Scientific social surveys and research: An introd. to the background, content, methods, principles, and analysis of social studies
Gespeichert in:
| Beteilige Person: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Englewood Cliffs,N.J.
Prentice-Hall
1966
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| Ausgabe: | 4.ed. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Prentice-Hall sociology series.
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| Schlagwörter: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=001813859&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=001813859&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=001813859&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Umfang: | XVI,576 S. |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Scientific social surveys and research |b An introd. to the background, content, methods, principles, and analysis of social studies |c Mitarb.: Calvin F. Schmid* |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | contents I general overview and scope of social research General Overview of a Research Project in Process, 3 Concern over practical problem initiates a scientific inquiry, 3; The Research Design, 12; Sources of information, 13; Nature of study, 13; Objectives of research studies, 14; Sociocultural context, 15; Sociotemporal context, 16; Dimensions of study and sampling procedures, 16; Definition of terms, 17; Working or exploratory hypotheses, 19; Techniques of Study, 21; Observa tion, 22; Interviews, 23; Questionnaires and schedules, 24; Case-study data, 26; Summary and Definition of Social Research, 28; What is social research?, 30. Scope of Social Research: Contributions of Our Scientific Ancestors and Contemporary Trail Blazers, 34 Studies of the bases of organized societies; inquiries into the structural aspects of social life, 37; Concrete empirical field studies, 39; Studies of community life: theoretical bases of milieu sociology,” 44; Comparable basic social data, 48; Studies of race relations: attempts to formulate new bases for rational policy, 50; Studies of social attitudes in crisis situations: studies of the unemployed, 54; Studies of the social status of the unemployed man, 56; Research studies of military life and personnel: bases for new analysis of empirical data, 58.
CONTENTS Scope of Social Research Continued, 64 A laboratory without walls—the Cross-cultural Survey and Human Relatums Area File 66,· Studies of social trends—barometers of cultural lag or progression, 69; Prediction studies 71; Experimental design m sociologica research, 74; Small-group research, 77; Research surveys 7,S; Ltie work о the pollsters, 81; The policy sciences, 84; Spread of sociological interest and research into the professional field, 88; Interrelation between Social Research and Social Practice, 89: Summary, Is Sociology on Trial?, 96. II principles and techniques of social studies General Phases and Principles of Scientific Procedure, ЮІ Hypotheses in social research, 103; Hypotheses and deduction-induction, 110; Classification of recorded data, 111; Generalizations and formulation of concepts, 113; Integration of research disciplines, //9. Scientific Attitude and Plan of Study, ¡22 Dangers to scientific attitude, 125; Some Guiding Considerations in the Choice of a Research Topic, 129; Delimitation of scope of inquiry, 130: The Research Design, 131; Criterion variables and definition of research units, 133; Sources of Information, 136; Official documents and statistics. 137; Unofficial documents and statistics, 138; Use of available documentary materials, 139; Development of a Bibliography, 142; Recording SourceData, 143. The Use of Historical Data in Social Research, /֊/ S Why study the past?, 148; Historical data and the study of a culture group: an illustrative example, 150; SociaL Research and History, 153; Sources of historical data, 155; American
and European perspectives on historical data. 157; Limitations of Historical Research, 157; Adequacy of historical data, 159. Field Observation in Social Research, 161 Hypotheses and observation, 162; Types of Observation, 163; Noncontrolled and nonpamcipant field observation: and ilhistration, 164; Noncontrolled participant observation: illustrations, 166; Observation and
