Verfügbarkeit: Phenolic resins | Technische Universität München

Phenolic resins: chemistry, applications, standardization, safety and ecology ; with 166 tables

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
Beteiligte Personen:	Gardziella, Arno 1930- (VerfasserIn), Pilato, Louis A. 1934- (VerfasserIn), Knop, André 1941- (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	Englisch
Veröffentlicht:	Berlin [u.a.] Springer 2000
Ausgabe:	2., completely rev. ed.
Schlagwörter:	Phenoplast
Links:	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008667702&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
Beschreibung:	Literaturangaben. - 1. Aufl. u.d.T.: Knop, André: Phenolic resins
Umfang:	XXIV, 560 S. Ill., graph. Darst.
ISBN:	3540655174

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MARC


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245	1	0	\|a Phenolic resins \|b chemistry, applications, standardization, safety and ecology ; with 166 tables \|c A. Gardziella ; L. A. Pilato ; A. Knop
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Datensatz im Suchindex

_version_	1819312633249005568
adam_text	TABLE OF CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI CONVERSION FACTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV PART A CHEMISTRY/PRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 CHAPTER 1 RAW MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1 PHENOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1.1 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PHENOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.1.2 SUPPLY AND USE OF PHENOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.1.3 PHENOL PRODUCTION PROCESSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.1.3.1 CUMENE OXIDATION (HOCK PROCESS) . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.1.3.2 TOLUENE OXIDATION PROCESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.1.3.3 NITROUS OXIDE OXIDATION OF BENZENE . . . . . . . . . 9 1.1.3.4 OTHER SYNTHESIS PROCESSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.1.4 ALKYLPHENOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.1.4.1 METHYLPHENOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.1.4.2 HIGHER ALKYLPHENOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.1.5 PHENOLS FROM COAL AND MINERAL OIL . . . . . . . . . . 12 1.1.6 RESORCINOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1.1.7 BISPHENOL-A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.2 ALDEHYDES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 1.2.1 FORMALDEHYDE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 1.2.2 PRODUCTION AND ECONOMICS OF FORMALDEHYDE . . . . 16 1.2.3 PARAFORMALDEHYDE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 1.2.4 TRIOXANE AND CYCLIC FORMALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 1.2.5 HEXAMETHYLENETETRAMINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 1.2.6 OTHER ALDEHYDES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 CHAPTER 2 PHENOLIC RESINS: CHEMISTRY, REACTIONS, MECHANISM . . . 24 2.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2.2 CHEMISTRY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2.2.1 RESOLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.2.1.1 METHYLOL PHENOL(S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.2.1.2 OLIGOMERIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.2.2 NOVOLAK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 2.2.2.1 BISPHENOL F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 2.2.2.2 OLIGOMERIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 2.2.2.2.1 RANDOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 2.2.2.2.2 HIGH ORTHO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 2.2.2.2.3 MODIFIED NOVOLAKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 BISMETHYLOL PARA SUBSTITUTED PHENOLS 48 * DIETHERS 49 * DIALCOHOLS 49 * DIOLEFINS 50 * ENZYMES 50 2.3 REACTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 2.3.1 FUNCTIONAL GROUP APPENDAGE TO PHENOLICS . . . . . . 