Beach-la-Mar to Bislama: the emergence of a national language in Vanuatu
Gespeichert in:
| Beteilige Person: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Oxford
Clarendon Press
1990
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Oxford studies in language contact
|
| Schlagwörter: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=002777188&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Umfang: | XXI, 422 S. Kt. |
| ISBN: | 0198248938 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819304564402159616 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
List ofFigures xv
ListofTables xvi
ListofAbbreviations xx
1. The Language and its Name i
Vanuatu Today i
Bislama: The Language 6
The Relative Status of the Three Varieties of Melanesian Pidgin 15
Varieties of Bislama 19
The Name Bislama 26
Sources 33
2. Language Contact in theEarly Years: 1265-1865 46
Pre-Colonial Language Contact 46
The First Europeans 51
The Sandalwood and Sea-Slug Stations 60
Early Beach-la-Mar and the French Annexation of New Caledonia 65
3. Language Contact since 1865 71
Beach-la-Mar in Vanuatu 71
Beach-la-Mar in the Loyalty Islands 73
Ni-Vanuatu Overseas 85
The Geography and Demography of Beach-la-Mar 96
The Condominium 100
4. Language Contact and the Bislama Lexicon 108
Source Languages 108
The Impact of French on Bislama 111
Minor Lexical Influences on Bislama 134
The Influence of Local Languages 145
The Scope of the Beach-la-Mar Lexicon 178
5. Beach-la-Mar to Bislama: Emergence ofthe Grammar 187
The Grammar of Early Beach-la-Mar 187
The Emergence of Modern Structures 200
xiv Contents
6. More Recent Developments: More on Substrate, Superstrate,
andIndependent Development 321
The Expansion of the Preposition System 321
Se, We, and Subordination 330
The Acquisition of Copula Constructions 338
Functional Expansion 351
7. Lukluk Bak: Recurrent Themes 369
Beach-la-Mar: Jargon or Pidgin? 369
Women, Creolization, and the Evolution of Bislama 381
Beach-la-Mar as an Expression of Melanesian Identity 390
Epilogue 398
References 406
Index 419
ListofFigures
1.1. Location of Vanuatu in the southwest Pacific 2
1.2. Islands ofVanuatu
1.3. English-lexifier pidgins and creoles in the southwest Pacific 9
2.1. Language contact in south Malakula 3
2.2. Sandalwood trading areas in southern Melanesia:
1843-1865
3.1. Principal sugarcane-growing areas of Queensland 92
3.2. Spread of Bislama, 1840s to the present
3.3. Major sources and destinations of plantation labourers in Vanuatu,
1900-1940 ,
4.1. Input of local languages to the Bislama lexicon 9
6.1. Clausal complement construction to quotative clause introduced ^
6.2. Equltional construction with fronted comment and remainder of
clause introduced by se
List of Tables
1.1. Lexical differences between varieties ofMelanesian Pidgin 10
1.2. Melanesian Pidgin preposition Systems 13
1.3. Forms reflecting both French and English semantics 23
1.4. Pionnier s French-based spellings of Bislama words 39
1.5. Schmidt s French-based spellings of Bislama words 41
2.1. Sources of vocabulary in Ifira-Mele and Emae languages 47
2.2. Polynesian-derived lexical items used in the Loyalties 1840s-1850s 59
2.3. Words ofEuropean origin introduced via Polynesian languages 59
2.4. Operation of sandalwood stations in southern Melanesia
1840s-1850s 62
2.5. Vocabulary of Early Beach-la-Mar origin in Grande-Terre
languages 67
3.1. Loyalty Islanders recruited to Queensland 1863-1875 74
3.2. Words ultimately of English origin in Loyalties languages 78
3.3. Loyalties words possibly directly borrowed from English 82
3.4. Loyalties words likely to have been borrowed from Beach-la-Mar 83
3.5. Loyalties words displaying phonological features suggesting an
origin via Beach-la-Mar 84
3.6. Ni-Vanuatu labourers working overseas 1863-1906 88
3.7. Depopulation in southern Vanuatu 1859-1924 99
3.8. Asian and ni-Vanuatu recruitment 1911-1939 104
3.9. Ni-Vanuatu recruits according to island of destination 1910-1939 106
3.10. Ni-Vanuatu and Asian labourers as percentages of total 1923-1939 106