CONTENTS xiii insight, 168; Controlled observation, 169; Aids in field observation, 177; Crucial Points in Participant Observation, 180; The personal equation factor in observation, 181; Self-observation, 183; Errors in observation, 183. 8. Questionnaires and Schedules as Aids in Social Exploration, 186 Schedules and other types of reporting forms, 187; Questionnaires, 190; Problems of Communication, 193; Form of the response, 198; Mechanics of the Questionnaire and Schedule, 202; Errors in the Use of Question naires, 205; Organization of Data from Questionnaires, 208. 9. The Interview as a Tool in Field Research, 214 Major objectives of the research interview, 216; Some Types of Interviews, 217; The nondirective interview, 218; The directive interview, 218; The focused interview, 219; The repeated interview, 220; The depth interview, 220; Advantages of the interview as a research tool, 222; limitations of the interview, 223; Some Techniques of Interviewing, 226; Preparatory thinking, 227; The approach to the interview, 228; In search of a sympa thetic, respectful listener, 229; The critical points in the interview, 236; Closing the interview, 237; The Interview Guide, 238; The Process of Validating the Interview, 242. 10. The Use of Case Data in Social Research, 246 Evolution of the case study method, 247; Are cases typical?, 250; Life Histories: Their Underlying Assumptions and Criteria, 251; Criteria for the life history, 252; Values of case data, 260; Limitations of case studies, 262; Projective techniques, 265; Interdependence of Statistical and Case Study
Techniques, 266. 11. Basic Statistical Concepts and Techniques, by Calvin F. Schmid 214 Statistical Units, 275; Tabulating Statistical Data, 277; Variables, 280; Frequency Distribution, 281; Statistical Tables, 283; Graphic Presenta tion of Frequency Distributions, 285; Histograms, 286; Frequency polygons, 286; Smoothed frequency curves, 287; Measures of Typical Size —Averages, 290; Arithmetic mean, 290; Median, 292; Quartiles, 295; Mode, 296; Application and Characteristic Features of Mean, Median, and Mode, 298; Mean, 299; Median, 299; Mode, 299; Variability, 300; Range, 300; Mean deviation, 301; Standard deviation, 302; Semi-inter quartile range, 304; Relationship Between the Mean Deviation, Standard Deviation, and Semi-Interquartile Range, 304; Coefficient of Variation, 306; Skewness, 307; Correlation, 308; Calculation of Pearsoman or product-moment coefficient of correlation (r) from ungrouped data, 314, Interpretation of the coefficient of correction, 316; Rank-difference method of correlation, 317: Association between qualitatively defined variables, 318;
CONTENTS xiv Curvilinear correlation, 324/ Partial and multiple correlation, 32֊// Sampling, 323/ Simple random sampling, ЗЛО: Strat.i.cd random sampling, 331; Sampling by regular intervals, 332/ Area sampling, 3.i2; Measures of Reliability and Significance, 334/ Statistical Inference, 33.S ; DistributionFree, or Nonparametric, Methods of Statistical Inference, .Կ1); lime Series, 341; Secular or long-time trend, 342/ Periodit fluctuations, Կ2: Undulatory or cyclical movements, 342/ Irregular variations, 342/ Statistical Errors, 346. 12. Scaling Techniques in Sociological Research, by Calvin F. Schmid 346 Attitude Scales, 350; Technique of equal-appearing intervals, ,i52; Social distance technique, 355; Technique of summated ratings, 3TV Stale analısı·՝. 361; Scales for Measuring Social Status, 366; General principles and techniques in the construction of .sociometrie scales, ՝ Measures ut reliability and validity of sociometrie scales, 3 7 3/ Oilier measures of sot ioeconomic status, 378; Sociometry, 380. 13. Graphic Presentation, by Calvin F. Schmid 3 Rectangular Coordinate Graphs, 388; Surface or baiai chart, Ό./ H.ir and column charts, 394; Pie chart and component bar thart. ¡02: Age and sex pyramid, 404/ Area and volume charts, ֊lOi: Pitiori.il unit charts, -.Ov Organization and flow charts, 407/ Ranking charts, ¡09: Semilogarithmit charts, 412; Maps, 417: Base maps, 417: Spot imps. ¡22: Cross-hatched or shaded map, 427/ Maps with various graphic forms superimposed, dl 14. Research Techniques in Human Ecology, by Calvin F. Schmid ֊ti The Concept of Natural Area, 433:
Concentric zones. ■/ ¡0: The concept of gradient, 441; Census Tracts, 445: Census tracts in large cities, ֊/֊ІЗ՛ Census county division, 448; Economic areas, standarti metropolitan statistical areas, and urbanized areas, 449: Units and Indexes, -D2; Typo logical techniques, 457; Vital and social rates, 45.S; Mathematical Tech niques Pertinent to the Analysis of Spatial and Areal Problems, ,6v Centrographical and related techniques, 464/ Indexes anti other statistical techniques relating to the spatial distribution of phenomena, убѴ Corre lation and related techniques, 466/ Isoline maps, 46.S ; Gravity potential and related concepts, and techniques, 468 15. Some Guiding Considerations in the Analysis of Research Data, 472 inŻL°ł480-TTed dr՛ 473; PreParatlf- of an outline, 47- Contem tí mida ons and Pro « 489 ^ generall2atl0n5’ *87; relationships. 484; Theoretical for Ondine of Report on Reseatcl
