The challenge of democracy: government in America
Gespeichert in:
| Beteiligte Personen: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Boston u.a.
Houghton Mifflin
1989
|
| Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
| Schlagwörter: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=003324107&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Umfang: | XXIII, 738, 84 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0395432928 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Brief Contents Preface Part I 1 2 Part II 3 4 Part III 5 6 7 8 9 xvii Dilemmas of Democracy 1 Freedom, Order, or Equality? 3 Majoritarian or Pluralist Democracy? 33 Foundations of American Government The Constitution 65 Federalism 109 Linking People with Government 147 Public Opinion and Political Socialization The Mass Media 185 Participation and Voting 223 Political Parties, Campaigns, and Elections Interest Groups 309 Part ГѴ Institutions of Government 10 Congress 351 11 The Presidency 393 12 The Bureaucracy 435 13 The Courts 467 14 The Washington Community 63 149 261 349 507 Part V Making Public Policy 539 15 The Economics of Public Policy 541 16 Domestic Policy 579 17 Order and Civil Liberties 617 18 Equality and Civil Rights 657 19 Foreign and Defense Policy 691 Epilogue 733 Appendices A-l The Declaration of Independence in Congress July 4, 1776 A-l The Constitution of the United States of America vi A-3
Brief Contents Federalist No. 10 1787 A-14 Federalist No. 51 1788 A-17 Presidents of the United States A-20 Twentieth-Century Justices of the Supreme Court A-21 Party Control of the Presidency, Senate, and House of Representatives 1901-1991 A-22 Glossary A-24 References A-36 Index to References A-57 Index A-62 Essays and Selected Features ESSAYS A В C D Transformations in American Politics: Into the Information Age 58-61 The Transformation of Political Art 142-145 The Transformation of Party Politics 344-347 The Transformation of Public Policy 534-537 COMPARED WITH WHAT? The Importance of Order as a Political Value 14 The Importance of Freedom and Equality as Political Values 22 Chapter 2 Satisfaction with Democracy, by Nation 55 102 Chapter 3 Exporting the Constitution Chapter 4 Federalism Around the World 114 Chapter 5 Opinions on Income Redistribution 169 Chapter 6 Opinions on the Media 212 Chapter 7 Conventional Political Participation 240 Voter Turnout in Democratic Nations 248 Chapter 8 What s in a Name? 266 Chapter 9 Membership in Groups 312 Chapter 1 vii
viii Brief Contents Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Manchester, New Hampshire, or Manchester, England, There Are Constituents to Be Served 358 Maybe They Ought to Make Crocodile Dundee Speaker 377 What Kind of Experience Counts? 396 Bureaucrats and Politicians Attitudes Toward State Involvement 462 Judicial Review 474 Bureaucrats, Legislators, and Lobbyists 532 Tax Burdens in Twenty Countries 567 Social Insurance Costs and Benefits 606 Civil Liberties Around the World 640 Barriers for Women Fall 682 Defense Spending, 1974-1984 727 POLITICS IN THE INFORMATION AGE Chapter 2 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 15 Chapter 19 Electronic Democracy 46 Sampling a Few, Predicting to Everyone 154 Continuous News 214 A Sampler of New Campaign Technology 298 Direct Mail: Your Letter Has to Grab Em 320 The Consumer Price Index 551 Press Coverage of Combat: Three Models 720
Contents Preface xvii Liberals Versus Conservatives: The New Differences 21 A Two-Dimensional Classification of Ideologies 21 PARTI DILEMMAS OF DEMOCRACY I Summary _______ 1 Freedom, Order, or Equality? The Purposes of Government 3 33 The Theory of Democratic Government A Conceptual Framework for Analyzing Government 9 The Concepts of Freedom, Order, and Equality 11 Order 11 Majoritarian or Pluralist Democracy? 5 Maintaining Order 5 Providing Public Goods 7 Promoting Equality 8 Freedom 11 30 Equality 15 Two Dilemmas of Government Institutional Models of Democracy 17 The Original Dilemma: Freedom Versus Order 17 The Modern Dilemma: Freedom Versus Equality 19 Ideology and the Scope of Government The Meaning and Symbolism of Democracy 36 The Procedural View of Democracy 37 A Complication: Direct Versus Indirect Democracy 38 The Substantive View of Democracy 40 Procedural Democracy Versus Substantive Democracy 42 21 Totalitarianism 24 Socialism 24 Capitalism 24 Libertarianism 25 Anarchism 25 Liberals and Conservatives—The Narrow Middle 26 American Political Ideologies and the Purpose of Government 27 43 The Majoritarian Model of Democracy 44 An Alternative Model: Pluralist Democracy 45 The Majoritarian Model Versus the Pluralist Model 48 An Undemocratic Model: Elite Theory 49 Elite Theory Versus Pluralist Theory 50 Democracies Around the World 53 Testing for Democratic Government 53 American Democracy: More Pluralist than Majoritarian 54 Summary 56 ix 35
