Urban biophysical environments:
Gespeichert in:
| Beteiligte Personen: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Melbourne [u.a.]
Oxford Univ. Press
1995
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Meridian
|
| Schlagwörter: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007618492&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Umfang: | XVI, 152 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 0195536118 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Urban biophysical environments |c Howard Bridgman ; Robin Warner ; John Dodson |
| 264 | 1 | |a Melbourne [u.a.] |b Oxford Univ. Press |c 1995 | |
| 300 | |a XVI, 152 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
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| 650 | 4 | |a Écologie urbaine - Australie | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Human ecology |z Australia | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Urban ecology (Biology) |z Australia | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Foreword v
List of figures xi
List of tables xiii
Preface xv
D Introduction i
Urbanisation processes in Australia 2
1. 1788 1847 Direct colonial control 4
2. 1848 1893 Commercial accumulation 4
3. 1894 1939 Industrial accumulation 5
4. 1940 present Global capital stage 5
The physical settings and forms 5
Urban population sizes 5
Capital cities 8
Sydney 8
Melbourne 10
Brisbane 10
Adelaide 11
Perth 12
viii Urban biophysical environments
Hobart 12
Darwin 13
Canberra 13
Summary 14
B The impact of urbanisation on climate 15
Introduction 15
Urban impacts on radiation and energy components 17
The urban heat island 22
Circulation and wind 24
Cloudiness and moisture 27
Summary ¦ 28
f^Air quality and health in the urban environment 30
Introduction 30
The meteorology of air pollution episodes 31
The major air pollutants and their standards 33
Primary pollutants 34
Sources of primary pollutants 36
Primary pollutant concentrations in Australian cities
compared to world cities 37
Secondary pollutants 39
Major studies of urban air quality in Australia 41
Air pollution in western Sydney—an example 43
Indoor air pollution 45
Noise and odour pollution 48
Odour pollution 49
Noise pollution 49
Health problems in urban environments 50
Respiratory problems 51
Summary 54
D Impacts of urbanisation on land
and water systems %
Introduction 56
Urban impacts on water systems 57
Precipitation 57
Contents ix
Evaporation 58
Interception 59
Transpiration 60
Surface water 61
Soil water 61
Groundwater 61
/?«» # 62
Urban impacts on geomorphology 64
Catchment processes 64
Catchment landform modification 66
Alluvial orfloodplain processes 67
The urban floodplain as a landform 68
Processes in urban channels 69
7fe morphology of urban channels 70
Estuary processes and landforms 71
Urban impacts on coastal processes and landforms 72
Summary 73
B Adverse impacts of urbanisation of land
and water systems on humans and ecology 75
Introduction 75
The deterioration of land quality 76
The deterioration of water quality 78
Assessing contamination levels 82
Water quality parameters 84
Physical characteristics 85
Chemical characteristics 86
Biological characteristics 87
Healdi and environmental risks in urban areas 91
Direct risks 91
Indirect risks 92
Health resources, urbanisation and mortality 93
Summary 95
Q Impact of urbanisation on biological systems 96
Introduction 96
Patterns of settlement—selective clearance 97
x Urban biophysical environments
Diversity changes 99
Habitat implications for vegetation and wildlife 102
Nutrient and runoff impacts on vegetation 103
Impacts of weeds, exotics and feral animals 104
Air pollution damage to vegetation 108
Fire, erosion and vegetation 108
Summary 112
H Urban bushland and the quality of life 113
Introduction 113
Aesthetic value of bushland 114
Open space and pollution 115
Hayfever, asthma and allergy 117
Managing bushland—the basic resource 119
Managing natural bushland—two examples 122
Summary 126
Q Urban environmental management
and the future 128
Introduction 128
Adverse impacts of vegetation modification and
air, land and water pollution: a summary 129
Management processes and strategies in the
urban environment 130
The health of the urban environment 131
Warning and monitoring systems 132
Structural and non structural responses 132
Planning for the future city: die example of
the greater Sydney region 134
Concluding comments 136
Bibliography 138
Index 147
I
Figures
1.1 The urban system and interactions with the environment 2
1.2 The growth of Sydney, 1820 to 1986 9
2.1 Schematic depiction of radiation and energy fluxes over an urban
and a rural area on a clear day 18
2.2 Examples of the urban heat island in Australia 23
2.3a Surface wind direction variations in Hobart 26
2.3b Circulation over Melbourne creating an urban eddy under stagnant
synoptic airflow 26
2.4 Artificial cloud created from industrial emissions in Newcastle,
NSW 29
3.1 The visual impact of a low level inversion over Sydney and associ¬
ated vertical profile 32
3.2 Classic model of the formation of ozone in an urban area 40
