Biology:
Gespeichert in:
| Beteiligte Personen: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Menlo Park, Calif. [u.a.]
Addison-Wesley
1999
|
| Ausgabe: | 5. ed. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Addison-Wesley world student series
|
| Schlagwörter: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008656363&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Beschreibung: | Erg. bildet: Taylor, Martha R.: Student study guide for biology |
| Umfang: | Getr. Zählung zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. 1 CD-ROM (12 cm) |
| ISBN: | 0201522624 0805365737 0805365664 0805330445 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 500 | |a Erg. bildet: Taylor, Martha R.: Student study guide for biology | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| DE-BY-TUM_call_number | 0230 C.2.660(5) |
|---|---|
| DE-BY-TUM_katkey | 1135462 |
| DE-BY-TUM_location | LSB |
| DE-BY-TUM_media_number | TEMP2874122 |
| _version_ | 1821931718500679680 |
| adam_text | fifth edition
Eldra Pearl Solomon Linda R Berg Diana W Martin
University of South Florida St Petersburg Junior College Rutgers University
SAUNDERS COLLEGE PUBLISHING
HARCOURT BRACE COLLEGE PUBLISHERS
Fort Worth Philadelphia San Diego New York Orlando Austin San Antonio Toronto Montreal London Sydney Tokyo
Contents Overview
PART1
The Organization of Life 1
1 A View of Life 2
2 Atoms and Molecules: The Chemical Basis of Life 24
3 The Chemistry of Life: Organic Compounds 44
4 Organization of the Cell 73
5 Biological Membranes 105
CAREER VISIONS Pharmacist 132
PART2
Energy Transfer Through Living
Systems 133
6 Energy and Metabolism 134 ~~
7 How Cells Make ATP: Energy-Releasing
Pathways 154
8 Photosynthesis: Capturing Energy 174
CAREER VISIONS Renal Dietitian 196
I
PART3
The Continuity of Life: Genetics 197
I
9 Chromosomes, Mitosis, and Meiosis 198
10 The Basic Principles of Heredity 218
11 DNA: The Carrier of Genetic Information 245
12 RNA and Protein Synthesis: The Expression of
Genetic Information 266
13 Gene Regulation: The Control of Gene Expression 287
14 Genetic Engineering 304
15 Human Genetics 321
16 Genes and Development 343
CAREER VISIONS Biotechnology Patent Lawyer 368
PART4
The Continuity of Life: Evolution 369
17 Introduction to Darwinian Evolution 370
18 Evolutionary Change in Populations 389
19 Speciation and Macroevolution 404
20 The Origin and Evolutionary History of Life 425
21 The Evolution of Primates 447
CAREER VISIONS Middle School Science Teacher 462
PART5
The Diversity of Life 465 «/
22 Understanding Diversity: Systematics 466
23 Viruses and Bacteria 481
24 The Protist Kingdom 504
25 Kingdom Fungi 528
xii Contents Overview
26 The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants 548
27 The Plant Kingdom: Seed Plants 569
28 The Animal Kingdom: Animals without
a Coelom 586
29 The Animal Kingdom: The Coelomate
Protostomes 611
30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes 636
CAREER VISIONS Aquarist/Nature Photographer 668
PART6
Structure and Life Processes in Plants 669
31 Plant Structure, Growth, and Differentiation 670
32 Leaf Structure and Function 686
33 Stems and Plant Transport 703
34 Roots and Mineral Nutrition 720
i
35 Reproduction in Flowering Plants 740
36 Growth Responses and Regulation of Growth 761
CAREER VISIONS Agricultural Director 784
9
PART7
Structure and Life Processes in Animals 785
37 The Animal Body: Introduction to Structure
and Function 786
38 Protection, Support, and Movement:
Skin, Skeleton, and Muscle 807
39 Neural Control: Neurons 827
40 Neural Regulation: Nervous Systems 846
41 Sensory Reception 877
42 Internal Transport 903
43 Internal Defense 929
44 Gas Exchange 957
45 Processing Food and Nutrition 975
46 Osmoregulation and Disposal of Metabolic
Wastes 1000
47 Endocrine Regulation 1018
48 Animal Reproduction 1045
49 Animal Development 1073
50 Animal Behavior 1094
CAREER VISIONS General Surgeon 1118
PART8
The Interactions of Life: Ecology 1121
51 Introduction to Ecology: Population Ecology 1122
52 Community Ecology 1141
53 Ecosystems and the Biosphere 1163
54 Ecology and the Geography of Life 1186
55 Humans in the Environment 1210
CAREER VISIONS Bioremediation Specialist 1230
Contents Overview xiii
Contents
PART 1
The Organization
of Life i
1 A View of Life 2
What Is Biology? 3
Life Can Be Defined in Terms of the Characteristics
of Organisms 3
Organisms Are Composed of Cells 4
Organisms Grow and Develop 4
Organisms Regulate Their Metabolic Processes 5
Movement Is a Basic Property of Cells 5
