Adverbial subordination: a typology and history of adverbial subordinators based on European languages
Gespeichert in:
| Beteilige Person: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Deutsch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Berlin [u.a.]
Mouton de Gruyter
1997
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Empirical approaches to language typology
18 |
| Schlagwörter: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007337878&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Umfang: | XXIII, 425 S. graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 3110151146 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Adverbial subordination |b a typology and history of adverbial subordinators based on European languages |c by Bernd Kortmann |
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| adam_text | Table of Contents
Preface vii
List of Figures xv
List of Maps xvi
List of Tables xvii
List of Abbreviations xxi
PARTI
background: scope, aims, theory, methodology, data 1
1. Scope and aims 3
1.1. Guiding questions -1
1.2. Scope ^
13. Major claims and limitations 7
2. Theoretical foundations *
2.1. Functional typology ^
2.2. Iconicity, markedness and related semiotic principles 14
2.3. Cognitive semantics
2.4. Grammaticalization ^
2.5. A look across the fence: Adverbial subordinators from the generative
perspective ^J
2.5.1. Categorial Status ^
2.5.2. Different functional layers of adverbial clauses 28
3. The European perspective - -
3.1. Why the focus on Europe?
3.2. Defining the languages of Europe 3°
3.3. The project languages
3.4. Europe as a cultural unit ^
XÜ Table of Contents
4. Data collection and classification 53
4.1. Data collection 53
4.2. Definitions and classifications 55
4.2.1. Adverbial subordinators 56
4.2.1.1. The Subordination —coordination contmuum 56
4.2.1.2. Multi-level category continua 58
4.2.1.3. Position 69
4.2.2. Ideal adverbial subordinators: defining criteria VI
4.3. Form-related classifications 77
4.4. Meaning-related classifications 79
4.4.1. The domain of interclausal semantic relations 79
4.4.2. Polyfunctionality 89
4.4.3. Metalinguistic use 95
4.5. Some examples from the database 96
PART II
TOWARDS A TYPOLOGY 99
5. The grammatical category of adverbial subordinators: some ini¬
tial general tendencies 101
5.1. Morphological complexity and polyfunctionality 101
5.2. Incorporated material, syntactic polyfunctionality and grammaticali-
zation 106
5.2.1. Towards a characterization of the core of the category 106
5.2.2. Preferred source categories of adverbial subordinators 108
6. The equilibrium of form and meaning 113
6.1. The Inverse Relation Hypothesis 113
6.1.1. The Inverse Relation Hypothesis: Version One 113
6.1.1.1. Global Tendencies 113
6.1.1.2. Language-specific tendencies: correlations with the
preferred Subordination strategy? 118
6.1.2. The Inverse Relation Hypothesis: Version Two 123
6.2. Zipf s principles of formal semantic balance: evidence from adverbial
subordinators in four major European languages 127
Table of Contents xüi
7. The semantic Space of adverbial relations 137
7.1. A layered account 138
7.1.1. Degrees of lexicalization 139
7.1.2. The cognitive Status of circumstancial relations 152
7.1.2.1. Morphological complexity 158
7.1.2.2. Syntactic and semantic polyfunctionality 161
7.2. Semantic relatedness within and between networks of interclausal relations 175
7.2.1. The temporal relations 181
7.2.1.1. Network-internal affinities 181
7.2.1.2. Network-transcending affinities 188
7.2.2. The locative relation(s) 193
7.2.3. The modal relations 195
7.2.4. The causal, conditional, and concessive relations 197
7.2.5. The remaining interclausal relations 204
7.2.6. Macrostructure and microstructure of the semantic Space of
interclausal relations 206
8. Areal and genetic patterns 213
8.1. Relevant phenomena 213
8.1.1. Language types and morphosemantic properties of adverbial
subordinators 214
8.1.2. Selected areal patterns for morphosemantic properties of ad¬
verbial subordinators 217
8.2. The Balkan Sprachbund 229
8.2.1. Form-related properties of adverbial subordinators 229
8.2.2. Meaning-related properties of adverbial subordinators 235
8.3. The languages of Europe: core and periphery 238
8.3.1. Syntactic properties 241
8.3.2. Properties of adverbial subordinators 243
