
2.5 What If Income Is Generated Both Inside and Outside the
United State? 76
2.6 How Much Control Do Taxpayers Have Over Sourcing Income? 80
2.6 Conclusion 87
CHAPTER 3. The Allocation of Deductions 88
3.1 Introduction and Overview 88
3.2 Allocation of Deductions 91
3.3 The Allocation and Apportionment of Interest Expense (Sec
tion864(e)) 98
3.4 The Sourcing of R E Expense (Section 864(f)) 103
PART B. U.S. Income of Foreign Taxpayers 105
CHAPTER 4. The Taxation of Non Business Income 106
4.1 Introduction 106
4.2 Overview 106
4.3 Taxation of Nonresident Individuais 109
4.4 Taxation of Foreign Corporations 110
4.5 The Heart of Gross Basis Taxation of Nonresidents: Fixed or
Determinable, Annual or Periodical Income 111
4.6 Beyond FDAP 115
4.7 Exceptions 116
4.6 Collections 119
4.7 Conclusion 125
CHAPTER 5. The Taxation of Business Income 127
5.1 Introduction and Overview 127
5.2 What Is a U.S. Trade or Business? 127
5.3 What Is Effectively Connected? 166
5.4 Review of Basic Regime for Nonresidents 168
5.5 The Branch Profits Tax 168
5.6 The Earnings Stripping Rule 170
PART C. The Transfer Pricing Problem 173
CHAPTER 6. The Transfer Pricing Problem — 174
6.1 The Root of the Problem 175
6.2 A Classic Example — — 180
6.3 The Problem of Comparables 193
6.4 More on the Operation of the Transfer Pricing Rules 202
6.5 The Interaction With Foreign Law 217
6.6 Conclusion: Is There a Feasible Alternative? —. 224
PART D. Foreign Income of U.S. Taxpayers 225
CHAPTER 7. Deferral and its Limits 226
7.1 The Problem of Deferral 226
7.2 Limitations Primarily for Individuais .— 227
7.3 Limitations Primarily for Corporations 231
7.4 The Operation of Subpart F and Other Provisions That May
Affect CFCs 295
7.5 The Future of Deferral 309
CHAPTER 8. The Foreign Tax Credit 310
8.1 Introduction 310
8.2 The Three Hoops — 311
8.3 The Foreign Tax Credit Limitation.—. 341
8.4 The Indirect Credit — 346
8.5 Foreign Tax Credit Abuse 367
PART E. The U.S. and the International Tax Regime 403
CHAPTER 9. Section 367 Cross Border Transfers of
Property 404
9.1.A: In General 404
9.1.B: Incorporation of a Loss Branch 421
9.2 The Operation of Section 367 429
CHAPTER 10. Foreign Currency 434
10.1 Introduction 434
10.2 Origin and Overview of the Regime— 435
10.3 Qualified Business Units, Functional Currency and the Calcu
lation of Income and Loss 437
10.4 Section 988 Foreign Currency Transactions 440
10.5 Return to Original Hypotheticals 445
CHAPTER 11. TheRoleofTreaties 446
11.1 The U.S. Model 446
11.2 The Relationship Between Treaties and the Code 472
11.3 Judicial Interpretation of Treaties 483
11.4 International Tax as International Law 500
CHAPTER 12. The Future of the International Tax Regime 514
12.1 The U.S. and the International Tax Regime 514
12.2 The Tax Competition Problem 531
12.3 The Tax Arbitrage Problem 546
Index 559
*
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface v
Table of Cases xvii
Introduction: The International Tax Regime 1
Notes and Questions — 16
PART A. General 17
CHAPTER 1. Jurisdiction to Tax and Definitions 18
1.1 Jurisdiction to Tax: In General 18
Notes and Questions 19
1.2 Definitions 20
a. Nonresident Alien 20
Cook v. Tait 21
Notes and Questions 22
b. Foreign Corporations and Partnerships 22
(i) Before Check The Box 22
Notes and Questions— 26
(ii) After Check the Box 26
c. Foreign Trusts and Estates 27
Notes and Questions 29
CHAPTER 2. The Source of Income —. 30
2.1 Introduction and Overview 30
2.2 Substantive v. Formal Rules 31
Notes and Questions 37
2.3 To What Category Does Income Belong? 38
a. Royalties v. Sales ~ 39
Commissioner v. Wodehouse 39
Notes and Questions 44
b. Services vs. Royalties 45
Karrer v. United States 45
Notes and Questions 53
Boulez v. Commissioner 53
Notes and Questions 57
c. Services v. Interest (The Transfer of Money) 58
Notes and Questions 62
Bank of America v. United States 62
Notes and Questions 71
2.4 What About Income That Does Not Belong to Any Category? — 72
Korfund Co. v. Commissioner 72
