Chemistry of the natural atmosphere:
Gespeichert in:
| Beteilige Person: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
San Diego [u.a.]
Acad. Press
2000
|
| Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
| Schriftenreihe: | International geophysics series
71 |
| Schlagwörter: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009463622&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Umfang: | XVII, 927 S. graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 0127356320 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Chemistry of the natural atmosphere |c Peter Warneck |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819307638229303296 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Chemistry of the natural atmosphere
Autor: Warneck, Peter
Jahr: 2000
CONTENTS
Preface to the Second Edition xiii
Preface to the First Edition xv
1 Bulk Composition, Structure, and Dynamics of
the Atmosphere
1.1 Observational Data and Averages 1
1.2 Temperature Structure and Atmospheric Regions 7
1.3 Pressure, Density, and Mixing Ratio 10
1.4 Global Circulation and Transport 15
1.4.1 Atmospheric Mean Motions 16
1.4.2 Eddy Diffusion 19
1.4.3 Molecular Diffusion 30
1.5 Air Mass Exchange between Principal
Atmospheric Domains 31
1.6 The Planetary Boundary Layer 42
2 Photochemical Processes and Elementary Reactions
2.1 Fundamentals of Reactions Kinetics 55
2.2 Properties of Rate Coefficients 60
2.3 Photochemical Processes 67
2.4 Attenuation of Solar Radiation in the Atmosphere 69
2.5 Photodissociation of Oxygen and Ozone 79
2.6 Photochemistry of Minor Atmospheric Constituents 85
3 Chemistry of the Stratosphere
3.1 Historical Survey 100
VIU Contents
3.2 Ozone Observations 104
3.2.1 Principal Features and Behavior of the Ozone Layer 104
3.2.2 Global Trends in Total Ozone 109
3.3 The Chapman Model 113
3.4 Trace Gases Other Than Ozone 118
3.4.1 Nitrogen Oxides 119
3.4.2 Water Vapor, Methane, and Hydrogen 126
3.4.3 Halocarbons 131
3.4.4 Carbonyl Sulfide and Sulfur Dioxide 136
3.5 Heterogeneous and Polar Stratospheric Chemistry 140
3.6 The Budget of Ozone in the Stratosphere 151
4 Chemistry of the Troposphere: The Methane
Oxidation Cycle
4.1 The Tropospheric Reservoir 158
4.2 Hydroxyl Radicals in the Troposphere 163
4.3 The Budget of Methane 174
4.4 Formaldehyde 189
4.5 Carbon Monoxide 192
4.6 Hydrogen 205
5 Ozone in the Troposphere
5.1 Introduction 211
5.2 Photochemical Air Pollution 213
5.3 Distribution and Behavior of Tropospheric Ozone 230
5.3.1 Balloon Soundings 231
5.3.2 Aircraft Observations 236
5.3.3 Surface Measurements 238
5.4 A Minimum Tropospheric Ozone Budget 249
5.4.1 Influx of Ozone from the Stratosphere 249
5.4.2 Destruction of Ozone at the Ground Surface 252
5.5 Photochemical Production and Loss of Ozone in the
Unperturbed Troposphere 255
5.5.1 Reaction Mechanism 255
5.5.2 Combined Tropospheric Ozone Budget 261
6 Hydrocarbons, Halocarbons, and Other Volatile
Organic Compounds
6.1 Hydrocarbons and Some Other Organic Volatiles 265
6.1.1 Hydrocarbon Lifetimes 265
Contents ²Õ
6.1.2 Anthropogenic Sources of Atmospheric Hydrocarbons 270
6.1.3 Natural Sources of Hydrocarbons and Other
Organic Compounds 275
6.1.4 Hydrocarbon Mixing Ratios over the Continents 283
6.1.5 Hydrocarbons in the Marine Atmosphere 292
6.1.6 Formic and Acetic Acid 300
6.2 Hydrocarbon Oxidation Mechanisms 309
6.2.1 Alkylperoxy Radicals 310
6.2.2 Alkoxy Radicals 314
6.2.3 Oxidation of Alkanes 318
6.2.4 Oxidation of Alkenes 321
6.2.5 Aromatic Compounds 330
6.3 Halocarbons 331
6.3.1 Methyl Chloride 334
6.3.2 Chlorofluorocarbons 336
6.3.3 Fully Fluorinated Compounds 339
6.3.4 Methyl Chloroform and Carbon Tetrachloride 340
6.3.5 Methyl Bromide and Methyl Iodide 342
7 The Atmospheric Aerosol
7.1 Introduction 346
7.2 Particulate Size Distribution 348
7.3 The Physical Behavior of Particles 355
7.3.1 Coagulation and Condensation 355
7.3.2 Interaction of Aerosol Particles with Water Vapor 364
7.4 Aerosol Sources and Global Production Rates 373
7.4.1 Mineral Sources 373
7.4.2 Sea Salt 378
7.4.3 Gas-to-Particle Conversion 383
7.4.4 Miscellaneous Sources 397
7.4.5 Global Aerosol Production Rates 401
7.5 The Chemical Constitution of the Aerosol 405
7.5.1 The Inorganic Fraction, Soluble and Insoluble 408
7.5.2 The Organic Fraction 428
7.6 Global Distribution, Physical Removal, and Residence
Time of the Tropospheric Aerosol 438
7.6.1 Vertical Aerosol Distribution and Global Budget 438
7.6.2 Residence Times of Aerosol Particles 441
7.6.2 Sedimentation and Dry Deposition 447