CONTENTS XV III suggestive outlines for the study of: a culture group a social institution an urban and rural community 16. A Study of a Culture Group, 493 What is a Culture Group?, 493; Basic assumptions underlying the study of a culture group, 494; The Content of the Study of a Culture Group, 495; The material outfit” of the group, 496; History, tradition, and cultural changes, 497; Family organization and control, 498; Religious organization, 499; Social organization, 500; Cooperation within the group, 501; Conflict, accomodation, and culture hybridism, 501; Means of group control, 502; Social change and the integrity of the group, 503. 17. A Study of a Social Institution, 506 Types of social institutions, 507; Content of a Social Research Study of a Social Institution, 508; Natural history of the social institution, 508; Social institutions as a complex of sanctions and taboos, 509; Dynamic nature of social institutions, 509; Social institutions as assignees of prestige, 510; Social institutions and the allegiance of personnel, 510; Social unrest and crises as an index to the obsolescence of an institution, 511; Development of new social institutions, SU IS. A Study of Community Life in Urban and Rural Natural Areas: I, 514 What is a Community?, 514; The social-philosophical aspects of com munity living, 516; The Content of a Study of Community Life in an Urban Natural Area, 518; The historical setting of the community, 518; The social influence of the physical configuration of the community, 519; Social isolation of the community, 520; Social contacts of the
community, 521; The social influence of economic centers, 521; The social influence of demographic characteristics, 522; The social influence of population mo bility, 523; The Community as a Constellation of Social and Cultural Groupings, 525; The Community as a Constellation of Social Types, 526; The Community as a Constellation of Social Institutions, 528; The local government, 528; Economic and industrial organizations, 529; Labor organizations, 530; Health organizations, 531; Educational system, 532; Religious organizations, 533; Social welfare organizations, 534.
CONTENTS Xvi 19. A Study of Community Life in Urban and Rural Natural Areas: И, b” Social Problems of the Community, 537, Uconomic distress and de pendency; crime and delinquency; general community disorganization, 5 3s. Social control in the community, 540; The Study of a Rural Community, 541; Comparisons and contrasts of urban anti rural studies, 5-//; The Con tent of Study of a Rural Area, 546; The social significance of the physical and demographic factors of the rural area, 547: Social contacts anil isolation of the rura! community, 547; Social control and social institutions in tite rural areas, 549; Farm tenancy , 550. Bibliography, 553 Index, 563
contents I general overview and scope of social research General Overview of a Research Project in Process, 3 Concern over practical problem initiates a scientific inquiry, 3; The Research Design, 12; Sources of information, 13; Nature of study, 13; Objectives of research studies, 14; Sociocultural context, 15; Sociotemporal context, 16; Dimensions of study and sampling procedures, 16; Definition of terms, 17; Working or exploratory hypotheses, 19; Techniques of Study, 21; Observa tion, 22; Interviews, 23; Questionnaires and schedules, 24; Case-study data, 26; Summary and Definition of Social Research, 28; What is social research?, 30. Scope of Social Research: Contributions of Our Scientific Ancestors and Contemporary Trail Blazers, 34 Studies of the bases of organized societies; inquiries into the structural aspects of social life, 37; Concrete empirical field studies, 39; Studies of community life: theoretical bases of milieu sociology,” 44; Comparable basic social data, 48; Studies of race relations: attempts to formulate new bases for rational policy, 50; Studies of social attitudes in crisis situations: studies of the unemployed, 54; Studies of the social status of the unemployed man, 56; Research studies of military life and personnel: bases for new analysis of empirical data, 58.
