The Tsarist economy: 1850 - 1917
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| Beteilige Person: | |
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| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New York
St. Martin's Pr.
1986
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. publ. in the United States of America |
| Schlagwörter: | |
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| ISBN: | 0312821913 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Gatrell, Peter |d 1950- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)12980763X |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The Tsarist economy |b 1850 - 1917 |c Peter Gatrell |
| 250 | |a 1. publ. in the United States of America | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a New York |b St. Martin's Pr. |c 1986 | |
| 300 | |a XVI, 288 S. |b Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1850-1917 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Wirtschaft | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Wirtschaft |0 (DE-588)4066399-1 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 651 | 4 | |a Russland | |
| 651 | 4 | |a Russia |x Economic conditions |y 1861-1917 | |
| 651 | 4 | |a Russia |x Social conditions |y 1801-1917 | |
| 651 | 7 | |a Russland |0 (DE-588)4076899-5 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Russland |0 (DE-588)4076899-5 |D g |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Wirtschaft |0 (DE-588)4066399-1 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 2 | |a Geschichte 1850-1917 |A z |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819269304705613824 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Preface;
Note
on
Transliteration;
Abbreviations; Glossary v
Maps: Economic Map, European Russia, The Russian Empire
viii
Introduction
xi
Russian economic development: models and issues
i.i The liberal interpretation
ι
1.2
The populist interpretation
12.
1.3
The marxist-leninist interpretation
20
Conclusion
27
2
The dimensions of poverty and economic growth
29
3
Population growth, social change and the labour market
48
3.1
Population growth
49
3.x Migration (a) General trends
61
(b) Resettlement in Siberia
64
(c) Urbanization
67
(d) Emigration
69
3.3
The differentiation of the Russian peasantry
70
3.4
The labour market
83
Conclusion
96
4
The agricultural sector
98
4.1
General trends in output and investment
99
4.2
Land ownership and the land market
105
4.3
Productivity in Russian agriculture
119
4.4
Commodity production in Russian agriculture
128
Conclusion
139
CONTENTS
The manufacturing sector
141
5.1
General trends in industrial production
143
5.2
Aspects of industrial development before
i860 144
5.3
Railway construction and industrialization
150
5.4
Cottage industry (Kustar)
154
5.5
Manufacturing costs
157
5.6
Crisis and growth,
1900—
1917
167
(a) Industrial crisis : an assessment
167
(b) Export markets for manufactured goods
173
(c) Corporate industrial policy
177
(d) The First World War
185
Conclusion
186
Capital and credit
188
é.i
Capital investment
192.
6.2
Trends in peasant savings and investment
194
16.3
The financial position of the Russian gentry
2.03
6.4
Credit and capital accumulation in industry
207
6.5
Fiscal policy and government demand for credit
214
6.6
The inflow of foreign capital
222
Conclusion
229
Conclusion
231
Notes
235
Select Bibliography
273
Index
280
Index
Agrarian
reform,
xvi,
íz,
2.3—4, 117, 12.4—5
projected,
116—17
see also Emancipation; Stolypin land
reform
Agricultural Census (1916),
zzi; {1917),
юг,
zşo
Agricultural Credit, see Credit
Agricultural depression,
9, 75, 131—2.
effects on gentry farming,
105—6
effects on peasant farming,
131—4, 199—2.00
Agricultural equipment,
7, 83, 105, 12.7
on gentry estates,
121, 2.04
on peasant farms,
77, 12,7,
zoz
see also Machine-building
Agricultural labourers,
89—90, 12.7, 138
numbers,
84, 85
strikes,
116
wages,
60, 90
Agricultural output,
5, 14,
Z5, 74~5> 99~i°5>