Organisms Respond to Stimuli 5
Organisms Reproduce 6
Populations Evolve and Become Adapted to the
Environment 7
Information Must Be Transmitted Within and Between
Individuals 7
DNA Transmits Information from One Generation to the
Next 7
Information Is Transmitted by Chemical and Electrical
Signals 8
Evolution Is the Primary Unifying Concept of Biology 8
Species Adapt in Response to Changes in Their Environment 8
Natural Selection Is an Important Mechanism by Whiph Evolution
Proceeds 8
Populations Evolve as a Result of Selective Pressures from Changes
in the Environment 9
Biological Organization Is Hierarchical 10
Organisms Have Several Levels of Organization 10
Several Levels of Ecological Organization Can Be
Identified 10
Millions of Species Have Evolved 12
Biologists Use a Binomial System for Naming Organisms 12
Taxonomic Classification Is Hierarchical 12
Organisms Can Be Assigned to Six Kingdoms 12
Life Depends on Continuous Input of Energy 14
Energy Flows Through Cells and Organisms 14
Energy Flows Through Ecosystems 14
Biology Is Studied Using the Scientific Method 15
Science Requires Systematic Thought Processes 16
Scientists Make Careful Observations and Ask Critical Questions 18
A Hypothesis Is a Testable Statement 18
A Prediction Is a Logical Consequence of a Hypothesis 19
Predictions Can Be Tested by Experiment 19
Scientists Interpret the Results of Experiments and Make
Conclusions 20
A Well-Supported Hypothesis May Lead to a Theory 20
Science Has Ethical Dimensions 21
2 Atoms and Molecules: The Chemical Basis
of Life 24
Elements Are Not Changed in Normal Chemical Reactions 25
Atoms Are the Fundamental Particles of Elements 25
An Atom Is Uniquely Identified by Its Number of Protons 25
Protons Plus Neutrons Determine Atomic Mass 25
Isotopes Differ in Number of Neutrons 27
Electrons Occupy Orbitals Corresponding to Energy Levels 28
Atoms Undergo Chemical Reactions 29
Atoms Form Molecules and Compounds 29
A Substance Can Be Described by a Chemical Formula 29
One Mole of Any Substance Contains the Same Number
of Units 30
Chemical Equations Describe Chemical Reactions 30
Atoms Are Joined by Chemical Bonds 30
In Covalent Bonds Electrons Are Shared 30
Ionic Bonds Form Between Cations and Anions 32
Hydrogen Bonds Are Weak Attractions 34
Electrons and their Energy Are Transferred in Redox
Reactions 35
Water Is Essential to Life 35
Water Molecules Are Polar 35
Water Is the Principal Solvent in Organisms 36
Hydrogen Bonding Makes Water Cohesive and Adhesive 36
Water Helps Maintain a Stable Temperature 36
Acids Are Proton Donors; Bases Are Proton Acceptors 38
pH Is a Convenient Measure of Acidity 39
Buffers Minimize pH Change 39
An Acid and a Base React to Form a Salt 41
MAKING THE CONNECTION HYDROGEN BONDING AND THE
ENVIRONMENT 37
xiv Table of Contents
3 The Chemistry of Life: Organic Compounds 44
Carbon Atoms Form an Enormous Variety of Structures 45
Isomers Have the Same Molecular Formula, but Different
Structures 45
Functional Groups Change the Properties of Organic
Molecules 47
Many Biological Molecules Are Polymers 50
Carbohydrates Include Sugars, Starches, and Cellulose 50
Monosaccharides Are Simple Sugars 50
Disaccharides Consist of Two Monosaccharide Units 52
Polysaccharides Can Store Energy or Provide Structure 53
Some Modified and Complex Carbohydrates Have Special Roles 55
Lipids Are Fats or Fatlike Substances 55
Neutral Fats Contain Glycerol and Fatty Acids 56
Phospholipids Are Components of Cellular Membranes 57
Carotenoid Plant Pigments Are Derived from Isoprene Units 58
Steroids Contain Four Rings of Carbon Atoms 58
Some Chemical Mediators Are Derived from Fatty Acids 60
Proteins Are Macromolecules Formed from Amino Acids 60
Amino Acids Are the Subunits of Proteins 60
Peptide Bonds Join Amino Acids 62
Proteins Have Four Levels of Organization 62
The Amino Acid Sequence of a Protein Determines Its
Conformation 66
Protein Conformation Is Studied Through a Variety of Methods 66
Protein Confirmation Determines Function 66
DNA and RNA Are Nucleic Acids 67
Nucleic Acids Consist of Nucleotide Subunits 67
Some Nucleotides Are Important in Energy Transfers and Other
Cellular Functions 67-—
Biological Molecules Can Be Recognized by Their Key
Features 69
MAKING THE CONNECTION MOLECULES THAT ABSORB LIGHT 59
4 Organization of the Cell 73
The Cell Is the Basic Unit of Life 74
Cell Organization and Size Permit Homeostasis 74
Organization Is Basically Similar In all Cells 74
Cell Size Is Limited 74
Cell Size and Shape Are Related to Function 76