CONTENTS Scope of Social Research Continued, 64 A laboratory without walls—the Cross-cultural Survey and Human Relatums Area File 66,· Studies of social trends—barometers of cultural lag or progression, 69; Prediction studies 71; Experimental design m sociologica research, 74; Small-group research, 77; Research surveys 7,S; Ltie work о the pollsters, 81; The policy sciences, 84; Spread of sociological interest and research into the professional field, 88; Interrelation between Social Research and Social Practice, 89: Summary, Is Sociology on Trial?, 96. II principles and techniques of social studies General Phases and Principles of Scientific Procedure, ЮІ Hypotheses in social research, 103; Hypotheses and deduction-induction, 110; Classification of recorded data, 111; Generalizations and formulation of concepts, 113; Integration of research disciplines, //9. Scientific Attitude and Plan of Study, ¡22 Dangers to scientific attitude, 125; Some Guiding Considerations in the Choice of a Research Topic, 129; Delimitation of scope of inquiry, 130: The Research Design, 131; Criterion variables and definition of research units, 133; Sources of Information, 136; Official documents and statistics. 137; Unofficial documents and statistics, 138; Use of available documentary materials, 139; Development of a Bibliography, 142; Recording SourceData, 143. The Use of Historical Data in Social Research, /֊/ S Why study the past?, 148; Historical data and the study of a culture group: an illustrative example, 150; SociaL Research and History, 153; Sources of historical data, 155; American
and European perspectives on historical data. 157; Limitations of Historical Research, 157; Adequacy of historical data, 159. Field Observation in Social Research, 161 Hypotheses and observation, 162; Types of Observation, 163; Noncontrolled and nonpamcipant field observation: and ilhistration, 164; Noncontrolled participant observation: illustrations, 166; Observation and
CONTENTS xiii insight, 168; Controlled observation, 169; Aids in field observation, 177; Crucial Points in Participant Observation, 180; The personal equation factor in observation, 181; Self-observation, 183; Errors in observation, 183. 8. Questionnaires and Schedules as Aids in Social Exploration, 186 Schedules and other types of reporting forms, 187; Questionnaires, 190; Problems of Communication, 193; Form of the response, 198; Mechanics of the Questionnaire and Schedule, 202; Errors in the Use of Question naires, 205; Organization of Data from Questionnaires, 208. 9. The Interview as a Tool in Field Research, 214 Major objectives of the research interview, 216; Some Types of Interviews, 217; The nondirective interview, 218; The directive interview, 218; The focused interview, 219; The repeated interview, 220; The depth interview, 220; Advantages of the interview as a research tool, 222; limitations of the interview, 223; Some Techniques of Interviewing, 226; Preparatory thinking, 227; The approach to the interview, 228; In search of a sympa thetic, respectful listener, 229; The critical points in the interview, 236; Closing the interview, 237; The Interview Guide, 238; The Process of Validating the Interview, 242. 10. The Use of Case Data in Social Research, 246 Evolution of the case study method, 247; Are cases typical?, 250; Life Histories: Their Underlying Assumptions and Criteria, 251; Criteria for the life history, 252; Values of case data, 260; Limitations of case studies, 262; Projective techniques, 265; Interdependence of Statistical and Case Study
Techniques, 266. 11. Basic Statistical Concepts and Techniques, by Calvin F. Schmid 214 Statistical Units, 275; Tabulating Statistical Data, 277; Variables, 280; Frequency Distribution, 281; Statistical Tables, 283; Graphic Presenta tion of Frequency Distributions, 285; Histograms, 286; Frequency polygons, 286; Smoothed frequency curves, 287; Measures of Typical Size —Averages, 290; Arithmetic mean, 290; Median, 292; Quartiles, 295; Mode, 296; Application and Characteristic Features of Mean, Median, and Mode, 298; Mean, 299; Median, 299; Mode, 299; Variability, 300; Range, 300; Mean deviation, 301; Standard deviation, 302; Semi-inter quartile range, 304; Relationship Between the Mean Deviation, Standard Deviation, and Semi-Interquartile Range, 304; Coefficient of Variation, 306; Skewness, 307; Correlation, 308; Calculation of Pearsoman or product-moment coefficient of correlation (r) from ungrouped data, 314, Interpretation of the coefficient of correction, 316; Rank-difference method of correlation, 317: Association between qualitatively defined variables, 318;