x Contents PART II FOUNDATIONS OF AMERICAN GOVERNMENT 63 ________3 The Constitution 65 The Revolutionary Roots of the Constitution 69 Freedom in Colonial America 70 The Road to Revolution 71 Revolutionary Action 73 The Declaration of Independence 73 From Revolution to Government: The First Try 76 The Articles of Confederation 76 Disorder Under the Confederation 77 The Constitutional Convention: The Second Try 78 The Virginia Plan 79 The New fersey Plan 82 The Great Compromise 82 Compromise on the Presidency 84 The Final Product 84 The Basic Principles 85 The Articles of the Constitution 89 The Framers’ Motives 92 Selling the Constitution 92 The Federalist Papers 93 A Concession: The Bill of Rights 94 Ratification 95 Constitutional Change 97 The Formal Amendment Process 97 Interpretation by the Courts 99 Political Practice 101 An Evaluation of the Constitution 101 Freedom, Order, and Equality in the Constitution 103 The Constitution and Models of Democracy 105 Summary 106 _______ 4 Federalism 109 Federalism and American Ideology: Myths and Metaphors 112 The Mythology of American Federalism 115 Dual, or “Layer Cake,” Federalism 116 Cooperative, or “Marble Cake,” Federalism 117 The Dynamics of Federalism: Legal Sticks and Financial Carrots 118 Legislation and the Elastic Clause 119 fudicial Interpretation 120 Grants-inAid 121 The Developing Concept of Federalism: From Layer Cake to Marble Cake 123 McCulloch v. Maryland 123 States’ Pdghts and Dual Federalism 124 The New Deal and Its Consequences 125 Desegregation and the War on Poverty 126 The Pendulum Swings Back ... Maybe 130
Nixon’s New Federalism: Revenue Sharing 130 Reagan’s New Federalism: Budget Reductions 131 Other Governments in the Federal System 133 The Kinds of Local Governments 134 So Many Governments: Advantages and Disadvantages 135 Contemporary Federalism and the Dilemmas of Democracy 138 Federalism and the Values of Freedom, Order, and Equality 138 Federalism and Pluralism 139 Summary 140 PART III LINKING PEOPLE WITH GOVERNMENT 147 ________5 Public Opinion and Political Socialization 149 Public Opinion and the Models of Democracy 152 The Distribution of Public Opinion 156 Shape of the Distribution 156 Stability of the Distribution 158
xi Contents Political Socialization What People Remember and Know 210 Influencing Public Opinion 211 Setting the Political Agenda 213 Socialization 216 161 The Agents of Early Socialization Continuing Socialization 166 161 Social Groups and Political Values 166 Education 168 Income 169 Region 170 The “Old” Ethnicity: European Origin 170 The “New” Ethnicity: Race 172 Religion 173 From Values to Ideology Summary 174 The Process of Forming Political Opinions 178 _______ 6 185 Participation and Voting 223 228 Conventional Participation 233 Supportive Behavior 234 Influencing Behavior 235 Conventional Participation in America 238 Explaining Political Participation Newspapers 189 Magazines 191 Radio 194 Television 195 197 The Consequences of Private Ownership 197 The Concentration of Private Ownership 199 200 Participation and Freedom, Equality, and Order 254 Participation and Freedom 254 Participation and Equality 255 Participation and Order 256 Reporting the News Participation and the Models of Democracy 257 203 The Political Effects of the Media 207 Where the Public Gets Its News 208 249 Patterns of Participation over Time 249 The Standard Socioeconomic Explanation 249 Low Voter Turnout in America 252 Technical Regulations 200 Structural Regulations 201 Regulation of Content 201 Covering Politics 203 Presenting the News 204 Is Reporting Biasedţ 205 239 Expansion of Suffrage 239 Voting on Policies 244 Voting for Candidates 246 Development of the Mass Media in the United States 189 Government Regulation of the Media 225 Support for Unconventional Participation 228 The