51 2.3.1.1 EPOXY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 2.3.1.2 ALLYL, BENZYL GROUP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 2.3.1.3 CYANATE ESTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 2.3.2 RING FORMATION WITH PHENOLIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 2.3.2.1 BENZOXAZINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 2.3.3 ALKYLATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 2.3.3.1 FRIEDEL-CRAFTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 2.3.3.2 HYDROXYMETHYLATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 2.3.4 MISCELLANEOUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 2.3.4.1 POLYIMIDE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 2.3.5 NATURAL PRODUCTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 2.4. MECHANISM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 2.4.1 CURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 2.4.1.1 RESOLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 2.4.1.1.1 THERMAL/VISCOELASTIC ANALYSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 2.4.1.1.2 NMR ANALYSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 2.4.1.2 NOVOLAK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 2.4.1.3 NON-HEXA CURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 2.4.1.4 LEVEL OF CURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 2.4.2 TOUGHNESS/ALLOYS/IPN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 2.4.3 HAZARDOUS OCCURRENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 2.5 SUMMARY/TRENDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 CHAPTER 3 PRODUCTION OF PHENOLIC RESINS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 3.1 PRODUCTION OF NOVOLAK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 3.2 PRODUCTION OF RESOLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 3.3 CONTINUOUS PROCESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 CHAPTER4 STRUCTURE (METHODS OF ANALYSIS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 4.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 4.2 STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 4.2.1 HYDRODYNAMIC VOLUME CHARACTERIZATION . . . . . . . 91 4.2.1.1 CHROMATOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 X TABLE OF CONTENTS 4.2.2 MALDI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 4.2.3 COMPOSITIONAL STRUCTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 4.2.3.1 OLIGOMER, UNCURED RESIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 4.2.3.2 CURED RESIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 4.3 SOLUTION PROPERTIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 4.3.1 NOVOLAKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 4.3.2 RESOLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 4.3.3 AMINE CATALYZED RESOLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 4.3.4 ALL ORTHO NOVOLAKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 4.4 COMPLEXATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 4.4.1 ALL ORTHO NOVOLAKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 4.4.2 ETHYL ACETATE APPENDAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 4.4.3 TRIOXYETHYLENE ETHER APPENDAGE . . . . . . . . . . . 102 4.5 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 4.6 FIRE PROPERTIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 4.7 SUMMARY/TRENDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 PART B APPLICATIONS OF PHENOLIC RESINS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 CHAPTER 5 THERMOSETS: OVERVIEW, DEFINITIONS, AND COMPARISONS . . 109 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 CHAPTER 6 ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE OF PHENOLIC RESINS, SURVEY OF APPLICATIONS, AND SIX BONDING FUNCTIONS . . . 122 6.1 PERMANENT BONDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 6.1.1 WOOD COMPOSITES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 6.1.1.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 6.1.1.2 WOOD STRUCTURE/SURFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 6.1.1.3 WOOD SOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 6.1.1.4 WOOD COMPOSITE MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 6.1.1.4.1 WOOD PANEL AND ENGINEERED LUMBER PRODUCTS . . . . 130 6.1.1.4.2 ADHESIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 PHENOLIC RESINS 131 * PANELS 131 * PLYWOOD 131 * RESINS, ADDITIVES, AND FORMULATIONS 133 * PRODUCTION OF PLYWOOD 134 * CO-REACTION OF PF WITH UF 136 * COLOR IMPROVEMENT 137 * ORIENTED STRAND BOARD (OSB)/WAFERBOARD 137 * CORE AND SURFACE RESINS 138 * RESIN DISTRIBUTION BY IMAGING 140 * MDI 141 * PARTICLEBOARD 141 * CLASSIFICATION OF PB 141 * EMISSION STUDIES 142 * MEDIUM DENSITY FIBERBOARD (MDF) 142 * HARDBOARD 142 6.1.1.4.3 ENGINEERED LUMBER PRODUCTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 LAMINATED VENEER LUMBER (LVL) 143 * PARALLEL STRAND LUMBER (PARALLAM) 143 * PARALLAM FEATURES 145 6.1.1.5 NEW PROCESS AND EQUIPMENT DEVELOPMENTS IN PANEL MANUFACTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 TABLE OF CONTENTS XI 6.1.1.5.1 STEAM INJECTION PRESSING (SIP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 6.1.1.5.2 WIDER PRESSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 6.1.1.5.3 INCREASED LENGTH * OSB FLAKES . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 6.1.1.5.4 UNIFORM MATS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 6.1.1.6 NATURAL RESINS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 6.1.1.6.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 6.1.1.6.2 LIGNIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 6.1.1.6.3 TANNIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 6.1.1.7 NON-WOOD MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 6.1.1.8 STRUCTURAL WOOD GLUING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 6.1.1.8.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 6.1.1.8.2 RESORCINOL ADHESIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 6.1.1.8.3 NEW AREAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 FRP GLULAM ADHESIVE 151 * COUPLING AGENT 152 6.1.1.9 SUMMARY/FUTURE DIRECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 6.1.2 INSULATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 6.1.2.1 INORGANIC FIBERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 6.1.2.1.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 6.1.2.1.2 TYPES OF INORGANIC FIBERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 6.1.2.1.3 RESINS FOR INORGANIC FIBERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 6.1.2.1.4 RESIN FORMULATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 6.1.2.2 PHENOLIC FOAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 6.1.2.2.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 6.1.2.2.2 RESINS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 6.1.2.2.3 CATALYSTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 6.1.2.2.4 BLOWING AGENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 6.1.2.2.5 SURFACTANTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 6.1.2.2.6 WETTING AGENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 6.1.2.2.7 FILLERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 6.1.2.2.8 FOAM STABILIZERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 6.1.2.2.9 FOAM APPLICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 THERMAL INSULATION 162 * LOW DENSITY FOAM ( 50 KG/M 3) 162 * CORROSION 163 * CLOSED CELL 163 * MEDIUM TO HIGH DENSITY FOAM 163 * FLORAL FOAM 163 * ORTHOPEDIC FOAM 164 * MINE/TUNNEL FOAM 164 * HYBRID PHENOLIC FOAMS 165 * POLYURETHANE 165 * UREA FORMALDEHYDE 165 * FURFURYL ALCOHOL 165 6.1.2.2.10 FOAMING EQUIPMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 BATCH 166 * CONTINUOUS 166 6.1.2.2.11 PROPERTIES OF VARIOUS PHENOLIC FOAM PRODUCTS . . . . 166 6.1.2.2.12 FOAM TESTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 FIRE CONDITIONS 166 * THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY 168 6.1.2.2.13 AEROGELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 6.1.2.2.14 SUMMARY/TRENDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 6.1.2.3 PHENOLIC RESIN-BONDED TEXTILE FELTS (DIN 61210) . . 170 6.1.2.3.1 INTRODUCTION (TEXTILE RECYCLING, RAW MATERIALS, APPLICATIONS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 6.1.2.3.2 DEFINITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 XII TABLE OF CONTENTS 6.1.2.3.3 COMPOSITION OF TEXTILE FELTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 6.1.2.3.4 TYPES OF RESINS FOR TEXTILE FELTS . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 6.1.2.3.5 MANUFACTURING PROCESSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 6.1.2.3.6 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 6.1.2.3.7 PROPERTY AND QUALITY TESTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 6.1.2.3.8 RECYCLING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 6.1.3 PHENOLIC MOLDING COMPOUNDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 6.1.3.1 INTRODUCTION: ECONOMIC ASPECTS . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 6.1.3.2 COMPOSITION OF PHENOLIC MOLDING COMPOUNDS (RESINS, FILLERS, AND REINFORCING AGENTS) . . . . . . . 