CONTENTS xiv Curvilinear correlation, 324/ Partial and multiple correlation, 32֊// Sampling, 323/ Simple random sampling, ЗЛО: Strat.i.cd random sampling, 331; Sampling by regular intervals, 332/ Area sampling, 3.i2; Measures of Reliability and Significance, 334/ Statistical Inference, 33.S ; DistributionFree, or Nonparametric, Methods of Statistical Inference, .Կ1); lime Series, 341; Secular or long-time trend, 342/ Periodit fluctuations, Կ2: Undulatory or cyclical movements, 342/ Irregular variations, 342/ Statistical Errors, 346. 12. Scaling Techniques in Sociological Research, by Calvin F. Schmid 346 Attitude Scales, 350; Technique of equal-appearing intervals, ,i52; Social distance technique, 355; Technique of summated ratings, 3TV Stale analısı·՝. 361; Scales for Measuring Social Status, 366; General principles and techniques in the construction of .sociometrie scales, ՝ Measures ut reliability and validity of sociometrie scales, 3 7 3/ Oilier measures of sot ioeconomic status, 378; Sociometry, 380. 13. Graphic Presentation, by Calvin F. Schmid 3 Rectangular Coordinate Graphs, 388; Surface or baiai chart, Ό./ H.ir and column charts, 394; Pie chart and component bar thart. ¡02: Age and sex pyramid, 404/ Area and volume charts, ֊lOi: Pitiori.il unit charts, -.Ov Organization and flow charts, 407/ Ranking charts, ¡09: Semilogarithmit charts, 412; Maps, 417: Base maps, 417: Spot imps. ¡22: Cross-hatched or shaded map, 427/ Maps with various graphic forms superimposed, dl 14. Research Techniques in Human Ecology, by Calvin F. Schmid ֊ti The Concept of Natural Area, 433:
Concentric zones. ■/ ¡0: The concept of gradient, 441; Census Tracts, 445: Census tracts in large cities, ֊/֊ІЗ՛ Census county division, 448; Economic areas, standarti metropolitan statistical areas, and urbanized areas, 449: Units and Indexes, -D2; Typo logical techniques, 457; Vital and social rates, 45.S; Mathematical Tech niques Pertinent to the Analysis of Spatial and Areal Problems, ,6v Centrographical and related techniques, 464/ Indexes anti other statistical techniques relating to the spatial distribution of phenomena, убѴ Corre lation and related techniques, 466/ Isoline maps, 46.S ; Gravity potential and related concepts, and techniques, 468 15. Some Guiding Considerations in the Analysis of Research Data, 472 inŻL°ł480-TTed dr՛ 473; PreParatlf- of an outline, 47- Contem tí mida ons and Pro « 489 ^ generall2atl0n5’ *87; relationships. 484; Theoretical for Ondine of Report on Reseatcl
CONTENTS XV III suggestive outlines for the study of: a culture group a social institution an urban and rural community 16. A Study of a Culture Group, 493 What is a Culture Group?, 493; Basic assumptions underlying the study of a culture group, 494; The Content of the Study of a Culture Group, 495; The material outfit” of the group, 496; History, tradition, and cultural changes, 497; Family organization and control, 498; Religious organization, 499; Social organization, 500; Cooperation within the group, 501; Conflict, accomodation, and culture hybridism, 501; Means of group control, 502; Social change and the integrity of the group, 503. 17. A Study of a Social Institution, 506 Types of social institutions, 507; Content of a Social Research Study of a Social Institution, 508; Natural history of the social institution, 508; Social institutions as a complex of sanctions and taboos, 509; Dynamic nature of social institutions, 509; Social institutions as assignees of prestige, 510; Social institutions and the allegiance of personnel, 510; Social unrest and crises as an index to the obsolescence of an institution, 511; Development of new social institutions, SU IS. A Study of Community Life in Urban and Rural Natural Areas: I, 514 What is a Community?, 514; The social-philosophical aspects of com munity living, 516; The Content of a Study of Community Life in an Urban Natural Area, 518; The historical setting of the community, 518; The social influence of the physical configuration of the community, 519; Social isolation of the community, 520; Social contacts of the
community, 521; The social influence of economic centers, 521; The social influence of demographic characteristics, 522; The social influence of population mo bility, 523; The Community as a Constellation of Social and Cultural Groupings, 525; The Community as a Constellation of Social Types, 526; The Community as a Constellation of Social Institutions, 528; The local government, 528; Economic and industrial organizations, 529; Labor organizations, 530; Health organizations, 531; Educational system, 532; Religious organizations, 533; Social welfare organizations, 534.