4.1. Bislama vocabulary potentially derivable from either English or
French 109
4.2. Bislarna vocabulary ultimately of Portuguese or Polynesian origin 110
4.3. Words of French origin with or without article reanalysed as part
ofroot 129
4.4. Engüsh-derived vocabulary relexified by French since the 1890s 131
4.5. French and German borrowings into Bislama and Tok Pisin 133
4.6. Pacific-wide words used in South Seas Jargon 135
ListqfTables xvii
4.7. Words of Samoan origin in Bislama l3
4.8. Locally coined expressions in Bislama deriving from contact with
the American military H1
4.9. Incorrectly identified etymologies of Bislama words H5
4.10. Vernacular forms in Bislama with good cognates from one region
and partial cognates elsewhere ^5
4.11. Vernacular forms in Bislama with good cognates in several regions 166
4.12. Vernacular forms in Bislama with good and partial cognates in
local languages
4.13. Vernacular forms in Bislama with only partial cognates in local
languages l
4.14. Minimum and maximum contributions of local languages to the
Melanesian component of the Bislama lexicon l68
4.15. Earliest written attestations of Bislama words of Melanesian
origin •*
4.16. Bislama words with cognates in Fijian r74
4.17. Bislama forms derived from combinations of central and northern
forms r^
4.18. Bislama forms with initial na- derived from vernacular forms ^
lacking na-
4.19. Attested size of the Bislama lexicon between 1845 and the present 178
4.20. Lexical items and accompanying reported circumlocutions in
Beach-la-Mar
4-2i. Maritime terminology of probable pre-1885 antiquity in
Beach-la-Mar 4
5.1. Attested pronouns in Early Beach-la-Mar !93
5-2. Samoan Plantation Pidgin pronouns I94
5-3- Modern Bislama TAM markers
5-4- Evolution of the Bislama TAM System 1840-present 2I2
5-5- Attested Beach-la-Mar pronouns 1890s 2I9
5-6. Modern Bislama pronouns
r. • 1 227
5-7- raamese pronominal system
5-8. Singular possessive suffixes in Vanuatu vernaculars 229
5 -9- Development of Bislama subject pronouns 1840-present 231
5-10. Predicate marking in modern varieties of Melanesian Pidgin 237
5 ¦ 11 • Spread of i after nominal subjects
512. Third-person singular pronouns in languages of southern ^
Melanesia
xviii ListofTables
5.13. Third-person singular realis verbal prefixes in languages of southern
Melanesia 251
5.14. Evolution of Bislama prepositions 1840-present 266
5.15. Developments in the marking of -fala on nominal premodifiers
1870-1940 278
5.16. Monosyllabic nominal premodifiers taking both -fala and -man 280
5.17. Nominal premodifiers of colour taking both -fala and - man 280
5.18. Nominal premodifiers which take -man but not -fala 281
5.19. Nominal premodifiers which take neither -fala nor -man 281
5.20. Transitive marking on verbs 1840-1900 287
5.21. Subcategorization of transitive verbs according to presence or absence
of transitive suffix in late 1890s 288
5.22. Residual unsuffixed transitives in modern Melanesian Pidgin 289
5.23. Unsuffixed transitive verbs in modern Bislama 290
5.24. Optionally suffixed transitive verbs in modern Bislama 291
5.25. Cognate-object constructions in modern Bislama 292
5.26. Intransitive-transitive and noun-verb derivational pairs in
Bislama 295
5.27. Transitive and periphrastic constructions in Tok Pisin and
Bislama 295
5.28. Pseudo-transitive and transitive pairs in Bislama 296
5.29. Pseudo-transitives in Bislama without formally equivalent transitive
forms 296
5.30. Allomorphy of transitive suffix in Beach-la-Mar 1890s 298
5.31. Transitive suffix variants in the early 1900s 299
5.32. Transitive suffix allomorphy after -VC 300
5.33. Transitive suffix allomorphy after diphthong followed by
consonant 301
5.34. Transitive suffix allomorphy after final -i, -e, and -ae 301
5.35. Transitive suffix allomorphy after final -a 302
5.36. Transitive suffix allomorphy after -oa/-ea 302
5.37. Reconstructed complex transitive verbs in nineteenth-century
Beach-la-Mar 303
5.38. Transitive verbs derived with -ap 305
5.39. Transitive and intransitive forms with -ap 306
5.40. Tok Pisin reanalysis of earlier transitives in -ap/-aot 307