Effectiveness of Unconventional Participation 230 Unconventional Participation in America 232 Participating Through Voting 187 Private Ownership of the Media _______ 7 Unconventional Participation 182 People, Government, and Communications 220 Democracy and Political Participation Self-Interest 178 Political Informa tion 179 Political Leadership 180 Opinion Schemas 181 The Mass Media 217 Contributions to Democracy 218 Effects on Freedom, Order, and Equality 219 The Degree of Ideological Thinking in Public Opinion 174 The Quality of Ideological Thinking in Public Opinion 175 Ideological Types in the United States 176 Summary Evaluating the Media in Government Participation and Majoritarianism 257 Participation and Pluralism 257 Summary 258
xii Contents Interest Groups: Good or Evil! 311 The Roles of Interest Groups 312 Political Parties, Campaigns, and Elections 261 How Interest Groups Form 314 Interest Group Entrepreneurs 315 Who Is Being Organized! 317 Political Parties and Their Functions 263 Definitions 263 Party Functions 264 Interest Group Resources 317 Members 318 Lobbyists 324 Political Action Committees 326 A History of U.S. Party Politics 266 The Preparty Period 267 The First Party System: Federalists and Democratic Republicans 268 The Second Party System: Democrats and Whigs 270 The Present Party System: Democrats and Republicans 271 Eras of Party Dominance Since the Civil War 272 The American Two-Party System 275 Minor Parties in America 275 Why a Two-Party System! 277 The Federal Basis Party of the Party System 279 Identification in America 279 Lobbying Tactics 328 Direct Lobbying 329 Grassroots Lobbying 330 Information Campaigns 332 Coalitions 333 The Growth of Interest Group Politics The Public Interest Movement 334 Business Lobbies 337 Interest Groups: An Evaluation Regulation 340 Campaign Financing 341 Summary 333 338 342 Party Ideology and Organization 281 Differences in Party Ideology 283 National Party Organization 286 State and Local Party Organizations 288 PART IV INSTITUTIONS OF GOVERNMENT 349 Campaigning for Election 289 The Nomination 290 Running for Office 296 Using the Media 296 Campaign Financing 297 ______ 10 Explaining Voting Choice 300 Party Identification 300 Candidates’ Attributes 301 Issues and Policies 302 Voting for Congress 303 Political Parties and the Models of Democracy
303 Parties and the Majoritarian Model 304 Parties and the Pluralist Model 305 Summary 305 Congress 351 The Origin and Powers of Congress 353 The Great Compromise 353 Duties of the House and Senate 355 Electing the Congress 356 The Incumbency Effect 356 Elect! 360 How Issues Get on the Congressional Agenda Who Do We 361 The Dance of Legislation: An Overview 363 Interest Groups 309 Interest Groups and the American Political Tradition 311 Committees: The Workhorses of Congress 365 The Division of Labor Among Committees 365 Congressional Expertise and Seniority 367 Committee
xiii Contents Reform 368 Drafting Legislation 369 Committees: The Majoritarian and Pluralist Views 370 The President as World Leader 426 Foreign Relations 426 Crisis Management 429 Leaders and Followers in Congress 371 The Leadership Task 371 Rules of Procedure 375 Norms of Behavior 376 Presidential Character The Legislative Environment 378 Political Parties 378 Interest Groups 379 Colleagues 380 Staff 380 The President 381 Constituents 382 Oversight: Following Through on Legislation 383 Summary 430 432 The Bureaucracy 435 The Dilemma oí Representation 385 Presidents and Shopping Bags 385 Trustees or Delegatesţ 385 The Development of the Bureaucratic State 437 The Growth of American Government 437 Can We Reduce the Size of Government1 440 Pluralism, Majoritarianism, and Democracy 388 Parliamentary Government 388 Pluralism Versus Majoritarianism in the Congress 389 Bureaus and Bureaucrats 443 The Organization of Government 443 The Civil Service 445 Presidential Control over the Bureaucracy 447 Summary Policymaking: The Formal Processes 448 Administrative Discretion 448 Rule Making 450 Adjudication 454 390 ______ 11 The Presidency 393 Policymaking: Informal Politics 454 The Science of Muddling Through 454 The Culture of Bureaucracy 455 The Constitutional Basis of Presidential Power 395 Initial Conceptions of the Presidency 395 The Powers of the President 395 Problems in Implementing Policy 457 Vague Directives 457 Faulty Coordination 457 Decentralized Authority 458 Imprecise Evaluation of Success 458 The Expansion of Presidential Power 398 The Inherent Powers 399