CONTENTS Xvi 19. A Study of Community Life in Urban and Rural Natural Areas: И, b” Social Problems of the Community, 537, Uconomic distress and de pendency; crime and delinquency; general community disorganization, 5 3s. Social control in the community, 540; The Study of a Rural Community, 541; Comparisons and contrasts of urban anti rural studies, 5-//; The Con tent of Study of a Rural Area, 546; The social significance of the physical and demographic factors of the rural area, 547: Social contacts anil isolation of the rura! community, 547; Social control and social institutions in tite rural areas, 549; Farm tenancy , 550. Bibliography, 553 Index, 563
contents I general overview and scope of social research General Overview of a Research Project in Process, 3 Concern over practical problem initiates a scientific inquiry, 3; The Research Design, 12; Sources of information, 13; Nature of study, 13; Objectives of research studies, 14; Sociocultural context, 15; Sociotemporal context, 16; Dimensions of study and sampling procedures, 16; Definition of terms, 17; Working or exploratory hypotheses, 19; Techniques of Study, 21; Observa tion, 22; Interviews, 23; Questionnaires and schedules, 24; Case-study data, 26; Summary and Definition of Social Research, 28; What is social research?, 30. Scope of Social Research: Contributions of Our Scientific Ancestors and Contemporary Trail Blazers, 34 Studies of the bases of organized societies; inquiries into the structural aspects of social life, 37; Concrete empirical field studies, 39; Studies of community life: theoretical bases of milieu sociology,” 44; Comparable basic social data, 48; Studies of race relations: attempts to formulate new bases for rational policy, 50; Studies of social attitudes in crisis situations: studies of the unemployed, 54; Studies of the social status of the unemployed man, 56; Research studies of military life and personnel: bases for new analysis of empirical data, 58.
CONTENTS Scope of Social Research Continued, 64 A laboratory without walls—the Cross-cultural Survey and Human Relatums Area File 66,· Studies of social trends—barometers of cultural lag or progression, 69; Prediction studies 71; Experimental design m sociologica research, 74; Small-group research, 77; Research surveys 7,S; Ltie work о the pollsters, 81; The policy sciences, 84; Spread of sociological interest and research into the professional field, 88; Interrelation between Social Research and Social Practice, 89: Summary, Is Sociology on Trial?, 96. II principles and techniques of social studies General Phases and Principles of Scientific Procedure, ЮІ Hypotheses in social research, 103; Hypotheses and deduction-induction, 110; Classification of recorded data, 111; Generalizations and formulation of concepts, 113; Integration of research disciplines, //9. Scientific Attitude and Plan of Study, ¡22 Dangers to scientific attitude, 125; Some Guiding Considerations in the Choice of a Research Topic, 129; Delimitation of scope of inquiry, 130: The Research Design, 131; Criterion variables and definition of research units, 133; Sources of Information, 136; Official documents and statistics. 137; Unofficial documents and statistics, 138; Use of available documentary materials, 139; Development of a Bibliography, 142; Recording SourceData, 143. The Use of Historical Data in Social Research, /֊/ S Why study the past?, 148; Historical data and the study of a culture group: an illustrative example, 150; SociaL Research and History, 153; Sources of historical data, 155; American
and European perspectives on historical data. 157; Limitations of Historical Research, 157; Adequacy of historical data, 159. Field Observation in Social Research, 161 Hypotheses and observation, 162; Types of Observation, 163; Noncontrolled and nonpamcipant field observation: and ilhistration, 164; Noncontrolled participant observation: illustrations, 166; Observation and
CONTENTS xiii insight, 168; Controlled observation, 169; Aids in field observation, 177; Crucial Points in Participant Observation, 180; The personal equation factor in observation, 181; Self-observation, 183; Errors in observation, 183. 8. Questionnaires and Schedules as Aids in Social Exploration, 186 Schedules and other types of reporting forms, 187; Questionnaires, 190; Problems of Communication, 193; Form of the response, 198; Mechanics of the Questionnaire and Schedule, 202; Errors in the Use of Question naires, 205; Organization of Data from Questionnaires, 208. 9. The Interview as a Tool in Field Research, 214 Major objectives of the research interview, 216; Some Types of Interviews, 217; The nondirective interview, 218; The directive interview, 218; The focused interview, 219; The repeated interview, 220; The depth interview, 220; Advantages of the interview as a research tool, 222; limitations of the interview, 223; Some Techniques of Interviewing, 226; Preparatory thinking, 227; The approach to the interview, 228; In search of a sympa thetic, respectful listener, 229; The critical points in the interview, 236; Closing the interview, 237; The Interview Guide, 238; The Process of Validating the Interview, 242. 10. The Use of Case Data in Social Research, 246 Evolution of the case study method, 247; Are cases typical?, 250; Life Histories: Their Underlying Assumptions and Criteria, 251; Criteria for the life history, 252; Values of case data, 260; Limitations of case studies, 262; Projective techniques, 265; Interdependence of Statistical and Case Study