188 6.1.3.3 PHENOLIC MOLDING COMPOUND STANDARDIZATION (CURRENT STATUS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 6.1.3.4 PRODUCTION OF MOLDING COMPOUNDS . . . . . . . . . . 197 6.1.3.5 PROCESSING OF MOLDING COMPOUNDS . . . . . . . . . . 199 6.1.3.6 TEST METHODS (APPLICATION OF ISO STANDARDS) . . . . 203 6.1.3.6.1 BULK DENSITY (ISO 60) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 6.1.3.6.2 PROCESS SHRINKAGE (ISO 2577) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 6.1.3.6.3 TENSILE STRENGTH (ISO 527) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 6.1.3.6.4 BENDING STRENGTH (ISO 178) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 6.1.3.6.5 CHARPY IMPACT RESISTANCE (ISO 179/1EU) AND CHARPY NOTCHED IMPACT STRENGTH (ISO 179/1EA) 206 6.1.3.6.6 HEAT DISTORTION TEMPERATURE (ISO 75) . . . . . . . . 206 6.1.3.6.7 MAXIMUM APPLICATION TEMPERATURE (IEC 60216, PART 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 6.1.3.6.8 FLAMMABILITY TEST (UL 94) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 6.1.3.6.9 BH INCANDESCENT ROD FLAMMABILITY METHOD (IEC 60707) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 6.1.3.6.10 WATER ABSORPTION (ISO 62) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 6.1.3.6.11 SPECIFIC SURFACE RESISTANCE (IEC 60093) . . . . . . . . 207 6.1.3.6.12 SPECIFIC VOLUME RESISTANCE (IEC 60093) . . . . . . . 208 6.1.3.6.13 DIELECTRIC LOSS FACTOR AND DIELECTRIC NUMBER (IEC 60250) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 6.1.3.6.14 DIELECTRIC STRENGTH (IEC 60243, PART 1) . . . . . . . . 208 6.1.3.6.15 TRACKING RESISTANCE (CTI AND PTI COMPARATIVE TRACKING INDEX, IEC 6011 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 6.1.3.7 FLOW BEHAVIOR OF PHENOLIC MOLDING COMPOUNDS . . . 209 6.1.3.8 APPLICATION OF PHENOLIC MOLDING COMPOUNDS . . . . 212 6.1.3.9 STANDARDIZED AND NON-STANDARDIZED MOLDING COMPOUNDS (AS EXAMPLES FOR APPLICATIONS) . . . . . 220 6.1.3.10 PROPERTIES OF PHENOLIC MOLDING COMPOUNDS COMPARED TO THOSE OF OTHER MATERIALS . . . . . . . . 224 6.1.3.11 PHENOLIC NOVOLAKS AND EPOXIDIZED PHENOLIC NOVOLAKS FOR PRODUCTION OF EPOXY MOLDING COMPOUNDS . . . . 230 6.1.4 IMPREGNATION OF PAPER AND FABRIC (OVERVIEW) . . . . 231 6.1.4.1 MOLDED LAMINATES (INTRODUCTION) . . . . . . . . . . . 232 6.1.4.2 MOLDED LAMINATES (SURVEY OF TECHNOLOGIES AND DIVERSIFICATION) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 TABLE OF CONTENTS XIII 6.1.4.3 ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS AND BACKGROUND (ELECTRICAL LAMINATES AND PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARDS) . . 237 6.1.4.4 STANDARDIZATION OF MOLDED LAMINATES . . . . . . . . 244 6.1.4.5 RAW MATERIALS AND IMPREGNATION . . . . . . . . . . . 248 6.1.4.6 FABRIC LAMINATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 6.1.4.7 APPLICATIONS OF PAPER- AND FABRIC-BASED LAMINATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 6.1.4.8 INDUSTRIAL FILTER INSERTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 6.1.4.9 MISCELLANEOUS IMPREGNATION APPLICATIONS . . . . . . 254 6.1.5 HIGH PERFORMANCE AND ADVANCED COMPOSITES . . . . 259 6.1.5.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 6.1.5.2 COMPOSITE MARKET SEGMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 6.1.5.3 FIBER REINFORCED PLASTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 6.1.5.4 PHENOLIC RESIN DEVELOPMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 6.1.5.5 FIBER DEVELOPMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 6.1.5.6 COMPOSITE FABRICATION PROCESSES . . . . . . . . . . . 264 6.1.5.6.1 IMPREGNATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 PREPREG 265 * CARGO LINER 266 * BALLISTICS 266 * CARBON-CARBON COMPOSITES 267 * HONEYCOMB CORE SANDWICH CONSTRUCTION 268 6.1.5.6.2 FILAMENT WINDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 6.1.5.6.3 PULTRUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 6.1.5.6.4 SHEET MOLDING COMPOUND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 6.1.5.6.5 RESIN TRANSFER MOLDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 6.1.5.6.6 HAND LAY UP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 6.1.5.7 SUMMARY/TRENDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 6.1.6 MISCELLANEOUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 6.1.6.1 CHEMICALLY RESISTANT PUTTIES AND CHEMICAL EQUIPMENT CONSTRUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 6.1.6.2 LAMPBASE CEMENTS (SOCKET PUTTIES) . . . . . . . . 