Cells Are Studied by a Combination of Methods 76
Light Microscopes Are Used to Study Stained or Living Cells 76
Electron Microscopes Provide a High Resolution Image That Can
Be Greatly Magnified 78
Cell Fractionation Procedures Permit Study of Cell Components 78
Prokaryotic Cells Are Structurally Simpler Than
Eukaryotic Cells 80
Eukaryotic Cells Are Characterized by Membrane-Bounded
Organelles 81
Membranes Divide the Cell into Compartments 82
The Cell Nucleus Contains DNA 86
Ribosomes Manufacture Proteins 86
The Endoplasmic Reticulum Is a Major Manufacturing Center 86
The Golgi Complex Processes and Packages Proteins 90
Lysosomes Are Compartments for Digestion 92
Peroxisomes Metabolize Small Organic Compounds 93
Vacuoles Are Large, Fluid-Filled Sacs with a Variety
of Functions 93
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Are Energy-Converting
Organelles 93
Eukaryotic Cells Contain a Cytoskeleton 97
Microtubules Are Hollow Cylinders 97
Cilia and Flagella Are Composed of Microtubules 99
Microfilaments Consist of Intertwined Strings ofActin 100
Intermediate Filaments Help Stabilize Cell Shape 100
An Extracellular Matrix Surrounds Most Cells 100
FOCUS ON ACETABULUM: THE MERMAID S WINEGLASS AND THE
CONTROL OF CELL ACTIVITIES 88
MAKING THE CONNECTION BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES AND CELL
CONTROL 91
MAKING THE CONNECTION MITOCHONDRIA, CHLOROPLASTS,
AND CELL EVOLUTION 96
Biological Membranes 105
Biological Membranes Are Lipid Bilayers with Associated
Proteins 106
Phospholipids Form Bilayers in Water 106
Current Data Support a Fluid Mosaic Model of Membrane
Structure 106
Biological Membranes are Two-Dimensional Fluids 108
Biological Membranes Fuse and Form Closed Vesicles 110
Membrane Proteins Include Integral and Peripheral Proteins 110
Table of Concents xv
Proteins Are Oriented Asymmetrically Across the Bilayer 110
Membrane Proteins Function in Transport, Information Transfer,
and as Enzymes 112
Cell Membranes Are Selectively Permeable 113
Random Motion of Particles Leads to Diffusion 113
Dialysis Is the Diffusion of a Solute Across a Selectively Permeable
Membrane 114
Osmosis Is the Diffusion of Water (Solvent) Across a Selectively
Permeable Membrane 116
Carrier-Mediated Transport of Solutes Requires Special Integral
Membrane Proteins 118
Facilitated Diffusion Occurs Down a Concentration Gradient 120
Some Carrier-Mediated Active Transport Systems Pump
Substances Against Their Concentration Gradients 120
Linked Cotransport Systems Indirectly Provide Energy for Active
Transport 122
Facilitated Diffusion is Powered by a Concentration Gradient;
Active Transport Requires Another Energy Source 122
In Exocytosis and Endocytosis Large Particles Are Transported by
Vesicles or Vacuoles 122
Junctions Are Specialized Contacts Between Cells 126
Desmosomes Are Points of Attachment Between Some
Animal Cells 126
Tight Junctions Seal Off Intercellular Spaces Between Some
Animal Cells 126
Gap Junctions Permit Transfer of Small Molecules and Ions 127
Plasmodesmata Allow Movement of Certain Molecules and Ions
Between Plant Cells 128
MAKING THE CONNECTION INFORMATION TRANSFER ACROSS
THE PLASMA MEMBRANE 114
FOCUS ON HOW THE PATCH CLAMP TECHNIQUE HAS
REVOLUTIONIZED THE STUDY OF ION CHANNELS 119
CAREER VISIONS Pharmacist 132
PART 2
Energy Transfer
Through Living
Systems 133
6 Energy and Metabolism 134
Biological Work Requires Energy 135
Organisms Carry Out Conversions Between Potential Energy and
Kinetic Energy 136
Two Laws of Thermodynamics Govern Energy
Transformations 136
iThe Total Energy in the Universe Does Not Change 136
The Entropy of the Universe Is Increasing 136
Metabolic Reactions Involve Energy Transformations 138
Enthalpy Is the Total Potential Energy of a System 138
Free Energy Is Energy That Is Available to Do Cellular Work
Chemical Reactions Involve Changes in Free Energy 138
Free Energy Decreases During an Exergonic Reaction 139
Free Energy Increases During an Endergonic Reaction 139
Free Energy Changes Depend on the Concentrations of Reactants
and Products 140
Cells Drive Endergonic Reactions by Coupling Them to Exergonic
Reactions 140
ATP Is the Energy Currency of the Cell 141
ATP Donates Energy Through the Transfer of a Phosphate
Group 141
ATP Links Exergonic and Endergonic Reactions 142
The Cell Maintains a Very High Ratio of ATP to ADP 142
Cells Transfer Energy by Redox Reactions 143
Most Electron Carriers Carry Hydrogen Atoms 143
Enzymes Are Chemical Regulators 144
All Reactions Have a Required Energy of Activation 144