Congressional Delegation of Power 400 The President’s Power to Persuade 401 The President and the Public 402 Great Expectations 406 Reforming the Bureaucracy 459 Reorganization 459 Deregulation 460 Citizen Participation Programs 463 Analytical Budgeting 464 Presidential Elections: The Electoral Connection 408 The Electoral College 408 Winning the Presidency 409 . . . And Losing It 411 The Executive Branch Establishment 413 The White House Staff 415 The Vice President 416 The Cabinet 417 The President as National Leader 419 From Political Values ... 419 ... To Policy Agenda 421 Chief Lobbyist 423 Party Leader 424 Summary 465 ______ 13 The Courts 467 Federal Judicial Supremacy 470 fudicial Review of the Other Branches 470 Judicial Review of State Government 472 The Exercise of fudicial Review 473
Contents χίυ The Organization of the Federal Courts Today 475 The U.S. District Courts 475 Courts of Appeals 478 Policy Expertise The U.S. Judicial Recruitment 491 The Appointment of Federal fudges 492 Recent Presidents and the Federal Appointment to the Judiciary 494 Supreme Court 495 The Legal Profession 498 Growth of the Profession 498 Attorneys 498 Summary 501 ______ 14 The Washington Community 507 Washington: A City at the Center 509 Law Firms 512 Law in Washington: A Growth Industry 514 Specialty Law Firms 515 Consulting Firms 517 The Nature of Government Consulting 517 Getting the Contract 518 Think Tanks 518 The Brookings Institution 519 The American Enterprise Institute 520 Trade Associations 521 522 Issue Networks 523 Government by Policy Area 523 Triangles 525 The Case of Telecommunications 525 PART V MAKING PUBLIC POLICY 539 ______ 15 541 U.S. 504 Public Relations Firms 532 The Economics of Public Policy The Consequences of Judicial Decisions 499 Supreme Court Rulings: Implementation and Impact 499 Public Opinion and the Courts 500 The Changing Role of the Courts Issue Networks and Democracy 530 Summary The Supreme Court 480 Access to the Court 484 The Solicitor General 485 Decision Making 486 528 Government Purposes and Public Policies 544 Theories of Economic Policy 548 Laissez-Faire Economics 549 Keynesian Theory 550 Monetary Policy 552 Supply-Side Economics 553 Public Policy and the Budget 555 The Nature of the Budget 556 Preparing the President’s Budget 557 Passing the Congressional Budget 558 Tax Policies 563 Tax Reform 564 Public Opinion on Federal Taxes
565 Comparing Tax Burdens 565 Spending Policies 566 Incremental Budgeting . . . 569 Uncontrollable Spending 570 Taxing, Spending, and Economic Equality 571 Government Effects on Economic Equality 572 Effects of Taxing and Spending Policies over Time 573 Democracy and Equality 575 Summary 576 ______ 16 Domestic Policy Iron . . . And 579 Studying Public Policies 581 Policies That Protect: AIDS 581 That Prohibit: Illegal Drugs 583 Policies
Contents XV Government Policies and Individual Welfare 584 The Growth of the American Welfare State 585 The Reduction of the Welfare State 590 Providing Social Insurance Social Security 592 599 Poverty and Public Assistance 599 Cash Assistance: AFDC 601 Necessary Nutrition: Food Stamps 603 Providing Farm Supports 605 The Origins of the Farm Problem 607 The “Traditional Solution 607 Some Consequences of Farm Policy 610 A New Direction 612 614 ______ 17 Order and Civil Liberties The Bill of Rights 617 620 Freedom of Religion 621 The Establishment Clause 622 Exercise Clause 626 Freedom of Expression Equality and Civil Rights 657 591 Medicare 596 Providing Public Assistance Summary ______ 18 The Free- 628 Freedom of Speech 629 Freedom of the Press 633 The Right to Peaceable Assembly and Petition 638 The Civil War Amendments 659 Congress and the Supreme Court: Lawmaking Versus Interpretation 660 The Roots of Racial Segregation 661 The Dismantling of School Segregation Pressure for Equality . . . 663 Pressure for Desegregation 664 The Civil Rights Movement 662 . . . And 667 The Civil Rights Civil Disobedience 668 From Restriction to Act of 1964 668 Restoration 672 Racial Violence and Black Nationalism 673 Civil Rights for Other Minorities Native Americans 675 Americans 676 673 Hispanic- Gender and Equal Rights: The Women s Movement 677 Protectionism 677 Political Equality for Women 678 Prohibiting Sex-Based Discrimination 679 Stereotypes Under Scrutiny 679 The Equal Rights Amendment 680 Affirmative Action: Equal Opportunity or Equal Outcome? 682 Reverse Discrimination 684
Victims of Discrimination 685 Two Conceptions of Equality 688 Applying the Bill of Rights to the States 638 Summary The Fourteenth Amendment: Due Process of Law 639 The Fundamental Freedoms 642 Criminal Procedure: The Meaning of Constitutional Guarantees 643 ______ 19 Foreign and Defense Policy The Ninth Amendment and Personal Autonomy 648 Controversy: From Privacy to Abortion 648 Personal Autonomy and Sexual Orientation 652 Constitutionalizing Public Policies Summary 654 688 653 691 America s World View: Two Policy Paradigms 694 The Munich Paradigm 694 Paradigm 695 The Vietnam