285 6.1.6.3 VARIOUS APPLICATIONS (BRUSH CEMENTS, CASTING RESINS, AND CONCRETE FLOW PROMOTERS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 6.1.6.4 PHENOLIC RESIN FIBERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 6.2 TEMPORARY BONDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 6.2.1 FOUNDRY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 6.2.1.1 INTRODUCTION (ECONOMIC AND TECHNICAL SURVEY) . . . 292 6.2.1.2 HOT CURING PROCESSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 6.2.1.3 THE SHELL MOLDING PROCESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 6.2.1.3.1 SAND CONDITIONING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 HOT COATING 301 * WARM COATING 301 6.2.1.3.2 FABRICATION OF CORES AND SHELLS . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 6.2.1.4 THE HOT BOX PROCESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 6.2.1.5 THE WARM BOX PROCESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304 6.2.1.6 COLD CURING WITH DIRECT ADDITION OF A CURING AGENT (NO BAKE PROCESS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 6.2.1.6.1 ACID CURING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 6.2.1.6.2 NO BAKE CURING WITH ADDED ESTERS . . . . . . . . . . 307 6.2.1.6.3 NO BAKE PROCESS WITH ISOCYANATE CURING . . . . . . . 307 XIV TABLE OF CONTENTS 6.2.1.7 GAS CURING PROCESSES USING PHENOLIC RESIN BINDERS 308 6.2.1.7.1 THE POLYURETHANE COLD BOX PROCESS . . . . . . . . . . 309 6.2.1.7.2 THE METHYL FORMATE PROCESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 6.2.1.7.3 THE CO2-RESOLE PROCESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 6.2.1.7.4 THE ACETAL PROCESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 6.2.1.7.5 OTHER GASSING PROCESSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 6.2.1.8 GENERAL REMARKS ON CORE/MOLD FABRICATION PROCESSES USING PHENOLIC RESINS . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 6.2.2 ABRASIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 6.2.2.1 INTRODUCTION (GRINDING, ABRASIVES) . . . . . . . . . . 314 6.2.2.2 ECONOMICAL SIGNIFICANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 6.2.2.3 GRINDING WHEELS (CLASSIFICATION, DEFINITIONS) . . . . 317 6.2.2.4 GRINDING WHEEL DESIGN, BONDED ABRASIVES (COMPOSITION AND STRESSES) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 6.2.2.5 LIQUID AND POWDERED BINDERS (PHENOLIC RESINS) . . . 323 6.2.2.6 COLD PRESSED CUTTING AND ROUGHING WHEELS . . . . . 328 6.2.2.7 PRODUCTION AND USE OF GLASS FABRIC INSERTS . . . . . . 333 6.2.2.8 BINDERS FOR HIGH WET STRENGTH GRINDING WHEELS AND SEGMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336 6.2.2.9 HOT PRESSED, HIGHLY COMPACTED GRINDING WHEELS (HP WHEELS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337 6.2.2.10 DIAMOND WHEELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 6.2.2.11 PHENOLIC RESINS AS BINDERS FOR COATED ABRASIVES . . . 340 6.2.3 FRICTION LININGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353 6.2.3.1 INTRODUCTION (GENERAL INFORMATION) . . . . . . . . . . 353 6.2.3.2 DEMANDS ON FRICTION LININGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355 6.2.3.3 COMPOSITION OF FRICTION LININGS . . . . . . . . . . . . 358 6.2.3.4 PHENOLIC RESINS AND PROPERTIES OF FRICTION LININGS 361 6.2.3.5 MANUFACTURE OF FRICTION LININGS . . . . . . . . . . . . 365 6.2.3.5.1 PROCESS 1 (DRY MIXES FOR HOT PRESSING OR WARM SHAPING WITH SUBSEQUENT OVEN CURING) . . 365 6.2.3.5.2 PROCESS 2 (WET MIXES FOR THE CALENDER AND EXTRUSION PROCESSES) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366 6.2.3.5.3 PROCESS 3 (IMPREGNATION OF FIBER TEXTILES AND YARNS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367 6.2.4 AUXILIARIES FOR PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION (PROPPANT SANDS AND TENSIDES) . . . . . . . . . . . . 370 6.3 COMPLEMENTARY BONDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 6.3.1 PHENOLIC RESINS FOR COATINGS AND SURFACE PROTECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374 6.3.1.1 INTRODUCTION: HISTORY AND POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS . . . 374 6.3.1.2 PHENOLIC RESINS AS BINDERS IN COATINGS (TYPES OF RESINS AND MODIFICATIONS) . . . . . . . . . 375 6.3.1.3 PHENOLIC RESIN COATINGS COMPOSITION . . . . . . . . 377 6.3.1.4 PACKAGING COATINGS (PROTECTIVE INTERIOR COATINGS) . 