8 Chemistry of Clouds and Precipitation
8.1 The Water Cycle 451
÷ Contents
8.2 Cloud and Rain Formation 455
8.3 The Incorporation of Particulate Matter into Cloud
and Raindrops 461
8.3.1 Nucleation Scavenging 461
8.3.2 Below Cloud Scavenging of Particles 463
8.4 The Scavenging of Gases by Cloud and Raindrops 468
8.4.1 Gas-Liquid Equilibria in Clouds 469
8.4.2 Time Constants for the Adjustment to Equilibrium 478
8.5 Inorganic Chemical Composition and pH of Cloud
and Rain Water 484
8.6 Chemical Reactions in Cloud and Fog Waters 493
8.6.1 Basic Photochemistry in Clouds 494
8.6.2 Reactions of Nitrogen Compounds 496
8.6.3 The Role of Transition Metals 499
8.6.4 The Oxidation of Sulfur Dioxide in Aqueous Solution 503
9 Nitrogen Compounds in the Troposphere
9.1 Biochemical Processes 511
9.2 Ammonia 515
9.2.1 Distribution in the Troposphere 516
9.2.2 Sources and Sinks of Atmospheric NH3 520
9.3 Nitrous Oxide 530
9.4 Nitrogen Dioxide, NO2, and Related Nitrogen Compounds 541
9.4.1 Nitrogen Oxide Chemistry 542
9.4.2 The Tropospheric Distribution of NOX 553
9.4.3 Peroxyacetyl Nitrate 561
9.4.4 Nitric Acid and Particulate Nitrate 566
9.4.5 Total Oxidized Nitrogen 572
9.4.6 Sources and Sinks of Oxidized Nitrogen in the Troposphere 574
10 Sulfur Compounds in the Atmosphere
10.1 Introductory Remarks 587
10.2 Reduced Sulfur Compounds 589
10.2.1 Atmospheric Abundances, Behavior, Sources, and Sinks 589
10.2.2 Atmospheric Reactions and Life Times 598
10.2.3 Terrestrial Biosphere-Atmosphere Exchange 603
10.2.4 Summary of Natural Sources of Sulfur 610
10.3 Sulfur Dioxide, SO2, and Particulate Sulfate 611
10.3.1 Anthropogenic Emissions 611
10.3.2 Sulfur Emissions from Volcanoes 614
10.3.3 Chemical Conversion of SO2 to Particulate Sulfate 618
Contents Õ²
10.3.4 Distribution of SO2 and SO4 in the Troposphere 624
10.3.5 Wet and Dry Deposition of Sulfate 639
10.4 Tropospheric Sulfur Budgets 647
10.4.1 The Regionally Polluted Continental Atmosphere 647
10.4.2 The Circulation of Sulfur in the Unperturbed
Marine Atmosphere 650
10.4.3 The Global Tropospheric Sulfur Budget 652
11 Geochemistry of Carbon Dioxide
11.1 Introduction 657
11.2 The Major Carbon Reservoirs 658
11.2.1 Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere 659
11.2.2 The Oceans 660
11.2.3 Carbon in Sedimentary Rocks 666
11.2.4 The Terrestrial Biosphere 672
11.3 The Global Carbon Cycles 675
11.3.1 The Geochemical Cycles 677
11.3.2 Exchange of CO2 between Atmosphere and Ocean 686
11.3.3 Interaction between the Atmosphere and the
Terrestrial Biosphere 694
11.3.4 Long-Term Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions
and Current CO2 Budget 698
11.4 Summary 707
12 The Evolution of the Atmosphere
12.1 The Noble Gases 712
12.2 The Primitive Atmosphere 721
12.3 Nitrogen 730
12.4 Oxygen 734
12.4.1 Sources of Oxygen 734
12.4.2 The Budget and Cycles of Oxygen 736
12.4.3 The Rise of Atmospheric Oxygen 744
12.5 Atmospheric Gases: Cumulative versus Cyclic Behavior 750
Appendix
Supplementary Tables 755
References 777
Index 905
Volumes in Series 925
|
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| discipline | Geologie / Paläontologie Geographie |
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| id | DE-604.BV013836450 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T10:54:25Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0127356320 |
| language | English |
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| series | International geophysics series |
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| spellingShingle | Warneck, Peter Chemistry of the natural atmosphere International geophysics series Atmospheric chemistry Chemie (DE-588)4009816-3 gnd Atmosphäre (DE-588)4003397-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4009816-3 (DE-588)4003397-1 |
| title | Chemistry of the natural atmosphere |
| title_auth | Chemistry of the natural atmosphere |
| title_exact_search | Chemistry of the natural atmosphere |
| title_full | Chemistry of the natural atmosphere Peter Warneck |
| title_fullStr | Chemistry of the natural atmosphere Peter Warneck |
| title_full_unstemmed | Chemistry of the natural atmosphere Peter Warneck |
| title_short | Chemistry of the natural atmosphere |
| title_sort | chemistry of the natural atmosphere |
| topic | Atmospheric chemistry Chemie (DE-588)4009816-3 gnd Atmosphäre (DE-588)4003397-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Atmospheric chemistry Chemie Atmosphäre |
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