Quantitative methods in aquatic ecotoxicology:
Gespeichert in:
| Beteilige Person: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Boca Raton [u.a.]
Lewis Publ.
1995
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Advances in trace substances research
|
| Schlagwörter: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007024054&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Umfang: | XIX, 426 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0873716221 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Quantitative methods in aquatic ecotoxicology |c Michael C. Newman |
| 264 | 1 | |a Boca Raton [u.a.] |b Lewis Publ. |c 1995 | |
| 300 | |a XIX, 426 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
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| 490 | 0 | |a Advances in trace substances research | |
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| 650 | 7 | |a Eau - Pollution |2 ram | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Ecotoxicologia |2 larpcal | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Água (aspectos ambientais) |2 larpcal | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Água doce |2 larpcal | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Écotoxicologie - Technique |2 ram | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Umwelt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Aquatic organisms |x Effect of water pollution on |x Measurement | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Water |x Pollution |x Environmental aspects |x Measurement | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Water |x Pollution |x Toxicology |x Measurement | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819381645394837504 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | ADVANCES IN TRACE SUBSTANCES RESEARCH
C INJewmain
Savannah River Ecology Laboratory
The University of Georgia
Aiken, South Carolina
Boca Raton Ann Arbor London Tokyo
CONTENTS
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
I Ecotoxicology as a Scientific Discipline 1
II Toxicants and Ecosystems 2
III Toxicant Effects in Ecosystems 2
A Classification Based on the Stress Concept 2
1 Stress 2
2 Nonstress Effects 6
3 Summary 7
B Classification of Effects Based on Other Criteria 7
1 Temporal Context 7
2 Lethality 8
3 Site of Action 9
C Summary of Toxicant Effects 9
IV Toxicant Fate in Ecosystems 10
A Fate in Biotic Components 10
B Fate in Abiotic Components 11
V Organization of Knowledge Based on Explanatory Principles 12
A Introduction 12
B Structure of Scientific Knowledge 12
1 Historical Perspective 12
2 Strong Inference 14
3 Selection of Hypotheses 14
VI Toward Strong Inference and Clear Ecological Relevance 15
Chapter 2 The Measurement Process 21
I General 21
A Overview 21
B Necessity of Controlled Measurement 21
II Regions of Quantitation 22
A Overview 22
B Data Sets with Below Detection Limit Observations 23
1 Definitions 23
2 Reporting 24
3 Estimating Mean and Standard Deviation for
Censored Data 24
a Deletion and Substitution Methods 24
b Winsorized Mean and Standard Deviation 24
c Probability Plotting 26
d Distributional Methods 27
e Robust Methods 29
f Programs Available for Mean and Standard Deviation
Estimation 29
4 Summary 29
III Blank Correction 30
A Overview 30
B Estimating the Effects of the Blank on the Measurement
Process 31
C Blank Control Charts 32
IV Accuracy and Precision 32
A Accuracy 32
1 Overview 32
2 Estimation of Accuracy 32
xili
xiv
B Precision 33
1 Overview 33
2 Estimation of Precision 34
C Control Charts 34
1 Overview 34
2 Accuracy 35
a Shewhart Charts 35
b Cusum Charts 36
3 Precision 39
a Shewhart Charts 39
b Cusum Charts 40
V Variance Structure 40
VI Sample Size 42
A Overview 42
B Number of Individuals to Sample 43
1 Overview 43
2 Minimum Number of Individuals if Analytical
Error Is Neglible 43
3 Minimum Number of Replicate Analyses 45