377 6.3.1.5 ANTICORROSION PRIMERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380 6.3.1.6 ELECTRICALLY INSULATING COATINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 TABLE OF CONTENTS XV 6.3.1.7 MISCELLANEOUS COATINGS APPLICATIONS (PRINTING INKS, ALKYD COATINGS, PHOTOSENSITIVE COATINGS, POWDER COATINGS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384 6.3.1.8 PHOTORESIST/IMAGING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 6.3.1.8.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 6.3.1.8.2 PHOTORESIST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386 POSITIVE RESISTS 388 * NEGATIVE RESISTS 388 * CRESOL NOVOLAK MICROSTRUCTURE 389 * MOLECULAR WEIGHT AND MOLECULAR WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION 390 * CRESOL NOVOLAK PREPARATION 391 * CHEMICALLY AMPLIFIED RESISTS (CAR) 395 6.3.1.8.3 SUMMARY/TRENDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397 6.3.2 PHENOLIC RESINS AS ADDITIVES IN THE RUBBER INDUSTRY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398 6.3.2.1 VULCANIZATION RESINS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399 6.3.2.2 TACKIFYING RESINS: RESINS USED TO INCREASE THE TACK OF RUBBER MIXES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401 6.3.2.3 REINFORCING RESINS: PHENOLIC RESINS USED FOR REINFORCEMENT OF RUBBER MIXES . . . . . . . . . . 403 6.3.3 BINDERS FOR THE ADHESIVES INDUSTRY . . . . . . . . . . 405 6.3.3.1 POLYCHLOROPRENE-BASED ADHESIVES . . . . . . . . . . . 406 6.3.3.2 NITRILE RUBBER ADHESIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408 6.3.3.3 POLYURETHANE-BASED CONTACT ADHESIVES . . . . . . . . 409 6.3.3.4 RUBBER/METAL BONDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410 6.3.3.5 FRICTION LINING ADHESIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412 6.3.3.6 OTHER APPLICATIONS OF PHENOLIC RESINS IN ADHESIVES FORMULATIONS AND SEALANTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414 6.3.3.6.1 METAL BONDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414 6.3.3.6.2 CLADDING ADHESIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414 6.3.3.6.3 NATURAL RUBBER-BASED BONDING ADHESIVES . . . . . . 414 6.3.3.6.4 HOT MELTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415 6.3.3.6.5 GASKETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415 6.3.3.6.6 SEALANTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415 6.4 INTERMEDIATE AND CARBON-FORMING BONDING . . . . . 416 6.4.1 PYROLYSIS OF PHENOLICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417 6.4.2 PHENOLIC RESINS AS BINDERS FOR REFRACTORIES . . . . . . 425 6.4.2.1 DEFINITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425 6.4.2.2 ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND APPLICATIONS . . . . . . . 427 6.4.2.3 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT IN USE OF PHENOLIC RESINS . . 430 6.4.2.4 SHAPED PRODUCTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432 6.4.2.5 MANUFACTURE OF BRICKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434 6.4.2.6 ISOSTATICALLY PRESSED PRODUCTS FOR CONTINUOUS CASTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438 6.4.2.7 SLIDE GATES, GRAPHITE CRUCIBLES, INSULATING PLATES . . 441 6.4.2.8 UNSHAPED REFRACTORY MIXES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442 6.4.2.9 IMPREGNATION OF REFRACTORIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442 6.4.3 CARBON AND GRAPHITE MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . 444 6.4.3.1 INTRODUCTION (GENERAL INFORMATION) . . . . . . . . . . 444 XVI TABLE OF CONTENTS 6.4.3.2 PHENOLIC RESINS AS BINDERS FOR CARBON AND GRAPHITE ENGINEERING MATERIALS (INCLUDING CFC) . . . . . . . . 446 6.4.3.3 PHENOLIC RESINS AS IMPREGNATING AGENTS FOR POROUS CARBON OR GRAPHITE ARTICLES . . . . . . . . 450 6.4.3.4 ELECTRODE PRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450 6.4.4 GLASSY CARBON (POLYMERIC CARBON) . . . . . . . . . . 452 6.5 THE CHEMICALLY REACTIVE BONDING FUNCTION . . . . . 455 6.5.1 SUMMARY: EPOXIDATION, ALKOXYLATION, POLYURETHANE 455 6.5.2 ALKYLPHENOLIC RESINS AS DYE DEVELOPERS FOR CARBONLESS COPY PAPER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456 6.5.2.1 THERMOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459 6.5.3 ANTIOXIDANTS/STABILIZERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460 6.5.3.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460 6.5.3.2 TYPES OF ANTIOXIDANTS/STABILIZERS . . . . . . . . . . . 460 6.5.3.2.1 NATURAL ANTIOXIDANTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460 6.5.3.2.2 SYNTHETIC ANTIOXIDANTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460 6.5.3.3 CLASSIFICATION OF ANTIOXIDANTS/STABILIZERS . . . . . . . 