An Enzyme Lowers a Reaction s Activation Energy 145
An Enzyme Works by Forming an Enzyme—Substrate Complex 146
Most Enzyme Names End in -ase 146
Enzymes Are Specific 146
Many Enzymes Require Cofactors 147
Enzymes Are Most Effective at Optimal Conditions 147
Enzymes Are Organized into Teams in Metabolic Pathways 148
The Cell Regulates Enzymatic Activity 148
Enzymes Can Be Inhibited by Certain Chemical Agents 149
MAKING THE CONNECTION ENERGY, WORK, AND HEAT 135
MAKING THE CONNECTION ENERGY AND DIFFUSION 139
J How Cells Make ATP: Energy-Releasing
Pathways 154
Aerobic Respiration Is a Redox Process 155
Aerobic Respiration Has Four Stages 155
In Glycolysis, Glucose Yields Two Pyruvates 156
Pyruvate Is Converted to Acetyl CoA 160
The Citric Acid Cycle Oxidizes Acetyl CoA 161
The Electron Transport Chain Is Coupled to ATP Synthesis 163
Aerobic Respiration of One Glucose Yields a Maximum of 36
to 38 ATPs 165
Nutrients Other Than Glucose Also Provide Energy 167
Cells Regulate Aerobic Respiration 168
Anaerobic Respiration and Fermentation Do Not Require
Oxygen 169
Alcohol Fermentation and Lactate Fermentation Are Inefficient 170
MAKING THE CONNECTION ELECTRON TRANSPORT
AND HEAT 164
FOCUS ON SHUTTLES ACROSS THE MITOCHONDRIAL
MEMBRANE 167
8 Photosynthesis: Capturing Energy 174
Light Is Composed of Particles That Travel as Waves 175
Photosynthesis in Eukaryotes Takes Place in Chloroplasts 176
Chlorophyll Is Found in the Thylakoid Membrane 177
xvi Table of Contents
Chlorophyll Is the Main Photosynthetic Pigment 178
Photosynthesis Is the Conversion of Light Energy to Chemical
Bond Energy 180
ATP and NADPH Are the Products of the Light-Dependent
Reactions 181
Carbohydrates Are Produced During the Carbon Fixation Reactions
The Light-Dependent Reactions Convert Light Energy to
Chemical Energy 182
Photosystems I and II Include Antenna Complexes that Trap
Light 182
Noncyclic Photophosphorylation Produces ATP and NADPH 183
Cyclic Photophosphorylation Produces ATP but No NADPH 184
ATP Synthesis Occurs by Chemiosmosis 185
The Carbon Fixation Reactions Require ATP and NADPH 187
Most Plants Use the Calvin (C )^ Cycle to Fix Carbon 187
The Initial Carbon Fixation Step Differs in C4 Plants and in
CAM Plants 190
Photorespiration Reduces Photosynthetic Efficiency 192
MAKING THE CONNECTION PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND AEROBIC
RESPIRATION 180
FOCUS ON THE EVOLUTION OF PHOTOSYSTEMS I AND II 185
MAKING THE CONNECTION NUTRITION AND METABOLIC
DIVERSITY 189
CAREER VISIONS Renal Dietitian 196
PART3
The Continuity of
Life: Genetics 197
9 Chromosomes, Mitosis, and Meiosis 198
Eukaryotic Chromosomes Contain DNA and Protein 199
DNA Is Organized into Informational Units Called Genes 199
Chromosomes of Different Species Differ in Number and
Informational Content 199
The Cell Cycle Is a Sequence of Cell Growth and Division 200
Chromosomes Become Duplicated during Interphase 200
Mitosis Ensures Orderly Distribution of Chromosomes 201
Cytokinesis is the Formation of Two Separate Daughter Cells 205
Mitosis Typically Produces Two Cells Genetically Identical to the
Parent Cell 205
Most Cytoplasmic Organelles Are Distributed Randomly to the
Daughter Cells 205
The Cell Cycle is Controlled by an Internal Genetic Program
Interacting with External Signals 205
Sexual Life Cycles Require a Mechanism to Reduce the
Chromosome Number 207
Diploid Cells Undergo Meiosis to Form Haploid Cells 209
The Position of Meiosis in the Life Cycle Varies Among Groups 209
Meiosis Produces Haploid Cells with Unique Gene
Combinations 211
In Meiosis Homologous Chromosomes Become Distributed into
Different Daughter Cells 211
The Events of Mitosis and Meiosis Lead to Contrasting
Outcomes 215
10 The Basic Principles of Heredity 218
Mendel First Demonstrated the Principles of Inheritance 219
The Principle of Segregation States that Alleles Separate Before
Gametes Are Formed 220
Alleles Occupy Corresponding Loci on Homologous
Chromosomes 221
A Monohybrid Cross Involves Individuals with Different Alleles
of a Given Locus 223
Heterozygotes Carry Two Different Alleles of a Locus; Homozygotes
Carry Identical Alleles 223
A Punnett Square Predicts the Ratios of Genotypes and Phenotypes
of the Offspring of a Cross 223
The Phenotype of an Individual Does Not Always Reveal Its
Genotype 224
A Test Cross Can Detect Heterozygosity 225
The Rules of Probability Predict the Likelihood of Genetic
Events 225
The Product Rule Predicts the Combined Probabilities of
Independent Events 225
The Sum Rule Predicts the Combined Probabilities of Mutually