xvi Contents U.S. Values and Interests: The Historical Context 696 From Isolationism to Globalism 696 Containment and Korea 698 Cold War Commitments Under Eisenhower and Kennedy 700 Vietnam: The Challenge to America’s Foreign Policy Consensus 702 Carter’s Search for a New Foreign Policy 705 Foreign Policy Under Reagan 705 Conflicting Policy Paradigms and America’s Foreign Policy Goals 708 Foreign Policymaking: The Constitutional Context 709 The Formal Division of Power 709 Sidestepping the Constitution 710 Epilogue 733 Democracy: The Challenge 735 Does Government Do What People Want? 736 Appendices A-l The Declaration of Independence in Congress July 4, 1776 A-l The Constitution of the United States of America A-3 Foreign Policymaking: The Administrative Machinery 713 The Department of State 713 The Department of Defense 714 The CIA and the Intelligence Community 715 The National Security Council 716 Federalist No. 10 1787 A-14 Federalist No. 51 1788 A-17 The Public, the Media, and Foreign Policy 717 The Public and the Majoritarian Model 717 Interest Groups and the Pluralist Model 718 The Media and Foreign Policy 720 Party Control of the Presidency, Senate, and House of Representatives 1901-1991 A-22 The Foreign Policymaking Process 721 Sources of Information for the Executive Branch 721 Congress and the President 722 Lobbies and the “Lobbyist in Chief” 724 Policy Implementation 724 Defense Policy 725 How Much Should We Spend1 725 Should Defense Money Buyţ 728 Policy and Foreign Policy 729 Economic Policy Summary 730 729 Presidents of the United States Twentieth-Century
Justices of the Supreme Court A-21 Glossary A-24 References A-36 Index to References Index What Defense A-20 A-62 A-57
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| discipline | Politologie |
| edition | 2. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | États-Unis - Politique et gouvernement USA United States Politics and government USA (DE-588)4078704-7 gnd |
| geographic_facet | États-Unis - Politique et gouvernement USA United States Politics and government |
| id | DE-604.BV005316121 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T08:31:39Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0395432928 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-003324107 |
| oclc_num | 19658895 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-11 DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-11 DE-188 |
| physical | XXIII, 738, 84 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 1989 |
| publishDateSearch | 1989 |
| publishDateSort | 1989 |
| publisher | Houghton Mifflin |
| record_format | marc |
| spellingShingle | Janda, Kenneth Berry, Jeffrey M. Goldman, Jerry The challenge of democracy government in America Democratie gtt Staatsinrichting gtt Demokratie Politik Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 gnd Demokratie (DE-588)4011413-2 gnd Politisches System (DE-588)4046584-6 gnd CD-ROM (DE-588)4139307-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4020517-4 (DE-588)4011413-2 (DE-588)4046584-6 (DE-588)4139307-7 (DE-588)4078704-7 |
| title | The challenge of democracy government in America |
| title_auth | The challenge of democracy government in America |
| title_exact_search | The challenge of democracy government in America |
| title_full | The challenge of democracy government in America Kenneth Janda ; Jeffrey M. Berry ; Jerry Goldman |
| title_fullStr | The challenge of democracy government in America Kenneth Janda ; Jeffrey M. Berry ; Jerry Goldman |
| title_full_unstemmed | The challenge of democracy government in America Kenneth Janda ; Jeffrey M. Berry ; Jerry Goldman |
| title_short | The challenge of democracy |
| title_sort | the challenge of democracy government in america |
| title_sub | government in America |
| topic | Democratie gtt Staatsinrichting gtt Demokratie Politik Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 gnd Demokratie (DE-588)4011413-2 gnd Politisches System (DE-588)4046584-6 gnd CD-ROM (DE-588)4139307-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Democratie Staatsinrichting Demokratie Politik Geschichte Politisches System CD-ROM États-Unis - Politique et gouvernement USA United States Politics and government |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=003324107&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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