3.3a Increases in summertime ozone associated with a sea breeze in
Sydney 44
3.3b General airflow showing recirculation of pollutants during an
ozone episode 44
3.4 Sources of indoor air pollution and typical pollutants emitted 47
4.1 Hydrological changes in urban areas 57
4.2 The urban hydrograph 58
4.3 Simplified urban hydrological cycle 59
4.4 Problems with roads constructed parallel to steep slopes 65
5.1 Deterioration of land quality 76
xii Urban biophysical environments
5.2 A profile of water quality deterioration 79
5.3 Temporal and spatial variations in pollution concentrations and
loads 82
6.1 A schematic view of a bushland area showing urban landscape
impacts 97
6.2 The demise of native vegetation in the Adelaide region 100
6.3 Some kinds of responses of plant populations as a result of human
impact 101
6.4 Enhanced water and nutrient flow into urban bushland creates a
more mesic appearance 105
6.5 A record of 1000 years of changes in vegetation near Coogee,
NSW 111
7.1 View across Adelaide toward the Mt Lofty Ranges 114
7.2 Grassland areas around Melbourne 118
7.3 Vegetation map of Waverley Flora Reserve, Hobart 123
7.4 Vegetation map of Henry Head and surrounds, Sydney 125
I
Tables
1.1 1991 capital city populations and area data 6
1.2 Percentage urban population in each state for 1921 and 1986 6
1.3 State and city areas compared to Australia 7
1.4 Populations 1971 and 1990 and expressed as a percentage of state
population 7
2.1 General alterations in climate created by cities 16
2.2 Typical albedos from various rural and urban surfaces 19
2.3 Estimates of the release of waste heat from central Sydney 21
2.4 Radiation and energy balances of hypothetical mid latitude urban,
suburban, and rural areas for a clear summer day at noon with light
winds 21
3.1 Major pollutants existing in an urban atmosphere, typical concen¬
trations, and environmental protection guideline levels 35
3.2 Summary of estimated emissions from all surface based sources in
the Inner Newcastle (NSW) area for three pollutants in winter,
1990. Summer totals are included for comparison 37
3.3 Annual average concentrations of SO2, NO2, and TSP in various
cities, based on information from the Global Environmental
Monitoring System (GEMS) network. The data are for the later
1980s and 1990 38
3.4 Urban air quality studies in Australian cities and nearby areas
since the mid 1970s 42
xiv Urban biophysical environments
5.1 Water quality parameters examined in the stormwater sampling
program 89
5.2 Median stormwater determinant concentrations for catchments
combined according to types of sewage disposal 90
6.1 Areas of natural vegetation types within the County of
Cumberland in 1788 and percentages remaining in 1980 99
7.1 Water quality standards for public use as set by the World Health
Organisation 116
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| geographic_facet | Australien |
| id | DE-604.BV011339085 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T10:10:39Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0195536118 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-007618492 |
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| physical | XVI, 152 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 1995 |
| publishDateSearch | 1995 |
| publishDateSort | 1995 |
| publisher | Oxford Univ. Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Meridian |
| spellingShingle | Bridgman, Howard A. Warner, Robin F. Dodson, John Urban biophysical environments Écologie humaine - Australie Écologie urbaine - Australie Human ecology Australia Urban ecology (Biology) Australia Urban ecology (Sociology) Australia Stadt (DE-588)4056723-0 gnd Biophysik (DE-588)4006891-2 gnd Stadtökologie (DE-588)4077809-5 gnd Umwelt (DE-588)4061616-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4056723-0 (DE-588)4006891-2 (DE-588)4077809-5 (DE-588)4061616-2 (DE-588)4003900-6 |
| title | Urban biophysical environments |
| title_auth | Urban biophysical environments |
| title_exact_search | Urban biophysical environments |
| title_full | Urban biophysical environments Howard Bridgman ; Robin Warner ; John Dodson |
| title_fullStr | Urban biophysical environments Howard Bridgman ; Robin Warner ; John Dodson |
| title_full_unstemmed | Urban biophysical environments Howard Bridgman ; Robin Warner ; John Dodson |
| title_short | Urban biophysical environments |
| title_sort | urban biophysical environments |
| topic | Écologie humaine - Australie Écologie urbaine - Australie Human ecology Australia Urban ecology (Biology) Australia Urban ecology (Sociology) Australia Stadt (DE-588)4056723-0 gnd Biophysik (DE-588)4006891-2 gnd Stadtökologie (DE-588)4077809-5 gnd Umwelt (DE-588)4061616-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Écologie humaine - Australie Écologie urbaine - Australie Human ecology Australia Urban ecology (Biology) Australia Urban ecology (Sociology) Australia Stadt Biophysik Stadtökologie Umwelt Australien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007618492&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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