8.3.3. Literary tradition 254
8.3.4. The core - periphery hypothesis reconsidered 256
8.4. The impact of Latin and Classical Greek: Two spheres of influence
in the linguistic core? 265
9. Euroversals 271
9.1. Inventories and dominant types of adverbial subordinators 273
9.2. Adverbial subordinators for individual interclausal relations 275
9.2.1. Availability 276
9.2.2. Four additional types of availability E,uroversals 281
9.3. Correlations with the language type 285
*
xiv Table of Contents
PART III
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS 289
10. From Old English to Present-Day English 291
10.1. The inventories of adverbial subordinators 292
10.2. Major morphological changes 303
10.3. Major semantic changes 313
10.4. Changes in the semantic composition of the inventories of adverbial
subordinators 324
PART IV
SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK 337
11. The major results and their implications for future research 339
11.1. Form, meaning and categorial Status of adverbial subordinators 339
11.2. The validity of semiotic principles 340
11.3. Language and cognition: modelling the semantic Space of inter-
clausal relations 341
11.4. Iinguistic areas in Europe and Europe as a linguistic area 343
11.5. The history of adverbial subordinators 345
11.6. Implications for future research 348
Notes 353
Grammars and Dictionaries 373
References 381
Index of Authors 409
Index of Languages 413
Index of Subjects 416
List of Figures
Figure 2.1. The relationship between general, primary and secondary mean-
lngs
Figure 2.2. The categorial Status of prepositions, adverbial subordinators,
and adverbs in generative theory
Figure 4.1. The reliability of the data from the project languages
Figure 4.2. Category continua involving adverbial subordinators
Figure 4.3. Composition of the database I: free vs. bound forms
Figure 4.4. Composition of the database II: free forms
Figure 7.1. The availability of (highly lexicalized) adverbial subordinators for
individual interclausal relations in modern European languages:
core and extended core of the semantic Space of interclausal
relations (Layer I)
Figure 7.2. Coverage of interclausal relations (Layer II)
Figure 7.3. Coverage of interclausal relations by primary adverbial subordi¬
nators (Layer III)
Figure 7.4. Ranking order in terms of nondiscreteness (Layer IV)
Figure 7.5. The macrostructure of the semantic Space of interclausal rela¬
tions
Figure 7.6. A cognitive map of the most important network-internal affini-
ties among temporal relations
Figure 7.7. Temporal subordinators covering different parts of the network
of temporal relations
Figure 7.8. A cognitive map of the most important network-transcending
affinities of temporal relation
Figure 7.9. A cognitive map of the most important (network-transcending)
affinities of PLACE
Figure 7.10. A cognitive map of the most important network-internal and
network-transcending affinities of modal relations
Figure 7.11. A cognitive map of the most important network-internal and
network-transcending affinities of CCC relations
Figure 7.12. A cognitive map of the most important semantic affinities within
the semantic Space of interclausal relations
List of Maps
Map 3.1. The geographical distribution of the project languages
Map 3.2. Schematic map of the project languages
Map 4.1. The reliability of the individual project languages
Map 8.1. Basic word order and type of adposition
Map 8.2. One-word adverbial subordinators in the European languages
Map 8.3. The formation pattern Adposition + NP (COMP/REL)
Map 8.4. The formation pattern Adposition + Article/Demonstrative
(COMP/REL)
Map 8.5. The incorporation of quantifiers
Map 8.6. The incorporation of the verbs assume, suppose and say
Map 8.7. Degree subordinators incorporating an interrogative quantifier
how much
Map 8.8. Core and periphery of the languages of Europe
Map 8.9. The incorporation of complementizers
Map 8.10. The incorporation of interrogative elements
Map 8.11. The incorporation of relativizers
Map 8.12. The incorporation of adpositions
Map 8.13. Monomorphemic interrogatives for the signalling of Simultaneity
Overlap ( when ) and Place ( where )
Map 8.14. Literary tradition of the languages of Europe
Map 8.15. The distribution of CCCrTIME ratios in the languages of
Europe: Two domains of influence in the core area?