461 6.5.3.3.1 PRIMARY ANTIOXIDANTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461 6.5.3.3.2 SECONDARY ANTIOXIDANTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461 6.5.3.4 MECHANISM OF OXIDATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461 6.5.3.5 EFFECT OF ANTIOXIDANTS/STABILIZERS . . . . . . . . . . . 462 6.5.3.5.1 HINDERED PHENOLS AND SECONDARY AROMATIC AMINES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462 6.5.3.5.2 TRIVALENT PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS . . . . . . . . . . 462 6.5.3.5.3 HINDERED AMINES (HALS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462 6.5.3.6 MARKET AREAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463 6.5.3.6.1 FOOD/BEVERAGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463 6.5.3.6.2 PETROLEUM PRODUCTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464 FUELS 464 * LUBRICATING OILS 464 6.5.3.6.3 RUBBER COMPOUNDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464 6.5.3.6.4 POLYMERIC MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464 6.5.3.7 NEW DEVELOPMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466 6.5.3.7.1 POLYMER BOUND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466 6.5.3.7.2 BENZOTRIAZOLE TYPES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466 6.5.3.7.3 TRIAZINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467 6.5.3.7.4 LACTONE/HYDROXYLAMINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467 6.5.3.8 SUMMARY/TRENDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468 CHAPTER 7 CHEMICAL, PHYSICAL AND APPLICATION TECHNOLOGY PARAMETERS OF PHENOLIC RESINS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488 7.1 INTRODUCTION (PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVE) . . . . . . . . 488 7.2 STANDARD CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL TESTS . . . . . . . . 490 7.3 DESCRIPTION OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL TEST METHODS (ISO 10082) AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE [1, 2] . . . . . . . 491 7.3.1 ISO 3146, MELTING RANGE, MELTING BEHAVIOR . . . . . . 492 TABLE OF CONTENTS XVII 7.3.2 ISO 8620, SCREEN ANALYSIS WITH THE AIR JET SCREEN AND PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS AS SPECIFIED BY ISO 13320 (LASER METHOD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492 7.3.3 ISO 60, BULK DENSITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494 7.3.4 ISO 2811 AND ISO 3675, DETERMINATION OF DENSITY . . 495 7.3.5 ISO 2555, ISO 3219, AND ISO 12058, DETERMINATION OF VISCOSITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495 7.3.6 ISO 8975, DETERMINATION OF PH . . . . . . . . . . . . 496 7.3.7 ISO 9944, DETERMINATION OF ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY . 497 7.3.8 ISO 8989, WATER MISCIBILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497 7.3.9 ISO 8819, DETERMINATION OF THE FLOW DISTANCE . . . . 497 7.3.10 ISO 8987, ISO 9396, AND ISO 11409, MEASUREMENT OF THE CURING CHARACTERISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498 7.3.11 ISO 9771, ACID REACTIVITY OF LIQUID PHENOLIC RESINS 500 7.3.12 ISO 8618, DETERMINATION OF NONVOLATILE COMPONENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500 7.3.13 ISO 8974, RESIDUAL PHENOL, GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC DETERMINATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501 7.3.13.1 DIN 16916-02-L 1 AND DIN 38409-16, CONVENTIONAL METHODS FOR DETERMINATION OF RESIDUAL PHENOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501 7.3.14 ISO 11402, DETERMINATION OF FREE FORMALDEHYDE IN PHENOLIC RESINS AND CO-CONDENSATES . . . . . . . 502 7.3.15 ISO 8988, HEXAMETHYLENE TETRAMINE (HMTA) CONTENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503 7.4 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICAL TEST METHODS USED FOR ANALYSIS OF PHENOLIC RESINS . . . . . . . . . . . . 504 7.4.1 ISO 11401, LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY FOR SEPARATION OF PHENOLIC RESINS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504 7.4.2 THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY (COMPANY-SPECIFIC METHOD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505 7.5 APPLICATION TECHNOLOGY TESTING . . . . . . . . . . . . 