The burden of proof in comparative and international human rights law: civil and common law approaches with special reference to the American and German legal systems
Gespeichert in:
| Beteilige Person: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
The Hague [u.a.]
Kluwer Law Internat.
1998
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Studies and materials on the settlement of international disputes
3 |
| Schlagwörter: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008155251&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Umfang: | XXII, 291 S. |
| ISBN: | 9041105700 |
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| adam_text | THE BUERDEN OF PROOF IN COMPARATIVE AND INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW
CIVIL AND COMMON LAW APPROACHES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE AMERICAN
AND GERMAN LEGAL SYSTEMS BY JULIANE KOKOTT LL.M. (AM. UNIV.), S.J.D.
(HARVARD) UNIVERSITY OF DUESSELDORF SCHOOL OFLAW, GERMANY KLUWER LAW
INTERNATIONAL THE HAGUE / LONDON / BOSTON TABLE OF CONTENTS NOTE BY THE
SERIES EDITOR XIII AUTHOR S PREFACE XVII UNCOMMON ABBREVIATIONS XXI
INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 1 COMPARATIVE LAW ANALYSIS: THE AMERICAN AND THE
GCRMAN SYSTEMS I. THE TWO KINDS OF BUERDEN OF PROOF 9 1. ADVERSARIAL AND
INQUISITORIAL SYSTEMS 9 2. THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE BUERDEN OF PROOF UNDER
GERMAN LAW - THE NORM THEORY 11 A) CONTENT OF THE NORM THEORY 11 B)
THE (GERMAN) NORM THEORY AND PUBLIC LITIGATION 12 AA) OBJECTIVE
CHARACTER OF HUMAN RIGHTS 12 BB) THE NORM THEORY IS TIED TO THE GERMAN
CIVIL CODE 14 3. THE BUERDEN OF PROOF IN CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 14 4. REASONS
FOR OVERLOOKING THE BUERDEN OF PERSUASION IN GERMAN LAW 15 5. UNIVERSAL
FIELD OF APPLICATION OF THE BUERDEN OF PERSUASION. 16 II. DIFFERENT
STANDARDS OF PROOF 18 1. MODERN TENDENCIES IN GERMAN LAW 18 2.
CONSTITUTIONAL UNDERPINNINGS OF ALTERNATIVE STANDARDS OF PROOF 19 3.
APPLICATION OF VARIOUS STANDARDS OF PROOF UNDER AMERICAN LAW 19 4.
INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE MEASURE AND THE BUERDEN OF PROOF 20 III.
INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE EFFECTIVENESS OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE
RULES ON PROOF... 23 1. THE DILEMMA BEFORE THE (GERMAN) COURTS 23 VI 2.
HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE MEASURE OF PROOF 25 3. HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE
ALLOCATION OF THE BUERDEN OF PROOF.... 25 4. IN RE WINSHIP, HARLAN, J.,
CONCURRING 26 5. THE NEED TO BE PRINCIPLED 28 IV. SHORTCUTS TO PROOF 30
1. INTRODUCTION 30 2. JUDICIAL NOTICE 31 A) RULE201 31 B) LEGISLATIVE
FACTS 33 C) JUDICIAL NOTICE OF LEGISLATIVE FACTS 35 D) POTENTIAL ABUSE
OF JUDICIAL NOTICE 35 3. LEGISLATIVE FACTS AS LAW 37 A) IMPORTANCE OF
THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN FACT AND LAW 37 B) EROSION OF THE CLASSICAL
DISTINCTION BETWEEN LAW AND FACTS 37 C) SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH AS LAW
38 4. CONCLUSIONS: LEGISLATIVE FACTS AND THE BUERDEN OF PROOF 39 V. THE
PRESUMPTION OF CONSTITUTIONALITY 40 1. INTRODUCTION 40 2. BUERDEN OF
PROOF AND THE PRESUMPTION OF CONSTITUTIONALITY ... 40 3. BUERDEN OF PROOF
AND STANDARDS OF SCRUTINY 42 4. JUSTIFYING A PRESUMPTION OF
CONSTITUTIONALITY 43 A) SUPERIOR FACT-FINDING BY THE LEGISLATURE 45 B)
BETTER QUALITY OF STATUTORY LAW 47 C) DISTRIBUTION OF FUNCTIONS BETWEEN
THE LEGISLATURE AND A CONSTITUTIONAL COURT 48 AA) THE SPECIAL CHARACTER
OF CONSTITUTIONAL JURISDICTION 48 BB) THE REPRESENTATION ARGUMENT 50 CC)
THE ARGUMENT ABOUT POLITICS AND LAW 51 DD) TWO COORDINATE BRANCHES OF
GOVERNMENT 52 EE) DIFFERENT STANDARDS OF SCRUTINY 53 VI. DECISIONS BY
THE EXECUTIVE 55 VII. CONCLUSIONS TO CHAPTER 1 57 VII CHAPTER 2 THE
BUERDEN OF PROOF IN AMERICAN CONSTITUTIONAL LAW INTRODUCTION 61 I.