List of Tables
Table 5.1. Adverbial subordinators in the European languages: some gene-
ral figures
Table 5.2. Distribution of readings across exclusive, primary and secondary
meanings
Table 5.3. Distribution of adverbial subordinators across Total IRs
Table 5.4. Degrees of complexity
Tables 5.5. Primary adverbial subordinators
Tables 5.6. Incorporated material
Tables 5.7. Syntactic polyfunctionality
Table 5.8. Syntactic polyfunctionality of one-word and phrasal subordina¬
tors
Table 6.1. The proportions of monofunctional and polyfunctional items for
morphologically complex subordinators
Table 6.2. The proportions of monofunctional and polyfunctional items for
morphologically simple subordinators
Table 6.3. The proportions of one-word and multi-word items for mono¬
functional and polyfunctional subordinators
Table 6.4. The proportions of monomorphemic and polymorphemic items
for monofunctional and polyfunctional subordinators
Table 6.5. The twelve predictions constituting Version One of the Inverse
Relation Hypothesis
Table 6.6. Monofunctional subordinators: the proportions of mono- and
polymorphemic subordinators (I)
Table 6.7. Monofunctional subordinators: the proportions of mono- and
polymorphemic subordinators (II)
Table 6.8. Polyfunctional subordinators: the proportions of mono- and po¬
lymorphemic subordinators
Table 6.9. Inverse Relation Hypothesis 1: Contrasting Indo-European and
non-Indo-European languages in Europe
Tables 6.10. Inverse Relation Hypothesis 2 for all adverbial subordinators
Table 6.11. Correlating an increasing degree of morphological complexity
with an increasing degree of semantic polyfunctionality
Table 6.12. Correlating increasing degrees of semantic polyfunctionality with
the absence or presence of syntactic polyfunctionality
Table 6.13. Correlating increasing degrees of semantic and syntactic poly¬
functionality
xviii List of Tables
Table 6.14. Correlating increasing degrees of morphological complexity with
the absence or presence of syntactic polyfunctionality
Table 6.15. The most frequently used adverbial subordinators in English
Table 6.16. Proportions of polyfunctional adverbial subordinators among
the 1,000 most frequendy used lexical items in English, French,
German, and Spanish
Table 6.17. The proportions of mono- and polyfunctional adverbial subordi¬
nators among the 1,000 most frequendy used lexical items in
English, French, German, and Spanish
Table 6.18. Candidates for basic interclausal relations — evidence from fre-
quency lists and language history
Table 7.1. The twelve interclausal relations with the highest proportions of
strongly lexicalized adverbial subordinators: candidates for the
core of the adverbial domain
Table 7.2. Converb languages with and without free adverbial subordinators
Table 7.3. Candidates for an extended core of the semantic Space of inter¬
clausal relations
Tables 7.4. The most extensively coded interclausal relations
Table 7.5. The interclausal relations coded by the highest proportions of
primary adverbial subordinators (I)
Tables 7.6. Morphological complexity of adverbial subordinators per inter¬
clausal relation
Tables 7.7. The interclausal relations coded by the highest proportions of
primary adverbial subordinators (II)
Table 7.8. The interclausal relations coded by the highest proportions of
syntactically polyfunctional adverbial subordinators
Table 7.9. The expression of interclausal relations by means of monofunc-
tional adverbial subordinators
Table 7.10.1. The semantic nondiscreteness of temporal interclausal relations
Table 7.10.2. The semantic nondiscreteness of CCC relations
Table 7.10.3. The semantic nondiscreteness of modal relations and Place
Table 7.11. A ranking of interclausal relations on their degree of (semantic)
nondiscreteness
Table 7.12. The strengest semantic affinities of polyfunctional temporal sub¬
ordinators
Table 7.13. The strengest semantic affinities of polyfunctional locative sub¬
ordinators
Table 7.14. The strengest semantic affinities of polyfunctional modal subor¬
dinators
Table 7.15. The strengest semantic affinities of polyfunctional CCC subordi¬
nators
List of Tables xix
Table 7.16. The semantic affimties between Cause, Condition, and Conces-
sion on the basis of polyfunctional CCC subordinators
Table 7.17. The strongest semantic affinities of polyfunctional subordinators
expressing Addition, Concomitance, Negative Concomitance,
Preference, or Substitution
Table 8.1. Major cnteria for the core — periphery distinction I: syntactic
properties
Table 8.2. Major criteria for the core — periphery distinction II: properties
of adverbial subordinators
Table 8.3. Properties of the hypothesized core languages
Table 8.4. Properties of the hypothesized periphery languages
Table 8.5. The proportions of temporal and CCC readings of the subordi-
nator inventories in the languages of Europe
Table 9.1. The dominant types of subordinator inventories in the languages
of Europe: the relation between morphological complexity and
mono-/polyfunctionality
Table 9.2. The availability of adverbial subordinators for individual inter-
clausal relations
Table 10.1. Old English ancestors of adverbial subordinators in later periods
of English
Table 10.2. Middle English ancestors of adverbial subordinators in later
periods of English
Table 10.3. New adverbial subordinators in Early Modern English and Pre¬
sent-Day English