ΐζδ—
39
passim
diversification,
18, 59—60,
8z,
104, 119,
134, 137,
199-Z00, Z07
growth rate, 4Z,
100
see also Cereals; Dairy farming; Harvests
Agriculture
capital investment,
64, 77, 105, 191—3,
гог,
ZO4; see also Capital stock
labour productivity, z,
6, 10, 11, 18, 14,
119,
IZ7; see also Labour force
prices,
9,
IZ4, IZ7,
130, 131-5, 148;
see
also Agricultural depression; Cereals;
World War,
138-9
see also
Landholding;
Liberal, Marxist,
Populist Interpretation; Profits;
Technical change
Akmolinsk,
57, 66
Alexander I,
106
Alexander II,
108
Aiexandrovsk factory,
147
Anfimov, A. M., z6,
113,
1Z7,
199,
гоо
Antsiferov, A. N., quoted, 1Z5
Archangel,
136
Armaments,
41, 180,
ги,
zi
z
production,
181, 185
Army
contrasted with peasantry, Z03
grain purchases, zo6
horses,
104
as labour force,
87, 95
size,
146
Association of Trade and Industry,
z
80
Astrakhan,
196
Atkinson, D.,
54,
IZ4
Australia,
50
Austria,
34
Baku,
64, 68,
9Z,
159
Balance of payments, ZZ3—
7
passim
Baltic Ironworks, Z13
Baltic region
agriculture,
74, 103, 105, 116,
izo,
134,
Z31
economic development,
35, 157
Emancipation of serfs,
55, 108
gentry landholding,
113
population change,
53, 54—5
Banks, Commercial,
169, 179, 190—1,
zo6,
Z11-13, Z14
concentration,
ziz, Z13
foreign participation,
гіг-
13
and Russian industry,
xii,
ziz,
114
see also Credit; Nobles Land Bank;
Peasants Land Bank; Savings banks;
State Bank
Barkái,
H., zz6
Barley,
74, 100, 101—4
passim,
134
prices,
133
Barshchina,
73,
iZ9,
194—5,
*О4;
see also
Obrok; Otrabotka;
Serfdom
Bater,
J. H.,
67
Belgium,
34, 158, 159
Belorussia
absence of commune,
81,
ігз
agriculture,
105,
izo,
iz6,
134
economic development,
35
Emancipation of serfs,
108,
no
emigration,
69
nuptiality,
55
Bessarabia,
40, 70, 134
Bismarck, O.
von, zzz
Black earth,
173;
see also Centra! Black Earth
region
Blum,
J., IZ9,
194
Bobrinsky,
184
Bokhara,
z
17
Bolshevik Party,
xvi,
z
16
Bonnell, V. E.,
xiii
Boserup,
E., IZ7
Brandt, B.
F., 169,
ZZ7
Britain,
zi,
31-2, 33,
Z45,
147, 151,
zzo
Brodsky,
184
28O
INDEX
Bryansk Company,
154, 170
Buckwheat,
134
Budget studies,
19, 71-2·, 75» 77,
пз,
199
Bukharin,
N.
I.,
213
Bulgaria,
51
Bunge, N.
Kh.,
96, 165—6, 2.13;
quoted,
109
fiscal policy,
2.18,
zza
Bureaucracy, iz8
and Emancipation,
108
government expenditure upon,
zzi
and industrialists,
177, 181, 191
Butter, see Dairy farming
Canada,
50
Capital imports,
xii, 46, 68, 159, 2.12.-8
passim
and economic growth,
2.2.7
European context,
z z
2,—3
measurement of net foreign investment,
45,
46,
ZZ5,
228
Capital investment,
4, 9, 11, 15, 188—91
passim, ZZ9
how allocated,
19 z—4
measurement of,
44—6, 151—
z,
zu
see also Agriculture; Housing; Industry;
Railways
Capital ¡output ratio,
17
Capital shortage , see Credit
Capital stock
agriculture,
105, 193, 195,
zoz,
103,
Z07
growth of,
43
industry,
144, 153, 194
railways,
154, 194
state-owned, Z43
and World War,
185,
Z33
Carstensen, F. V., zz8
Catherine II,
106
Cattle, see Livestock
Caucasus, North,
145
agricultural production, ioz,
103,
zo6
oil industry,
34, 159
settlement of, 6z,
89
population,
61
Census
(1897), 56,
6z—
3, 68, 84, 161
Central Asia
cotton cultivation,
104,
iz6
population,
57, 61
railways,
173, 183
settlement of,
104, 117—18
Central Black Earth region,
5, 34, 199,
Z31
agriculture,
74, 103, 12.7-8,
IZ9,
131-2,
134
land use,
104
migration,
64, 65, 89
population growth,
54—6
revolution of
1905, 116
Central Industrial region
agriculture,
103, 104, 125—6, 130—1, 231
migration,
89
non-agricultural production,
25, 164
population change,
55—6, 59
sale or land,
113
Cereals
exports,
130, 138
marketings,
74, 130—1, 136;
by gentry,
128;
by peasantry, IZ9,
137, 139
output,
42, 99, 100-04, 129
prices,
75, 112, 117,
IZ9,
132.-5, 139,
199>
zoz, Z05
retained in village,
59, 137—8
yields,
7, 75, 100-02, 121-2, 128, 139, 199
see also Barley; Oats; Rye; Wheat; Harvests;
Siberia; Tariffs
Charity,
208
Chayanov, A. V.,
20, 81—2;
quoted,
18—19
Chekhov, A. P.,
114
Chernigov,
104
Chernov, V. M.,
xv
Chernyshevsky,
N.