4 Sample and Replicate Numbers Under Other
Variance Structures 45
C Weight (or Volume) of Sample 45
1 Overview 45
2 Increment Weight (or Volume) for Well-Mixed Materials 47
3 Increment Weight (or Volume) for Poorly Mixed
Materials 47
VII Outliers 49
A Overview 49
B Single Suspect Observation 50
C Several Suspect Observations 50
VIII Summary 54
Chapter 3 Bioaccumulation 59
I General 59
II Modeling Bioaccumulation: General Approach 59
A Elimination 60
1 General 60
2 Reaction Order 60
3 Linear Elimination Model 62
4 Single (Mono-) Exponential Elimination Model 63
5 Elimination Model with Two Loss Terms for One
Compartment 65
6 Elimination Model with Two Loss Terms for Two
Subcompartments (Biexponential) 69
7 Power Elimination Model 74
8 Michaelis-Menten Elimination Model 76
9 Comment on Interpreting Two Compartment Kinetics 77
B Adsorption 79
1 General 79
2 Common Forms of Freundlich and Langmuir Equations 80
3 Other Useful Adsorption Equations 83
C Accumulation Models: One Compartment 84
1 General 84
XV
2 Compartment Models 85
a Rate Constant-Based Models 85
b Clearance Volume-Based Models 91
D Accumulation Models: Several Compartments or Sources 93
1 General 93
2 One Compartment with Uptake from Food and Water 93
3 Multiple Sources and Elimination Components 94
4 Complex Multiple Compartment Models 94
E Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Models 94
1 General 94
2 Uptake from Water 95
3 Uptake from Food 96
4 Growth and Allometric Considerations 98
F Fugacity-Based Models 98
III Modeling Bioaccumulation: Alternative Approaches 99
A Statistical Moments Approach 99
B Stochastic Models 103
IV Intrinsic Factors Affecting Bioaccumulation 104
A General 104
B Lipid Content 105
C Size 107
V Summary 111
Chapter 4 Lethal and Other Quantal Responses to Stressors 119
I General 119
II Dose-Response at a Set Endpoint 119
A General 119
B Metameters of Dose and Response 120
C The LC50 123
1 Litchfield-Wilcoxon Method 123
2 Maximum Likelihood Method (Normal, Logistic,
and Weibull Models) 125
3 Trimmed Spearman-Karber Method 129
4 Binomial Method 134
5 Moving Average Method 135
6 Coping with Control Mortalities 135
7 Duplicate Treatments 136
8 Summary of LC50 Methods 136
9 Incipient LC50 136
10 The Significance of the LC50 137
III Time-to-Death 137
A The Standard Approach 137
1 General 137
2 Litchfield Method for Estimating LT50 138
3 Lethal Threshold Concentration 140
B The Survival Time Approach 143
1 General 143
2 Nonparametric Methods 144
3 Parametric and Semiparametric Methods , 146
a General 146
b Proportional Hazard Models 146
i Assuming a Specific Model 146
ii Cox Proportional Hazard Model 147
xvi
c Accelerated Failure Models 147
d General Form for Survival Time Models 147
e Selecting the Appropriate Model 148
IV Quantifying Effects of Extrinsic Factors 152
A Overview 152
B Inorganic Toxicants 153
1 Ammonia 153
2 Metals 155
a Water 155
b Sediments 157
C Organic Toxicants 158
V Quantifying Effects of Intrinsic Factors 160
A Overview 160
B Acclimation 160
C Size 162
VI Toxicant Mixtures 165
VII Summary 168
Chapter 5 Hypothesis Tests for Detection of Chronic Lethal and
Sublethal Stress 177
I General 177
II Method Selection 177
III One-Way Analysis of Variance 177
IV Test of Normality: Shapiro-Wilk s Test 181
V Test for Homogeneity of Variances: Bartlett s Test 184
VI Treatment Means Compared with the Control Mean 185
A Dunnett s Test 185
1 Equal Number of Observations 185
2 Unequal Number of Observations 187
B /-Test with Bonferroni s Adjustment 188
C Dunn-Sidak /-Test 189
VII Monotonic Trend: Williams s Test 190
VIII Steel s Multiple Treatment-Control Rank Sum Test 193
IX Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test with Bonferroni s Adjustment 196
X Inferring Biological Significance from Statistical Significance 197
XI Summary 200
Chapter 6 Effects at the Population Level 205
I General 205
A Population Level Research 205