Notes and Questions 75
2.5 What If Income Is Generated Both Inside and Outside the
United State? 76
Stemkowski v. Commissioner 76
Notes and Questions 80
2.6 How Much Control Do Taxpayers Have Over Sourcing Income? 80
United States v. Balanovski 81
Notes and Questions 86
2.6 Conclusion 87
CHAPTER 3. The Allocation of Deductions 88
3.1 Introduction and Overview 88
3.2 Allocation of Deductions 91
Black Decker v. Commissioner 91
Notes and Questions 96
3.3 The Allocation and Apportionment of Interest Expense (Sec
tion864(e)) 98
a. Why a Special Interest Expense Rule? 98
B. Interest Expense of U.S. Affiliated Groups—The Look
Through Rule — 99
C. The Unfairness of Not Looking—Through Foreign Affili
ates? 100
3.4 The Sourcing of R E Expense (Section 864(f)) — 103
PART B. U.S. Income of Foreign Taxpayers 105
CHAPTER 4. The Taxation of Non Business Income 106
4.1 Introduction 106
4.2 Overview 106
4.3 Taxation of Nonresident Individuais 109
4.4 Taxation of Foreign Corporations 110
4.5 The Heart of Gross Basis Taxation of Nonresidents: Fixed or
Determinable, Annual or Periodical Income 111
Fernando Barba v. United States 111
Notes and Questions 115
4.6 Beyond FDAP 115
4.7 Exceptions 116
Notes and Questions 117
4.6 Collections — 119
Casa De La Jolla Park, Inc. v. Commissioner 119
Notes and Questions 124
4.7 Conclusion _ 125
CHAPTER 5. The Taxation of Business Income 127
5.1 Introduction and Overview 127
5.2 What Is a U.S. Trade or Business? 127
a. Investment Activities — 128
Chang Hsiao Liang v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue— 128
Notes and Questions 131
b. RealEstate —. 132
Jan Casimir Lewenhaupt v. Commissioner of Internal Reve¬
nue 132
Notes and Questions 137
c. Active Business ~. 138
Spermacet Whaling Shipping Co. S.A. v. Commissioner
of Internal Revenue 138
Notes and Questions 148
d. Operation Through an Agent 148
Frank Hanfield v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue 149
Notes and Questions — 151
The Taisei Fire and Marine Insurance Co., Ltd. v. Commis¬
sioner of Internal Revenue — 151
Notes and Questions 160
e. The Physical Presence Requirement 160
Commissioner v. Piedras Negras Broadcasting Co. — 160
Notes and Questions 163
Quill Corp. v. North Dakota ~ 163
Notes and Questions 165
5.3 What Is Effectively Connected? 166
5.4 Review of Basic Regime for Nonresidents 168
5.5 The Branch Profits Tax— 168
5.6 The Earnings Stripping Rule 170
PART C. The Transfer Pricing Problem 173
CHAPTER 6. The Transfer Pricing Problem 174
6.1 The Root of the Problem 175
United States Gypsum Company and United States Gypsum
Export Company v. United States of America 175
Notes and Questions 179
6.2 A Classic Example — — 180
E.I. Du Pont de Nemours and Company v. United States 180
Notes and Questions — 191
6.3 The Problem of Comparables 193
United States Steel Corporation v. Commissioner of Internal
Revenue 194
Notes and Questions 201
6.4 More on the Operation of the Transfer Pricing Rules 202
a. Tangible Property — — 203
b. Transactions With Intangible Property 203
DHL Corporation and Subsidiaries v. Commissioner of In¬
ternal Revenue — 203
Notes and Questions 216
c. Services 217
6.5 The Interaction With Foreign Law 217
The Procter Gamble Company v. Commissioner of Internat
Revenue 217
Notes and Questions — 223
6.6 Conclusion: Is There a Feasible Alternative? 224
PART D. Foreign Income of U.S. Taxpayers 225
CHARTER 7. Deferral and its Limits 226
7.1 The Problem of Deferral 226
7.2 Limitations Primarily for Individuais 227
a. Early Limitations on Deferral 227
b. Realization v. Receipt 228
Eder et cd. v. Commissioner of Internat Revenue 229
Notes and Questions 229
c. Passive Foreign Investment Companies (PFIC, Sections
1291 1298) 229
7.3 Limitations Primarily for Corporations — 231
a. From Equity to Neutrality — — 231
b. Subpart F (Sections 951 960) — 239
1. Definition of CFC — 239
Garlock, Inc. v. Commissioner of Internat Revenue 240
Notes and Questions — — 246
2. The Base Company Rule — 246