5.41. Unpredictable reduplication patterns in Bislama 308
ListofTables xix
5.42. Transitive-intransitive pairs expressed by reduplication in
Melanesian Pidgin 3°9
5.43. Reduplication patterns in Bislama 310
5.44. Solomons Pijin and Bislama reduplication patterns 3:3
5.45. Base and word reduplication patterns in Tok Pisin 3H
5.46. Functionsof reduplication in Melanesian Pidgin 3l8
6.1. Recent spread of se in subordinate constructions 333
6.2. Recent developments of se and we after subordinators 334
6.3. Copular verbs in Vanuatu languages 35°
6.4. Probable nineteenth-century obscenities 354
6.5. Probable nineteenth-century euphemisms 355
6.6. Non-offensive expletives in Bislama 35
6.7. Melanesian Pidgin idioms probably dating back to the nineteenth
Century
6.8. Modern slang expressions in Bislama
6.9. Words and phrases with newly acquired slang meanings 3 4
6.10. Older vocabulary associated with kava drinking that has spread
recently . ,
6.11. Recently developed terminology associated with kava drinking 3 7
7.1. Proportion of the population of Mackay of Melanesian ongin ^
1867-I9OI nn
7-2. Lexical items with potential multiple sources in Bislama 3
7.3. Bislama words with variant forms reflecting two possible sources 3»
7-4- Compounds with one part having two possible sources 3»9
70. Melanesian words in Queensland Islander English inhented from the ^
nineteenth Century . ,
7-6. Compounds derived by Melanesians on the basis of Enghsh-denved ^
7-7. oSnsoftermsrelatingtoindigenousflora and fauna in Bislama 3%
7-8. Compounds from English-derived roots for flora and fauna in lok ^
Pisin and Bislama , „. ,
7.9. Compounds from English-derived roots in Tok Pisin and Bislama ^
not referring to flora and fauna „
710. Synonymous compounds and words of vernacular ongin
|
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| geographic_facet | Vanuatu |
| id | DE-604.BV004502428 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T08:18:51Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0198248938 |
| language | English |
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| physical | XXI, 422 S. Kt. |
| publishDate | 1990 |
| publishDateSearch | 1990 |
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| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Oxford studies in language contact |
| spellingShingle | Crowley, Terry 1953-2005 Beach-la-Mar to Bislama the emergence of a national language in Vanuatu Bichlamar (langue) - Histoire ram Bislama gtt Langues créoles(anglais) - Vanuatu Nouvelles-Hébrides ram Nationale talen gtt Geschichte Bislama language History Sprache (DE-588)4056449-6 gnd Beach-la-mar (DE-588)4144225-8 gnd Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4056449-6 (DE-588)4144225-8 (DE-588)4020517-4 (DE-588)4062334-8 |
| title | Beach-la-Mar to Bislama the emergence of a national language in Vanuatu |
| title_auth | Beach-la-Mar to Bislama the emergence of a national language in Vanuatu |
| title_exact_search | Beach-la-Mar to Bislama the emergence of a national language in Vanuatu |
| title_full | Beach-la-Mar to Bislama the emergence of a national language in Vanuatu Terry Crowley |
| title_fullStr | Beach-la-Mar to Bislama the emergence of a national language in Vanuatu Terry Crowley |
| title_full_unstemmed | Beach-la-Mar to Bislama the emergence of a national language in Vanuatu Terry Crowley |
| title_short | Beach-la-Mar to Bislama |
| title_sort | beach la mar to bislama the emergence of a national language in vanuatu |
| title_sub | the emergence of a national language in Vanuatu |
| topic | Bichlamar (langue) - Histoire ram Bislama gtt Langues créoles(anglais) - Vanuatu Nouvelles-Hébrides ram Nationale talen gtt Geschichte Bislama language History Sprache (DE-588)4056449-6 gnd Beach-la-mar (DE-588)4144225-8 gnd Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Bichlamar (langue) - Histoire Bislama Langues créoles(anglais) - Vanuatu Nouvelles-Hébrides Nationale talen Geschichte Bislama language History Sprache Beach-la-mar Vanuatu |
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