FREEDOM OF SPEECH AND THE PRESS AND THE BUERDEN OF PROOF 63 1.
INTRODUCTION 63 2. SOME REMARKS ON CONSTITUTIONAL INTERPRETATION 63 A)
INTERPRETIVISM /ORIGINAL INTENT 64 B) NONINTERPRETIVISM
/NONORIGINALISM 66 C) NEUTRAL PRINCIPLES 70 3. CHOOSING A PARTICULAR
DOCTRINAL APPROACH AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE BUERDEN OF PERSUASION -- THE
ABSOLUTE THEORY AND BALANCING 71 A) WHO DOES THE BALANCING? 72 B) THE
BUERDEN OF PERSUASION UNDER THE ABSOLUTE DOCTRINE .. 73 C) THE BUERDEN OF
PERSUASION UNDER A BALANCING APPROACH .. 75 AA) AGAIN * WHO DOES THE
BALANCING? 75 BB) WHAT DOES BALANCING MEAN ? 77 4. BUERDEN OF PROOF AND
THE RANK OF THE FIRST AMENDMENT 78 A) INTRODUCTION 78 B) THE FIRST
AMENDMENT AS A PREFERRED FREEDOM * THE FUNCTIONS OF THE FIRST AMENDMENT
78 AA) SELF-EXPRESSION 79 BB) THE MARKETPLACE MODEL 80 AAA) ATTAINMENT
OF TRUTH 80 BBB) PEACEFUL CHANGE 81 CCC) SELF-GOVERNMENT 81 C) A
PREFERRED POSITION AND THE BUERDEN OF PROOF 82 D) DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF
SPEECH AND THE BUERDEN OF PROOF . 84 AA) POLITICAL SPEECH 85 AAA) CORE
VALUES AND THE BUERDEN OF PROOF 85 BBB) DEFINITIONAL PROBLEMS 90 CCC)
STRICT SCRUTINY 91 BB) COMMERCIAL/CORPORATE SPEECH 92 AAA) ECONOMICS AND
THE FUNCTIONS OF THE FIRST AMENDMENT 92 BBB) THE SCOPE OF PROTECTION 94
CCC) THE STANDARD OF SCRUTINY 95 CC) OBSCENITY AND PORNOGRAPHY 96 AAA)
OBSCENITY AND THE BUERDEN OF PROOF 96 VIII BBB) DEFINITIONAL PROBLEMS 100
CCC) CATEGORIES 102 5. CONCLUDING REMARKS 104 II. EQUAL PROTECTION 105
1. THE IRREBUTTABLE PRESUMPTION DOCTRINE 105 2. DISCRIMINATORY
INTENT/MOTIVATION OF LEGISLATION 108 A) DISCRIMINATORY INTENT AND THE
BUERDEN OF PROOF: THE POTENTIAL FIELD OF APPLICATION 108 B) THE OBJECTIVE
APPROACH VERSUS DISCRIMINATORY INTENT OF LEGISLATURES 111 3. PROOF OF
DISCRIMINATION BY ADMINISTRATORS 112 4. SUSPECT CLASSIFICATIONS ,
STANDARDS OF SCRUTINY, AND THE BUERDEN OF PROOF 114 A) SUSPECT
CLASSIFICATIONS AND STRICT SCRUTINY 115 AA) EMPIRICAL REASONS FOR
SUSPICIOUSNESS 115 BB) DISCRETE AND INSULAR MINORITIES 115 B) SCOPE OF
APPLICATION OF THE SUSPECT CLASSIFICATION * STRICT SCRUTINY DOCTRINE
116 AA) RACE AND ETHNIC ANCESTRY 116 BB) GENDER 117 CC) AFFIRMATIVE
ACTION 118 AAA) AFFIRMATIVE ACTION AND THE REASONS FOR STRICT SCRUTINY
118 BBB) THE PROBLEM OF BENIGN CLASSIFICATIONS 119 CCC) RACE AS A
FACTOR 119 DDD) DISCRIMINATION AGAINST MAJORITY PEOPLE? 120 EEE)
CONCLUSIONS ON AFFIRMATIVE ACTION 121 DD) FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS 121 5.