Brown Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries v. Commission¬
er of Internat Revenue 247
Brown Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries v. Commission¬
er of Internat Revenue 271
Notes and Questions 275
3. The Branch Rule (and Contract Manufacturing) 276
Ashland Oil, Inc. v. Commissioner of Internat Reve¬
nue 279
Notes and Questions 292
4. The Hybrid Problem 292
Notes and Questions 295
7.4 The Operation of Subpart F and Other Provisions That May
AffectCFCs 295
a. Subpart F Inclusions 295
b. Coordination With PFIC 295
c. Complementary Backstops to Deferral: Sections 956 1248 296
1. Section 956 ._ 296
Daniel K. Ludwig and Gertrude V. Ludwig v. Com¬
missioner 296
d. Inversions — _ 307
7.5 The Future of Deferral— 309
CHAPTER 8. The Foreign Tax Credit — 310
8.1 Introduction 310
8.2 The Three Hoops 311
a. Was a Tax Paid? 311
Continental Illinois Corporation v. Commissioner of Inter
nal Revenue 311
Notes and Questions 320
b. Was a Tax Paid by the Taxpayer? — 322
Biddle v. Commissioner of Internat Revenue 322
Notes and Questions 327
c. Was the Tax a Creditable Tax? 328
Inland Steel Company v. United States 328
Notes and Questions 340
8.3 The Foreign Tax Credit Limitation — 341
8.4 The Indirect Credit 346
American Chicle Co. v. United States 346
United States, Petitioner v. Goodyear Tire Rubber Company
and Affiliates 349
Notes and Questions 357
Vulcan Materials Company and Subsidiaries v. Commissioner
of Internal Revenue 357
Notes and Questions 366
8.5 Foreign Tax Credit Abuse 367
Compaq Computer Corporation and Subsidiaries v. Commis¬
sioner of Internal Revenue 367
Notes and Questions 377
Compaq Computer Corporation and Subsidiaries, Petitioner
Appellant v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, Respondent
Appellee. 378
Notes and Questions — 385
Notes and Questions 394
Notes and Questions 400
PART E. The U.S. and the International Tax Regime 403
CHAPTER 9. Section 367 Cross Border Transfers of
Property 404
9.1.A: In General 404
Notes and Questions — 420
9.1.B: Incorporation of aLoss Branch 421
Notes and Questions: — 429
9.2 The Operation of Section 367 429
CHAPTER 10. Foreign Currency 434
10.1 Introduction — 434
10.2 Origin and Overview of the Regime— 435
Notes and Questions 437
10.3 Qualified Business Units, Functional Currency and the Calcu
lation of Income and Loss 437
a. Qualified Business Units and Their Currency: ~ ~ 437
b. Calculation of Income/Loss for Taxpayer With More Than
One QBU: 439
10.4 Section 988 Foreign Currency Transactions 440
a. Covered Transactions 440
b. Measuring and Calculating Exchange Gain and Loss —. 442
c. Taxation of Section 988 Transactions — 443
10.5 Return to Original Hypotheticals 445
CHAPTER 11. TheRoleofTreaties 446
11.1 The U.S. Model 446
Notes and Questions 471
11.2 The Relationship Between Treaties and the Code — 472
Notes and Questions 482
11.3 Judicial Interpretation of Treaties 483
Xerox Corporation v. United States 483
Notes and Questions 500
11.4 International Tax as International Law 500
Avi Yonah, International Tax as International Law 500
CHAPTER 12. The Future of the International Tax Regime 514
12.1 The U.S. and the International Tax Regime 514
Yariv Brauner, An International Tax Regime in Crystallization 514
Notes and Questions 531
12.2 The Tax Competition Problem 531
Avi Yonah, Globalization, Tax Competition, and the Fiscal
Crisis ofthe Weifare State — 531
Notes and Questions 545
12.3 The Tax Arbitrage Problem 546
Ring, One Nation Among Many: Policy Implications of Cross
Border Tax Arbitrage 546
Notes and Questions 557
Index 559
|
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| spellingShingle | Avi-Yonah, Reuven S. Ring, Diane M. Brauner, Yariv U.S. international taxation cases and materials |
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| title_short | U.S. international taxation |
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| title_sub | cases and materials |
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