Exclusive Events 226
The Rules of Probability Can Be Applied to a Variety of
Calculations 226
A Dihybrid Cross Involves Individuals That Have Different
Alleles of Two Loci 226
The Principle of Independent Assortment States that the Alleles of
Different Loci on Nonhomologous Chromosomes Are Randomly
Distributed into Gametes 227
The Mechanics of Meiosis Are the Basis for Independent
Assortment 228
Linked Genes Do Not Assort Independently 228
The Linear Order of Linked Genes on a Chromosome Is
Determined by Calculating the Frequency of Crossing
Over 230
Sex Is Commonly Determined by Special Sex Chromosomes 231
The Y Chromosome Determines Male Sex in Most Species of
Mammals 231
X-Linked Genes Have Unusual Inheritance Patterns 232
Dosage Compensation Equalizes the Expression of X-Linked Genes
in Males and Females 233
Sex-Influenced Genes are Autosomal, but Their Expression is
Affected by the Individual s Sex 234
The Relationship Between Genotype and Phenotype Is Often
Complex 234
Dominance Is Not Always Complete 235
Multiple Alleles for a Locus May Exist in a Population 236
A Single Gene May Affect Multiple Aspects of the
Phenotype 236
Alleles of Different Loci May Interact to Produce a
Phenotype 236
Polygenes Act Additively to Produce a Phenotype 237
Table of Contents xvii
Selection, Inbreeding, and Outbreeding Are Used to Develop
Improved Strains 239
MAKING THE CONNECTION MECHANISMS OF SEX
DETERMINATION 232
FOCUS ON SOLVING GENETICS PROBLEMS 240
FOCUS ON DEDUCING GENOTYPES 241
11 DNA: The Carrier of Genetic Information 245
Most Genes Carry Information for Making Proteins 246
Evidence that DNA Is the Hereditary Material Was First Found
in Microorganisms 247
The Structure of DNA Allows It to Carry Information and to
be Faithfully Duplicated 250
Nucleotides Can Be CovaUntly Linked in Any Order to Form Long
Polymers 250
DNA Is Made of Two Polynucleotide Chains Intertwined to Form
a Double Helix 251
In Double-Stranded DNA, Hydrogen Bonds Form Between
Adenine and Thymine and Between Guanine and Cytosine 253
DNA Replication Is Semiconservative 255
DNA Replication Is Complex and Has a Number of Unique
Features 256
DNA in Chromosomes Is Packaged in a Highly Organized
Way 259
MAKING THE CONNECTION MUTATIONS AND THE STRUCTURE
OF DNA 255
ON THE CUTTING EDGE TELOMERASE, CELLULAR AGING, AND
CANCER 263
12 RNA and Protein Synthesis: The Expression of
Genetic Information 266
DNA Is Transcribed to Form RNA; RNA fs Translated to Form
Protein 267
Transcription Is the Synthesis of RNA from a DNA
Template 269
Messenger RNA Contains Base Sequences Th at Code for
Protein 269
Messenger RNA Contains Additional Base Sequences That Do Not
Directly Code for Protein 271
During Translation, the Nucleic Acid Message Is
Decoded 271
An Amino Acid Must Be Attached to Its Specific Transfer RNA
before Becoming Incorporated into a Polypeptide 272
Transfer RNA Molecules Have Specialized Regions with Specific
Functions 272
The Components of the Translational Machinery Come Together at
the Ribosomes 272
Translation Includes Initiation, Elongation, and
Termination 274
A Polyribosome Is a Complex of One mRNA and Many
Ribosomes 277
Transcription and Translation Are More Complex in Eukaryotes
Than in Prokaryotes 277
Both Noncoding and Coding Sequences Are Transcribed from
Eukaryotic Genes 278
The Genetic Code Is Read as a Series of Codons 280
The Genetic Code Is Redundant 280
A Gene Is Defined as a Functional Unit 281
Mutations Are Changes in DNA 281
MAKING THE CONNECTION SPLIT GENES AND
EVOLUTION 278
MAKING THE CONNECTION THE GENETIC CODE AND
EVOLUTION 280
FOCUS ON REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION, JUMPING GENES, AND
PSEUDOGENES 282
13 Gene Regulation: The Control of Gene
Expression 287
Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes Is Economical 288
Operoru in Prokaryotes Permit Coordinated Control of
Functionally Related Genes 288
Some Posttranscriptional Regulation Occurs in Prokaryotes 294
Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes Is Multifaceted 295
Eukaryotic Transcription Is Controlled at Many Sites and by Many
Different Regulatory Molecules 295
The Long-Lived, Highly Processed mRNAs of Eukaryotes Provide
Many Opportunities for Posttranscriptional Control 301
The Activity of Eukaryotic Proteins May Be Altered by
Posttranslational Chemical Modifications 301
MAKING THE CONNECTION REGULATION IN PROKARYOTES AND
EUKARYOTES 295
14 Genetic Engineering 304
Recombinant DNA Methods Grew Out of Research in
Microbial Genetics 305
Restriction Enzymes Are Molecular Scissors 305