Techniques, 266. 11. Basic Statistical Concepts and Techniques, by Calvin F. Schmid 214 Statistical Units, 275; Tabulating Statistical Data, 277; Variables, 280; Frequency Distribution, 281; Statistical Tables, 283; Graphic Presenta tion of Frequency Distributions, 285; Histograms, 286; Frequency polygons, 286; Smoothed frequency curves, 287; Measures of Typical Size —Averages, 290; Arithmetic mean, 290; Median, 292; Quartiles, 295; Mode, 296; Application and Characteristic Features of Mean, Median, and Mode, 298; Mean, 299; Median, 299; Mode, 299; Variability, 300; Range, 300; Mean deviation, 301; Standard deviation, 302; Semi-inter quartile range, 304; Relationship Between the Mean Deviation, Standard Deviation, and Semi-Interquartile Range, 304; Coefficient of Variation, 306; Skewness, 307; Correlation, 308; Calculation of Pearsoman or product-moment coefficient of correlation (r) from ungrouped data, 314, Interpretation of the coefficient of correction, 316; Rank-difference method of correlation, 317: Association between qualitatively defined variables, 318;
CONTENTS xiv Curvilinear correlation, 324/ Partial and multiple correlation, 32֊// Sampling, 323/ Simple random sampling, ЗЛО: Strat.i.cd random sampling, 331; Sampling by regular intervals, 332/ Area sampling, 3.i2; Measures of Reliability and Significance, 334/ Statistical Inference, 33.S ; DistributionFree, or Nonparametric, Methods of Statistical Inference, .Կ1); lime Series, 341; Secular or long-time trend, 342/ Periodit fluctuations, Կ2: Undulatory or cyclical movements, 342/ Irregular variations, 342/ Statistical Errors, 346. 12. Scaling Techniques in Sociological Research, by Calvin F. Schmid 346 Attitude Scales, 350; Technique of equal-appearing intervals, ,i52; Social distance technique, 355; Technique of summated ratings, 3TV Stale analısı·՝. 361; Scales for Measuring Social Status, 366; General principles and techniques in the construction of .sociometrie scales, ՝ Measures ut reliability and validity of sociometrie scales, 3 7 3/ Oilier measures of sot ioeconomic status, 378; Sociometry, 380. 13. Graphic Presentation, by Calvin F. Schmid 3 Rectangular Coordinate Graphs, 388; Surface or baiai chart, Ό./ H.ir and column charts, 394; Pie chart and component bar thart. ¡02: Age and sex pyramid, 404/ Area and volume charts, ֊lOi: Pitiori.il unit charts, -.Ov Organization and flow charts, 407/ Ranking charts, ¡09: Semilogarithmit charts, 412; Maps, 417: Base maps, 417: Spot imps. ¡22: Cross-hatched or shaded map, 427/ Maps with various graphic forms superimposed, dl 14. Research Techniques in Human Ecology, by Calvin F. Schmid ֊ti The Concept of Natural Area, 433:
Concentric zones. ■/ ¡0: The concept of gradient, 441; Census Tracts, 445: Census tracts in large cities, ֊/֊ІЗ՛ Census county division, 448; Economic areas, standarti metropolitan statistical areas, and urbanized areas, 449: Units and Indexes, -D2; Typo logical techniques, 457; Vital and social rates, 45.S; Mathematical Tech niques Pertinent to the Analysis of Spatial and Areal Problems, ,6v Centrographical and related techniques, 464/ Indexes anti other statistical techniques relating to the spatial distribution of phenomena, убѴ Corre lation and related techniques, 466/ Isoline maps, 46.S ; Gravity potential and related concepts, and techniques, 468 15. Some Guiding Considerations in the Analysis of Research Data, 472 inŻL°ł480-TTed dr՛ 473; PreParatlf- of an outline, 47- Contem tí mida ons and Pro « 489 ^ generall2atl0n5’ *87; relationships. 484; Theoretical for Ondine of Report on Reseatcl
CONTENTS XV III suggestive outlines for the study of: a culture group a social institution an urban and rural community 16. A Study of a Culture Group, 493 What is a Culture Group?, 493; Basic assumptions underlying the study of a culture group, 494; The Content of the Study of a Culture Group, 495; The material outfit” of the group, 496; History, tradition, and cultural changes, 497; Family organization and control, 498; Religious organization, 499; Social organization, 500; Cooperation within the group, 501; Conflict, accomodation, and culture hybridism, 501; Means of group control, 502; Social change and the integrity of the group, 503. 