B Definition of Population 205
II Population Size 205
A General 205
B Measurement of Population Size 206
1 General 206
2 Quadrat Estimates 206
3 Mark-Recapture Estimates 208
4 Removal-Based Estimates 210
C Simple Population Growth 216
1 The Exponential Growth Model 216
2 The Logistic Growth Model 219
3 Population Stability 223
III Demography 226
A General 226
xvii
B Life Tables 226
1 General 226
2 Death 227
3 Birth and Death 228
4 Other Considerations 231
IV Spatial Distribution of Individuals 231
A General 231
B Indices for Discrete Sampling Units 231
C Indices for Arbitrary Sampling Units 237
1 Indices Based on Quadrats 237
2 Indices Based on Distance 240
D Source and Sink Consequences 241
V Population Genetics 242
A Basic Concepts 242
1 Evolution by Natural Selection 242
2 Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium 242
3 Genetic Drift 244
a General 244
b Effective Population Size 244
4 Wahlund Effect 246
5 Natural Selection 246
6 Quantitative Genetics 247
B Lethal Stress (Viability) 250
C Selection Components 253
D Tolerance 256
VI Summary 257
Chapter 7 Effects at the Community Level , 265
I General 265
II Simple Species Interactions 265
A Predator-Prey Interactions 265
B Interspecies Competition 272
1 Two Species 272
2 Several Species 275
C Symbiosis 277
III Community Structure and Function 277
A General 277
B Community Structure 284
1 General 284
2 Species Abundance 284
a General 284
b Geometric Series Model 285
c Log Normal Model 286
d Log Series Model 289
e Broken Stick Model 290
f Pollution Effects on Abundance Curves 290
3 Species Richness 293
4 Species Heterogeneity (Species Diversity) 296
5 Species Evenness 299
6 Community Similarity 301
C Community Function 304
1 General 304
2 Productivity and Respiration 304
xviii
3 Detritus Processing 305
4 Nutrient Spiraling 305
5 Colonization and Succession 306
IV Composite Indices 309
V Trophic Exchange 311
VI Summary 314
Chapter 8 Summary 323
I Application to Ecological Assessment 323
II Facilitating Growth of the Science 324
Appendix 327
Table 1 Values of X used for Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Mean and
Standard Deviation of Censored Data 328
Table 2 Values of !»„(/) Used to Adjust for Backtransformation Bias 331
Table 3 Factors for Estimating Standard Deviation and Control
Limits for Range 334
Table 4 One-Sample Tolerance Probability Comparisons between n*
and/im 335
Table 5 Critical Values of T Used to Test for Simple Outliers 337
Table 6 Critical Values for X Used to Test for Multiple Outliers 338
Table 7 Response Metameters for Proportion Affected 344
Table 8 E Values Used to Estimate 95% Confidence Intervals for
LT50 Using the Litchfield Method 349
Table 9 Coefficients (a,,-,+i) for Shapiro-Wilk s Test for Normality 351
Table 10 Percentage Points of Shapiro-Wilk s W Test for Normality 355
Table 11 Dunnett s t for One-sided Comparisons between p Treatment
Means and a Control for a=0 01 357
Table 12 Dunnett s t for One-sided Comparisons between p Treatment
Means and a Control for a=0 05 358
Table 13 Dunnett s t for Two-sided Comparisons between p Treatment
Means and a Control for o=0 01 359
Table 14 Dunnett s t for Two-sided Comparisons between p Treatment
Means and a Control for a=0 05 360
Table 15 Bonferroni s Adjusted t Values for One-sided Test and a=0 01 361
Table 16 Bonferroni s Adjusted t Values for One-sided Test and a=0 05 365
Table 17 Bonferroni s Adjusted t Values for Two-sided Test and a=0 01 369
Table 18 Bonferroni s Adjusted t Values for Two-sided Test and a=0 05 373
Table 19 Dunn-Sidak s t for Comparisons between p Treatment Means and a
Control for a=0 01, 0 05, 0 10, and 0 20 (One-sided Test) 377
Table 20 Dunn-Siddk s t for Comparisons between p Treatment Means and a
Control for a=0 01, 0 05, 0 10, and 0 20 (Two-sided Test) 382
Table 21 Williams s tu for w=1 and Extrapolation B, (superscript) for
a One-sided Test and a=0 01 388