Recombinant DNA Is Formed When DNA Is Spliced into a
Vector 306
DNA Can Be Cloned Inside Cells 306
The Polymerase Chain Reaction Is a Technique for Amplifying
DNA in Vitro 310
Gel Electrophoresis Is the Most Widely Used Technique to Separate
Macromolecules 311
A Great Deal of Information Can Be Inferred from a DNA
Nucleotide Sequence 312
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs) Are a
Measure of Genetic Relationships 314
Genetic Engineering Has Many Applications 315
Additional Engineering Is Required for a Recombinant Eukaryotic
Gene to Be Expressed in Bacteria 315
Transgenic Organisms Have Incorporated Foreign DNA into Their
Cells 316
xviii Table of Contents
Safety Guidelines Have Been Developed for Recombinant
DNA Technology 318
MAKING THE CONNECTION THE GENETICS OF MICE AND
HUMANS 317
lD Human Genetics 321
The Study of Human Genetics Requires Alternative
Methods 322
Karyotyping Is the Analysis of Chromosomes 323
Abnormalities in Chromosome Number Cause Certain Human
Disorders 324
Persons with Down Syndrome Are Usually Trisomic for
Chromosome 21 324
Most Sex Chromosome Aneuploidies Are Less Severe than Autosome
Aneupbidies 326
Aneuploidies Usually-Result in Prenatal Death 327
Abnormalities in Chromosome Structure Cause Certain
Disorders 327
Translocation Is Attachment of Part of a Chromosome to a
Nonhomologous Chromosome 327
A Deletion Is Loss of Part of a Chromosome 327
Fragile Sites Are Weak Points at Specific Sites in Chromatids 327
Most Genetic Diseases Are Inherited as Autosomal Recessive
Traits 328
Phenylketonuria (PKU) Results from an Enzyme Deficiency 328
Sickle Cell Anemia Results from a Hemoglobin Defect 328
Cystic Fibrosis Results from Defective Ion Transport 329
Tay-Sachs Disease Results from Abnormal Lipid Metabolism in
the Brain 331
A Few Genetic Diseases Are Inherited as Autosomal Dominant
Traits 331
Some Genetic Diseases Are Inherited as X-Linked Recessive
Traits 332
Both Genetic and Environmental Factors Cause Birth
Defects 332
Some Birth Defects Can Be Detected Before Birth 332
Genetic Counselors Educate People Aljout Genetic
Diseases 334
Gene Replacement Therapy Is Being Used for Several Genetic
Diseases 335
Much Natural Variation Exists in the Human Population 336
Humans Have Several Genetically Determined Blood Groups 336
Quantitative Traits Are Controlled by Polygenes 338
Many Common Physical Traits Are Inherited 338
The Human Genome Project Is Studying All Human
Genes 338
Both iHuman Genetics and Beliefs about Genetics Affect
Society 339
Genetic Discrimination Has Provoked Heated Debate 339
ON THE CUTTING EDGE USING A MOUSE MODEL TO STUDY A
HUMAN GENETIC DISEASE 330
16 Genes and Development 343
Cellular Differentiation Usually Does Not Involve Changes
in DNA 344
A Totipotent Nucleus Contains All the Information Required To
Direct Normal Development 344
Most Differences Among Cells Are Due to Differential Gene
Expression 347
Molecular Genetics Is Revolutionizing the Study of
Development 349
Certain Organisms Are Well Suited for Studies on the Genetic
Control of Development 349
Drosophila melanogaster Provides Researchers with a Wealth of
Developmental Mutants 349
The Drosophila Life Cycle Includes Egg, Larval, Pupal, and Adidt
Stages 350
Many Drosophila Developmental Mutants Affect the Body
Plan 351
Caenorhabditis elegans Has a Very Rigid Early Developmental
Pattern 355
The Mouse Is a Model for Mammalian Development 358
Cells of Very Early Mouse Embryos Are Totipotent 358
Transgenic Mice Are Used in Studies on Developmental
Regulation 362
Homeotic-Like Mutations Occur in Plants 363
Some Exceptions to the Principle of Nuclear Equivalence Have
Been Found 364
Genomic Rearrangements Involve Structural Changes
in DNA 364
Gene Amplification Increases the Number of Copies of Specific
Genes 364
The Study of Developmental Biology Presents Many Future
Challenges 366
FOCUS ON MAMMALIAN CLONING 348
ON THE CUTTING EDGE IS THERE A MASTER CONTROL GENE
FOR ERE DEVELOPMENT 352
FOCUS ON ONCOGENES AND CANCER 356
MAKING THE CONNECTION EVOLUTION OF GENE COMPLEXES
THAT CONTROL THE BODY PLAN 361
CAREER VISIONS Biotechnology Patent Lawyer 368
PART 4
The Continuity of «/ Life: Evolution 369
1 J Introduction to Darwinian Evolution 370
Ideas about Evolution Originated Before Darwin 371
Darwin s Voyage Was the Basis for His Theory of
Evolution 371
Table of Contents xix
Darwin Proposed that Evolution Occurs by Natural
Selection 374
The Synthetic Theory of Evolution Combines Darwin s Theory
with Genetics 375