507 7.5.1 REFRACTORIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509 7.5.2 FOUNDRY BINDERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509 7.5.3 ABRASIVES (GRINDING WHEELS, ABRASIVE SHAPES, AND COATED ABRASIVES) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510 7.5.4 FRICTION LININGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510 7.5.5 IMPREGNATING RESINS FOR INDUSTRIAL AND PAPER BASE ELECTRICAL LAMINATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510 7.5.6 RESINS FOR THE COATINGS INDUSTRY . . . . . . . . . . . . 511 7.5.7 RESINS FOR THE ADHESIVES AREA . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512 7.5.8 RESINS FOR THE RUBBER INDUSTRY . . . . . . . . . . . . 512 7.5.9 RESINS FOR TEXTILE FELT PRODUCTION AND RELATED APPLICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512 7.5.10 PLYWOOD AND RESORCINOL RESIN ADHESIVES . . . . . . . 512 7.5.11 RESINS FOR FLORAL FOAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513 XVIII TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 8 INDUSTRIAL SAFETY AND ECOLOGICAL QUESTIONS (RAW MATERIALS, RECYCLING, ENVIRONMENT) . . . . . . . . 514 8.1 TOXICOLOGICAL PROPERTIES, HAZARDS LABELING [2*5] . . 515 8.2 WORKPLACE, EXHAUST AIR, LOW-MONOMER RESINS . . . . 516 8.3 FLUE GAS TREATMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520 8.4 ANALYTICAL DETERMINATIONS AT THE WORKPLACE AND IN FLUE GAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522 8.4.1 EXAMPLE OF A MEASUREMENT PROCEDURE . . . . . . . . 523 8.5 WASTE, RECYCLING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524 8.6 RENEWABLE RAW MATERIALS (FURFURYL ALCOHOL, LIGNIN, TANNIN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529 CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSION: GUIDELINES FOR FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS OF PHENOLIC RESINS AND RELATED TECHNOLOGIES . . . . . . 532 SUBJECT INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535 TABLE OF CONTENTS XIX
any_adam_object	1
author	Gardziella, Arno 1930- Pilato, Louis A. 1934- Knop, André 1941-
author_GND	(DE-588)121182444 (DE-588)121182452 (DE-588)121182460
author_facet	Gardziella, Arno 1930- Pilato, Louis A. 1934- Knop, André 1941-
author_role	aut aut aut
author_sort	Gardziella, Arno 1930-
author_variant	a g ag l a p la lap a k ak
building	Verbundindex
bvnumber	BV012745486
classification_rvk	UV 9100
ctrlnum	(OCoLC)845318203 (DE-599)BVBBV012745486
discipline	Physik
edition	2., completely rev. ed.
format	Book
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id	DE-604.BV012745486
illustrated	Illustrated
indexdate	2024-12-20T10:35:35Z
institution	BVB
isbn	3540655174
language	English
oai_aleph_id	oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-008667702
oclc_num	845318203
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owner	DE-703 DE-20 DE-1102
owner_facet	DE-703 DE-20 DE-1102
physical	XXIV, 560 S. Ill., graph. Darst.
publishDate	2000
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publisher	Springer
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spellingShingle	Gardziella, Arno 1930- Pilato, Louis A. 1934- Knop, André 1941- Phenolic resins chemistry, applications, standardization, safety and ecology ; with 166 tables Phenoplast (DE-588)4045723-0 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4045723-0
title	Phenolic resins chemistry, applications, standardization, safety and ecology ; with 166 tables
title_auth	Phenolic resins chemistry, applications, standardization, safety and ecology ; with 166 tables
title_exact_search	Phenolic resins chemistry, applications, standardization, safety and ecology ; with 166 tables
title_full	Phenolic resins chemistry, applications, standardization, safety and ecology ; with 166 tables A. Gardziella ; L. A. Pilato ; A. Knop
title_fullStr	Phenolic resins chemistry, applications, standardization, safety and ecology ; with 166 tables A. Gardziella ; L. A. Pilato ; A. Knop
title_full_unstemmed	Phenolic resins chemistry, applications, standardization, safety and ecology ; with 166 tables A. Gardziella ; L. A. Pilato ; A. Knop
title_short	Phenolic resins
title_sort	phenolic resins chemistry applications standardization safety and ecology with 166 tables
title_sub	chemistry, applications, standardization, safety and ecology ; with 166 tables
topic	Phenoplast (DE-588)4045723-0 gnd
topic_facet	Phenoplast
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008667702&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
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