Table 10.4. Changes in the morphological complexity of adverbial subordi¬
nators in the history of English
Table 10.5. Preferred categorial sources of adverbial subordinators in the
history of English I: incorporated material
Table 10.6. Preferred categorial sources of adverbial subordinators in the
history of English II: syntactic polyfunctionality
Table 10.7. Changes in the semantic polyfunctionality of adverbial subordi¬
nators in the history of English
Table 10.8. From Old English swa to Present-Day English so
Table 10.9. From Old English eal(l)swa to Present-Day English as
Table 10.10. From Old English sippan to Present-Day English since
Table 10.11. From Old English pa hwile (pe) to Present-Day English while/
whilst
Table 10.12. Contrasting the proportions of CCC and temporal readings in
the history of English
Table 10.13. The semantic composition of the subordinator inventories from
Old English to Present-Day English I: the temporal relations
XX List of Tables
Table 10.14. The semantic composition of the subordinator inventories from
Old English to Present-Day English II: the CCC relations
Table 10.15. The causal subordinators from Old English to Present-Day Eng¬
lish
Table 10.16. The conditional subordinators from Old English to Present-Day
English
Table 10.17. The concessive subordinators from Old English to Present-Day
English
Table 10.18. The major changes in the inventory of adverbial subordinators
in the history of English
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Kortmann, Bernd 1960- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)112131018 |
| author_facet | Kortmann, Bernd 1960- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Kortmann, Bernd 1960- |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV010967340 |
| classification_rvk | ET 530 ET 725 HE 282 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)246509533 (DE-599)BVBBV010967340 |
| discipline | Sprachwissenschaft Anglistik / Amerikanistik Literaturwissenschaft |
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| id | DE-604.BV010967340 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T10:04:00Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 3110151146 |
| language | German |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-007337878 |
| oclc_num | 246509533 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-739 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-384 DE-12 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-703 DE-824 DE-20 DE-83 DE-11 DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-739 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-384 DE-12 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-703 DE-824 DE-20 DE-83 DE-11 DE-188 |
| physical | XXIII, 425 S. graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 1997 |
| publishDateSearch | 1997 |
| publishDateSort | 1997 |
| publisher | Mouton de Gruyter |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Empirical approaches to language typology |
| series2 | Empirical approaches to language typology |
| spellingShingle | Kortmann, Bernd 1960- Adverbial subordination a typology and history of adverbial subordinators based on European languages Empirical approaches to language typology Adverbialsatz (DE-588)4154441-9 gnd Adverbiale (DE-588)4140513-4 gnd Kontrastive Grammatik (DE-588)4073706-8 gnd Sprachtypologie (DE-588)4056503-8 gnd Typologie (DE-588)4061321-5 gnd Indogermanische Sprachen (DE-588)4114006-0 gnd Hypotaxe (DE-588)4161142-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4154441-9 (DE-588)4140513-4 (DE-588)4073706-8 (DE-588)4056503-8 (DE-588)4061321-5 (DE-588)4114006-0 (DE-588)4161142-1 |
| title | Adverbial subordination a typology and history of adverbial subordinators based on European languages |
| title_auth | Adverbial subordination a typology and history of adverbial subordinators based on European languages |
| title_exact_search | Adverbial subordination a typology and history of adverbial subordinators based on European languages |
| title_full | Adverbial subordination a typology and history of adverbial subordinators based on European languages by Bernd Kortmann |
| title_fullStr | Adverbial subordination a typology and history of adverbial subordinators based on European languages by Bernd Kortmann |
| title_full_unstemmed | Adverbial subordination a typology and history of adverbial subordinators based on European languages by Bernd Kortmann |
| title_short | Adverbial subordination |
| title_sort | adverbial subordination a typology and history of adverbial subordinators based on european languages |
| title_sub | a typology and history of adverbial subordinators based on European languages |
| topic | Adverbialsatz (DE-588)4154441-9 gnd Adverbiale (DE-588)4140513-4 gnd Kontrastive Grammatik (DE-588)4073706-8 gnd Sprachtypologie (DE-588)4056503-8 gnd Typologie (DE-588)4061321-5 gnd Indogermanische Sprachen (DE-588)4114006-0 gnd Hypotaxe (DE-588)4161142-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Adverbialsatz Adverbiale Kontrastive Grammatik Sprachtypologie Typologie Indogermanische Sprachen Hypotaxe |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007337878&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV000707931 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kortmannbernd adverbialsubordinationatypologyandhistoryofadverbialsubordinatorsbasedoneuropeanlanguages |