Many Types of Scientific Evidence Support Evolution 375
The Fossil Record Provides Strong Evidence for Evolution 375
Comparative Anatomy of Related Species Demonstrates Similarities
in Their Structures 380
Vertebrates Have Retained Some Developmental Features of Their
Ancestors 382
The Distribution of Plants and Animals Supports Evolution 382
Molecular Comparisons Among Organisms Provide Evidence for
Evolution 383
Evolutionary Hypotheses Can Be Tested Experimentally 385
MAKING THE CONNECTION TUBERCULOSIS, BACTERIAL
RESISTANCE TO ANTIBIOTICS, AND EVOLUTION 377
MAKING THE CONNECTION MOLECULAR CLOCKS, EVOLUTION,
AND GENETICS 385
18 Evolutionary Change in Populations 389
The Hardy-Weinberg Principle Describes Genetic
Equilibrium 390
Microevolution Occurs When a Population s Allele or Genotype
Frequencies Change 391
Nonrandom Mating Changes Genotype Frequencies 391
Mutation Increases Variation Within a Population 392
In Genetic Drift Random Events Change Allele
Frequencies 393
When Genetic Bottlenecks Occur, Genetic Drift Becomes a Major
Evolutionary Force 393
The Founder Effect Occurs When a Few Founders Establish a
New Colony 393
Gene Flow Generally Increases Variation in the Population 395
Natural Selection Changes Allele Frequenciei in a Way That
Increases Adaptation 395
Natural Selection Operates on an Organism s Phenotype 395
Genetic Variation Is Necessary for Natural Selection 398
Genetic Polymorphism Exists in Genes and the Proteins for Which
They Code 398
Balanced Polymorphism Can Exist for Long Periods of Time 398
Neutral Variation May Give No Selective Advantage or
Disadvantage 400
Populations in Different Geographical Areas Often Exhibit Genetic
Variation 400
MAKING THE CONNECTION CHEETAHS, GENETICS, AND
ECOLOGY 394
19 Speciation and Macroevolution 404
Species Are Reproductively Isolated in Various Ways 405
Prezygotic Barriers Interfere with Fertilization 405
Postzygotic Barriers Prevent Gene Flow When Fertilization
Occurs 406
Reproductive Isolation Is the Key to Speciation 408
Long Physical Isolation and Different Selective Pressures Result in
Allopatric Speciation 409
Two Populations Diverge in the Same Physical Location by
Sympatric Speciation 410
Reproductive Isolation Breaks Down in Hybrid Zones 413
Evolutionary Change Can Occur Rapidly or Gradually 414
Macroevolution Involves Major Evolutionary Events 415
Evolutionary Novelties Originate Through Modifications of
Preexisting Structures 415
Adaptive Radiation Is the Diversification of an Ancestral Species
into Many Species 417
Extinction Is an Important Aspect of Evolution 419
Earth s Geological History Is Related to Macroevolution and
Biogeography 421
Is Microevolution Related to Speciation and
Macroevolution? 421
ON THE CUTTING EDGE EXPLAINING THE RAPID LOSS OF
CICHLID DIVERSITY IN LAKE VICTORIA 413
20 The Origin and Evolutionary History of Life 425
Early Earth Provided the Conditions for Chemical
Evolution 426
Organic Molecules Formed on Primitive Earth 427
The First Cells Probably Assembled from Organic
Molecules 428
A Crucial Step in the Origin of Cells Was Molecular
Reproduction 429
The First Cells Were Probably Heterotrophs, Not Autotrophs 430
Aerobes Appeared After Oxygen Increased in the Atmosphere 430
Eukaryotic Cells Descended from Prokaryotic Cells 431
The Fossil Record Provides Us with Clues to the History
of Life 432
Evidence of Living Cells Is Found in Precambrian Deposits 433
A Considerable Diversity of Organisms Evolved During the
Paleozoic Era 433
Dinosaurs and Other Reptiles Dominated the Mesozoic Era 438
The Cenozoic Era Is Known as the Age of Mammals 441
MAKING THE CONNECTION THE EARLIEST DATE FOR LIFE AND
SPECULATIONS ABOUT HOW LIFE AROSE 429
MAKING THE CONNECTION MAMMALIAN DIVERSITY AND THE
CARRYING CAPACITY OF THE ENVIRONMENT 442
21 The Evolution of Primates 447
Early Primate Evolution Reflected an Arboreal Existence 448
Living Primates Are Classified into Two Semiorders 448
The Suborder Anthropoidea Includes Monkeys, Apes, and
Humans 449
Modern Classification Places Apes and Humans in Three
Families 451
The Fossil Record Provides Clues to Hominid Evolution 452
The Earliest Hominids Belong to the Genus Ardipithecus 453
xx Table of Contents
The Genus Australopithecus Contains the Immediate Ancestors of
the Genus Homo 454
Homo habilis Is the Oldest Member of the Genus Homo 455
Homo erectus Apparently Evolved from Homo habilis 455
Archaic Homo sapiens Appeared about 800,000 Years Ago 455
Neandertals Appeared Approximately 230,000 Years Ago 456
The Origin of Modern Homo sapiens is Hotly Debated 456