CONCLUSIONS 122 III. A RELATED SUBJECT: THE WEIGHT OF THE BUERDEN OF
PERSUASION ... 124 1. BURDENS OF PROOF, DEGREES OF BELIEF 124 2. AREAS
OF APPLICATION OF THE DIFFERENT DEGREES OF PERSUASION 126 A) PERSUASION
BEYOND A REASONABLE DOUBT 126 AA) PERSUASION BEYOND A REASONABLE DOUBT,
A COROLLARY OF THE PRESUMPTION OF INNOCENCE 126 BB) AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSES
127 B) PREPONDERANCE OF THE EVIDENCE 128 C) CLEAR AND CONVINCING
EVIDENCE 128 IX AA) DENATURALIZATION, DEPORTATION 128 BB) INVOLUNTARY
CIVIL COMMITMENT 130 AAA) THE LEGAL AND MEDICAL VIEWPOINTS 130 BBB)
ADDINGTON V. TEXAS 131 CC) WHAT DOES CLEAR AND CONVINCING EVIDENCE
MEAN? 134 IV. CONCLUSIONS TO CHAPTER 2 136 CHAPTER 3 THE BUERDEN OF PROOF
IN INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW INTRODUCTION 141 I. THE TWO KINDS OF
BUERDEN OF PROOF 148 1. TERMINOLOGICAL PROBLEMS 148 2. THE BUERDEN OF
GOING FORWARD WITH EVIDENCE AND THE PERSUASION BUERDEN 150 3. THE BUERDEN
OF PROOF IN INVESTIGATORY PROCEEDINGS 152 A) THE DUTY TO COOPERATE 153
B) A BUERDEN OF PERSUASION ONLY 155 4. UNIVERSALITY OF THE BUERDEN OF
PERSUASION 155 II. THE PROHIBITION OF NON-LIQUET UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW
157 1. NON-LIQUET AS APPLIED TO FACTS AND LAW 157 2. LACUNAE (GAPS) OR
COMPLETENESS OF THE INTERNATIONAL LEGAL ORDER 160 3. THE NEGATIVE
PRINCIPLE, RULES OF INTERPRETATION, AND THE BUERDEN OF PROOF 162 4.
DOUBTS ABOUT A GENERAL NEGATIVE PRINCIPLE 163 A) THE PRINCIPLE OF
SOVEREIGNTY 163 B) HUMAN RIGHTS 165 5. CONCLUSIONS 167 III. THE
VOLUNTARY CHARACTER OF INTERNATIONAL JURISDICTION AND NON-LIQUET 169 1.
NON-LIQUET AND DENIAL OF JUSTICE 169 2. NON-LIQUET AND THE COMPROMIS 170
3. NON-LIQUET AND JUSTICIABILITY 171 X IV. THE CATEGORIES OF PLAINTIFF
AND DEFENDANT 174 V. ADVERSARIAL OR INVESTIGATORY CHARACTER OF
INTERNATIONAL PROCEEDINGS 177 1. IMPACT ON THE BUERDEN OF PROOF 177 2.
THEORETICAL AND IDEOLOGICAL UNDERPINNINGS OF ADVERSARIAL/ INVESTIGATORY
(INQUISITORIAL) SYSTEMS 179 A) IDEOLOGY OR THE POSITION OF JUDGES 179
AA) NATIONAL LAW BACKGROUND 179 BB) INTERNATIONAL LAW 180 B) EXPEDIENCY
182 C) COORDINATION OF SUBSTANTIVE AND PROCEDURAL LAW 182 3.
INTERNATIONAL PRACTICE 184 A) ONUS PROBANDI ACTORI INCUMBIT 184 AA) A
CIVIL LAW RULE? 184 BB) AUTONOMOUS INTERPRETATION 186 CC) INVESTIGATORY
POWER/DUTY OF INTERNATIONAL COURTS ..187 DD) DUTY TO COOPERATE 188 B)
THE INVESTIGATORY/INQUISITORIAL NATURE OF HUMAN RIGHTS PROCEEDINGS 191
4. CONCLUSIONS 194 VI. FREE EVALUATION OF EVIDENCE AND THE MEASURE OF
PROOF 196 1. IMPACT OF THE MEASURE OF PROOF ON THE BUERDEN OF PROOF 196
2. FREE EVALUATION OF CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE, INFERENCES, AND EVIDENCE
BEYOND A REASONABLE DOUBT 197 3. BACKGROUND OF THE REQUIREMENT OF
EVIDENCE BEYOND A REASONABLE DOUBT 199 4. CLEAR AND CONVINCING
EVIDENCE ? 200 A) INTERNATIONAL CASES 200 B) THE CASES IN A LARGER
CONTEXT 202 C) CONCLUSIONS 204 5. CONCLUSIONS 205 VII. THE BUERDEN OF
PERSUASION IN INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW 207 1. INTRODUCTION 207 2.