17. A Study of a Social Institution, 506 Types of social institutions, 507; Content of a Social Research Study of a Social Institution, 508; Natural history of the social institution, 508; Social institutions as a complex of sanctions and taboos, 509; Dynamic nature of social institutions, 509; Social institutions as assignees of prestige, 510; Social institutions and the allegiance of personnel, 510; Social unrest and crises as an index to the obsolescence of an institution, 511; Development of new social institutions, SU IS. A Study of Community Life in Urban and Rural Natural Areas: I, 514 What is a Community?, 514; The social-philosophical aspects of com munity living, 516; The Content of a Study of Community Life in an Urban Natural Area, 518; The historical setting of the community, 518; The social influence of the physical configuration of the community, 519; Social isolation of the community, 520; Social contacts of the
community, 521; The social influence of economic centers, 521; The social influence of demographic characteristics, 522; The social influence of population mo bility, 523; The Community as a Constellation of Social and Cultural Groupings, 525; The Community as a Constellation of Social Types, 526; The Community as a Constellation of Social Institutions, 528; The local government, 528; Economic and industrial organizations, 529; Labor organizations, 530; Health organizations, 531; Educational system, 532; Religious organizations, 533; Social welfare organizations, 534.
CONTENTS Xvi 19. A Study of Community Life in Urban and Rural Natural Areas: И, b” Social Problems of the Community, 537, Uconomic distress and de pendency; crime and delinquency; general community disorganization, 5 3s. Social control in the community, 540; The Study of a Rural Community, 541; Comparisons and contrasts of urban anti rural studies, 5-//; The Con tent of Study of a Rural Area, 546; The social significance of the physical and demographic factors of the rural area, 547: Social contacts anil isolation of the rura! community, 547; Social control and social institutions in tite rural areas, 549; Farm tenancy , 550. Bibliography, 553 Index, 563
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| author | Young, Pauline V. |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV002896366 |
| classification_rvk | MR 2000 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)631118296 (DE-599)BVBBV002896366 |
| discipline | Soziologie |
| edition | 4.ed. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV002896366 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T07:55:40Z |
| institution | BVB |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-001813859 |
| oclc_num | 631118296 |
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| physical | XVI,576 S. |
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| publishDate | 1966 |
| publishDateSearch | 1966 |
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| publisher | Prentice-Hall |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Prentice-Hall sociology series. |
| spellingShingle | Young, Pauline V. Scientific social surveys and research An introd. to the background, content, methods, principles, and analysis of social studies Wissenschaftstheorie (DE-588)4117665-0 gnd Empirische Sozialforschung (DE-588)4014606-6 gnd Methode (DE-588)4038971-6 gnd Soziologie (DE-588)4077624-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4117665-0 (DE-588)4014606-6 (DE-588)4038971-6 (DE-588)4077624-4 |
| title | Scientific social surveys and research An introd. to the background, content, methods, principles, and analysis of social studies |
| title_auth | Scientific social surveys and research An introd. to the background, content, methods, principles, and analysis of social studies |
| title_exact_search | Scientific social surveys and research An introd. to the background, content, methods, principles, and analysis of social studies |
| title_full | Scientific social surveys and research An introd. to the background, content, methods, principles, and analysis of social studies Mitarb.: Calvin F. Schmid* |
| title_fullStr | Scientific social surveys and research An introd. to the background, content, methods, principles, and analysis of social studies Mitarb.: Calvin F. Schmid* |
| title_full_unstemmed | Scientific social surveys and research An introd. to the background, content, methods, principles, and analysis of social studies Mitarb.: Calvin F. Schmid* |
| title_short | Scientific social surveys and research |
| title_sort | scientific social surveys and research an introd to the background content methods principles and analysis of social studies |
| title_sub | An introd. to the background, content, methods, principles, and analysis of social studies |
| topic | Wissenschaftstheorie (DE-588)4117665-0 gnd Empirische Sozialforschung (DE-588)4014606-6 gnd Methode (DE-588)4038971-6 gnd Soziologie (DE-588)4077624-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Wissenschaftstheorie Empirische Sozialforschung Methode Soziologie |
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