Humans Undergo Cultural Evolution 457
Development of Agriculture Resulted in a More Dependable Food
Supply 458
Cultural Evolution Has Had a Profound Impact on the
Biosphere 459
MAKING THE CONNECTION DNA AND HUMAN EVOLUTION
CAREER VISIONS Middle School Science Teacher 462
PART5
The Diversity
of Life 465
22 Understanding Diversity: Systematics 466
Organisms Are Named Using the Binomial System of
Nomenclature 467
Subspecies May Become Species 467
Each Taxonomic Level Is More General Than the One
Below It 467
New Data Influence Classification in Kingdoms 470
Systematics Is Concerned with Reconstructing Phylogeny 471
Taxa Should Reflect Evolutionary Relationships 472
Homologous Structures_Are Important Criteria for
Classification 472
Shared Derived Characters Provide Clues About Phylogeny 472
Biologists Carefully Choose Taxonomic Criteria 473
Molecular Biology Provides Taxonomic Took 474
Systematics Use Two Main Approaches 475
Phylogenetic Systematics (Cladistics) Emphasizes Phylogeny 475
Classical Evolutionary Taxonomy Allows Paraphyletic Groups 478
MAKING THE CONNECTION MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, EVOLUTION,
AND TAXONOMY 474
23 Viruses and Bacteria 481
Viruses Are Infectious Agents That Are Not Assigned to Any of
the Six Kingdoms 482
A Virus Particle Consists of Nucleic Acid Surrounded by a Protein
Coat 482
Viruses May Have Escaped from Cells 482
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Campbell, Neil A. 1946-2004 Reece, Jane B. 1944- Mitchell, Lawrence G. |
| author_GND | (DE-588)115674012 (DE-588)124601510 |
| author_facet | Campbell, Neil A. 1946-2004 Reece, Jane B. 1944- Mitchell, Lawrence G. |
| author_role | aut aut aut |
| author_sort | Campbell, Neil A. 1946-2004 |
| author_variant | n a c na nac j b r jb jbr l g m lg lgm |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV012731349 |
| classification_tum | BIO 100f |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)438221349 (DE-599)BVBBV012731349 |
| discipline | Biologie |
| edition | 5. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| genre_facet | Schulbuch Aufsatzsammlung Aufgabensammlung Lehrbuch |
| id | DE-604.BV012731349 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T10:35:20Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0201522624 0805365737 0805365664 0805330445 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-008656363 |
| oclc_num | 438221349 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-91G DE-BY-TUM DE-384 |
| owner_facet | DE-91G DE-BY-TUM DE-384 |
| physical | Getr. Zählung zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. 1 CD-ROM (12 cm) |
| publishDate | 1999 |
| publishDateSearch | 1999 |
| publishDateSort | 1999 |
| publisher | Addison-Wesley |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Addison-Wesley world student series |
| spellingShingle | Campbell, Neil A. 1946-2004 Reece, Jane B. 1944- Mitchell, Lawrence G. Biology Biologija - Učbeniki za visoke šole Biologieunterricht (DE-588)4006855-9 gnd Oberstufe (DE-588)4259045-0 gnd Biologie (DE-588)4006851-1 gnd Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd Gymnasium (DE-588)4022648-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4006855-9 (DE-588)4259045-0 (DE-588)4006851-1 (DE-588)4043207-5 (DE-588)4022648-7 (DE-588)4053458-3 (DE-588)4143413-4 (DE-588)4143389-0 (DE-588)4123623-3 |
| title | Biology |
| title_auth | Biology |
| title_exact_search | Biology |
| title_full | Biology Neil A. Campbell ; Jane B. Reece ; Lawrence G. Mitchell |
| title_fullStr | Biology Neil A. Campbell ; Jane B. Reece ; Lawrence G. Mitchell |
| title_full_unstemmed | Biology Neil A. Campbell ; Jane B. Reece ; Lawrence G. Mitchell |
| title_short | Biology |
| title_sort | biology |
| topic | Biologija - Učbeniki za visoke šole Biologieunterricht (DE-588)4006855-9 gnd Oberstufe (DE-588)4259045-0 gnd Biologie (DE-588)4006851-1 gnd Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd Gymnasium (DE-588)4022648-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Biologija - Učbeniki za visoke šole Biologieunterricht Oberstufe Biologie Ökologie Gymnasium Schulbuch Aufsatzsammlung Aufgabensammlung Lehrbuch |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008656363&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT campbellneila biology AT reecejaneb biology AT mitchelllawrenceg biology |
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| Signatur: |
0230 C.2.660(5) Lageplan |
|---|---|
| Exemplar 1 | Dauerhaft ausgeliehen Ausgeliehen |