Table 22 William s 7, a for w=1 and Extrapolation 3, (superscript) for
a One-sided Test and a=0 05 389
Table 23 Williams s 7ta for w~1 and Extrapolation B, (superscript) for
a Two-sided Test and a=0 01 390
Table 24 Williams s ilA for w=1 and Extrapolation B, (superscript) for
a Two-sided Test and a=0 05 391
Table 25 Significant Values of Steel s Rank Sums for a One-sided Test
with a=0 05 or 0 01 392
Table 26 Significant Values of Steel s Rank Sums for a Two-sided Test
with a=0 05 or 0 01 393
xix
Table 27 Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) Rank-Sum Test Critical Values with
Bonferroni s Adjustments: One-sided Test and a=0 05 394
Table 28 Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) Rank-Sum Test Critical Values with
Bonferroni s Adjustments: Two-sided Test and a=0 05 397
Table 29 FORTRAN Code for Selection Component Analysis
(Two Allele Loci) 400
Table 30 Values of 6 Used for Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Mean
and Standard Deviation of Truncated Data 408
Index 411
|
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| id | DE-604.BV010536976 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T09:56:15Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0873716221 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-007024054 |
| oclc_num | 832294211 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-703 |
| owner_facet | DE-703 |
| physical | XIX, 426 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 1995 |
| publishDateSearch | 1995 |
| publishDateSort | 1995 |
| publisher | Lewis Publ. |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Advances in trace substances research |
| spellingShingle | Newman, Michael C. Quantitative methods in aquatic ecotoxicology Animaux aquatiques - Effets de la pollution de l'eau ram Eau - Pollution ram Ecotoxicologia larpcal Água (aspectos ambientais) larpcal Água doce larpcal Écotoxicologie - Technique ram Umwelt Aquatic organisms Effect of water pollution on Measurement Water Pollution Environmental aspects Measurement Water Pollution Toxicology Measurement Wasserverschmutzung (DE-588)4189299-9 gnd Spurenanalyse (DE-588)4056593-2 gnd Umwelttoxikologie (DE-588)4121813-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4189299-9 (DE-588)4056593-2 (DE-588)4121813-9 |
| title | Quantitative methods in aquatic ecotoxicology |
| title_auth | Quantitative methods in aquatic ecotoxicology |
| title_exact_search | Quantitative methods in aquatic ecotoxicology |
| title_full | Quantitative methods in aquatic ecotoxicology Michael C. Newman |
| title_fullStr | Quantitative methods in aquatic ecotoxicology Michael C. Newman |
| title_full_unstemmed | Quantitative methods in aquatic ecotoxicology Michael C. Newman |
| title_short | Quantitative methods in aquatic ecotoxicology |
| title_sort | quantitative methods in aquatic ecotoxicology |
| topic | Animaux aquatiques - Effets de la pollution de l'eau ram Eau - Pollution ram Ecotoxicologia larpcal Água (aspectos ambientais) larpcal Água doce larpcal Écotoxicologie - Technique ram Umwelt Aquatic organisms Effect of water pollution on Measurement Water Pollution Environmental aspects Measurement Water Pollution Toxicology Measurement Wasserverschmutzung (DE-588)4189299-9 gnd Spurenanalyse (DE-588)4056593-2 gnd Umwelttoxikologie (DE-588)4121813-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Animaux aquatiques - Effets de la pollution de l'eau Eau - Pollution Ecotoxicologia Água (aspectos ambientais) Água doce Écotoxicologie - Technique Umwelt Aquatic organisms Effect of water pollution on Measurement Water Pollution Environmental aspects Measurement Water Pollution Toxicology Measurement Wasserverschmutzung Spurenanalyse Umwelttoxikologie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007024054&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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