SOME BACKGROUND: THE LAW OF ALIENS 208 3. THE NEED FOR A SPECIAL
APPROACH TO HUMAN RIGHTS 209 4. THE PRINCIPLE OF SOVEREIGNTY AND THE
EFFECTIVE PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS 211 A) INTERPRETATION RULES AND THE
BUERDEN OF PROOF 211 XI B) RESTRICTIVE APPROACH TO HUMAN RIGHTS
( SOVEREIGNTY ) OR BROAD INTERPRETATION 213 C) SOVEREIGNTY AND HUMAN
RIGHTS AS COROLLARIES 214 D) CONCLUSIONS 215 5. INTERNATIONAL
FACT-FINDING AND THE LOCAL REMEDIES RULES... 216 6. THE MARGIN OF
APPRECIATION 218 A) THE MARGIN AND THE BUERDEN OF PERSUASION 218 B)
INDISPENSABILITY, BUT PROBLEMATIC NATURE OF THE MARGIN OF APPRECIATION
220 C) CONCLUSIONS 221 7. THOUGHTS ABOUT THE MARGIN OF APPRECIATION
UNDER THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS 222 A) THE STATE OF
EMERGENCY 222 B) NECESSARY IN A DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY (ARTS. 8-11,
PARAS. 2) 223 AA) COMMON EUROPEAN STANDARDS 224 BB) FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
229 VIII. CONCLUSIONS TO CHAPTER 3 234 CONCLUDING REMARKS 237 TABLEOF
CASES 239 BIBLIOGRAPHY 243 INDEX 287
|
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| dewey-search | 341.4/81 21 |
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| geographic | Deutschland USA Deutschland (DE-588)4011882-4 gnd USA (DE-588)4078704-7 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Deutschland USA |
| id | DE-604.BV012048852 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T10:23:23Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9041105700 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-008155251 |
| oclc_num | 231729681 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-739 DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-521 DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-739 DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-521 DE-188 |
| physical | XXII, 291 S. |
| publishDate | 1998 |
| publishDateSearch | 1998 |
| publishDateSort | 1998 |
| publisher | Kluwer Law Internat. |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Studies and materials on the settlement of international disputes |
| series2 | Studies and materials on the settlement of international disputes |
| spellingShingle | Kokott, Juliane 1957- The burden of proof in comparative and international human rights law civil and common law approaches with special reference to the American and German legal systems Studies and materials on the settlement of international disputes Menschenrecht Burden of proof -- United States Burden of proof -- Germany Human rights Civil Law (DE-588)4804696-6 gnd Beweislast (DE-588)4006331-8 gnd Völkerrecht (DE-588)4063693-8 gnd Common law (DE-588)4130774-4 gnd Verfahrensrecht (DE-588)4126493-9 gnd Rechtsvergleich (DE-588)4115712-6 gnd Menschenrecht (DE-588)4074725-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4804696-6 (DE-588)4006331-8 (DE-588)4063693-8 (DE-588)4130774-4 (DE-588)4126493-9 (DE-588)4115712-6 (DE-588)4074725-6 (DE-588)4011882-4 (DE-588)4078704-7 |
| title | The burden of proof in comparative and international human rights law civil and common law approaches with special reference to the American and German legal systems |
| title_auth | The burden of proof in comparative and international human rights law civil and common law approaches with special reference to the American and German legal systems |
| title_exact_search | The burden of proof in comparative and international human rights law civil and common law approaches with special reference to the American and German legal systems |
| title_full | The burden of proof in comparative and international human rights law civil and common law approaches with special reference to the American and German legal systems by Juliane Kokott |
| title_fullStr | The burden of proof in comparative and international human rights law civil and common law approaches with special reference to the American and German legal systems by Juliane Kokott |
| title_full_unstemmed | The burden of proof in comparative and international human rights law civil and common law approaches with special reference to the American and German legal systems by Juliane Kokott |
| title_short | The burden of proof in comparative and international human rights law |
| title_sort | the burden of proof in comparative and international human rights law civil and common law approaches with special reference to the american and german legal systems |
| title_sub | civil and common law approaches with special reference to the American and German legal systems |
| topic | Menschenrecht Burden of proof -- United States Burden of proof -- Germany Human rights Civil Law (DE-588)4804696-6 gnd Beweislast (DE-588)4006331-8 gnd Völkerrecht (DE-588)4063693-8 gnd Common law (DE-588)4130774-4 gnd Verfahrensrecht (DE-588)4126493-9 gnd Rechtsvergleich (DE-588)4115712-6 gnd Menschenrecht (DE-588)4074725-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Menschenrecht Burden of proof -- United States Burden of proof -- Germany Human rights Civil Law Beweislast Völkerrecht Common law Verfahrensrecht Rechtsvergleich Deutschland USA |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008155251&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV010774352 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kokottjuliane theburdenofproofincomparativeandinternationalhumanrightslawcivilandcommonlawapproacheswithspecialreferencetotheamericanandgermanlegalsystems |