G.,
12, 21—2
China,
175
trade with,
175—7
passim
Chinese Far Eastern Railway,
174, 176
Chuprov, A. I.,
121, 126;
quoted,
119
Church,
38
as serfowner,
6,
Z9
Coal,
159—60, 170, 171
low profits,
zio
Coaie,
A. J.,
51, 5
z,
54, 58
Commune
land redistribution,
7, 81, 107, 122—3
liberal interpretation,
7, 8, 70, 232
marxist
interpretation,
22, 23, 70, 72—3
and migration,
66, 75
and population growth,
53—4, 56, 245
populist interpretation,
12—13, 7°
and technical change in agriculture,
7,
122—4,
I2-6
see also Labour market; Peasantry; Stolypin
land reform
Company law,
209—10
Confino,
M.,
izo, Z04
Construction industry,
144
costs,
1 57—8
labour force,
85
Cooperatives, IZ7,
137, 202—3
Cottage industry, see Kustar
Cotton,
104, 126, 183
Cotton textiles,
concentration,
181—2
development in pre-reform era,
146—8
exports,
175-6
labour force,
93, 163
pace of work,
165
prices,
160, 171, 18 z—3
profits,
183, 210
technical change,
160
Credit,
188-91
and Chapter Six passim
capital shortage ,
188—9, 207—8, 210, 214
to gentry,
204, 206—7
to government,
209, 210, 216—18, 221, 227
to industry,
169, 170, 193, 208—14
passim
to peasantry,
8, 73—4, 115, 202—3
to workers,
91
z8i
INDEX
see also Banks; Interest rates; Nobles Land
Bank; Peasants Land Bank
ι
Crisp, O.,
xiii, 142,
і66
Currency
depreciation,
2.15, 124, 2.2.6
reform,
2.2.6
Dairy farming,
74, 77, 105, 126, 134, 137,
zoz
Danielson, N.,
14, 15—16
see also Populism
Delcassé,
T.,
2.2.7
Dementev
Ε. Μ.,
90
Development of Capitalism in Russia,
22.-4,
72.-4
Differentiation, see Peasantry
Don province,
89, 103, 114
Donets Steel Company,
154
Donets Yurevsk Company,
170
Drummond,
I.,
zie,
271
Dual economy model,
1—5, 8-ю,
iz,
19, 49
Duma
debate on land reform,
116—17
Economic growth,
30—
z,
41—7
Education,
35, 161—
z, Z4Z
Ekaterinoslav,
35, 89, 103
Emancipation,
xii, 6, 13, 26, 108—10, 195,
2-57
gentry attitudes,
108
and labour market,
87
and land market,
73, 107, 109—10
see also State peasants
Emigration,
50, 69—70, 249
Enclosures,
124—5;
see a^° Open fields
Engelhardt, A. N.,
121;
quoted,
13
Engels,
F., 2,0, 22
Engineering, see Machine-building
Exports,
xii, 15, 16, 173—7
cereals,
130, 138
composition,
177, 265
cotton goods,
175, 176
iron,
145
sugar,
175, 176, 184
Factory inspectorate,
85, 96, 143, 165
Factory legislation,
91, 95—6, 165
Falkus, M.
£., 30, 34
Famine (1891—
2), 50, 60, 140;
see also
Harvests; Fluctuations
Fertility, marital,
5, 50, 51
and commune,
53—4
decline,
57—8
and infant mortality,
54
measurement,
52
see also Nuptiality; Population
Fertilizers,
xxx, 125, 126, 127
Finland,
184
Flax
cultivation,
18, 74, 104, 126, 128, 134
weaving,
147, 156
Flour-milling,
156-7, 160, 172
Fluctuations
in agricultural output,
7, 139—40
in agricultural prices,
74,
iz8; see also
Agricultural depression in industrial
production,
151, 155, 167—73
passim,
177-8,
Z13
mortality,
60
Food and drink trades
energy consumption,
144
profits,
210
seasonality of work,
90
wages,
94
see also Flour-milling; Sugar
Food supply,
59—60,
IZ7,
130—1
see also Agricultural output; Famine
Fortunatov,
Α.,
128
France
agrarian change,
125
economic growth,
31—2, 33, 34
loans to Russia,
173,
2Z3,
224,
zz7
Ganelin,
208
Gentry
cultivation of estates,
10, 104, 112—13,
119—21, 128—9
demand for labour after 1861,
73, 89, 91
incomes,
10, 86, 128, 203—7
passim
indebtedness,
203, 205, 206
industrialists,
146, 148, 204, 206
see also Credit; Land Market; Nobility;
Serfdom
Georgia,
145
Germany,
birth rate,
50
construction costs,
158
economic growth,
xi, 31—2, 3 3
industry,
159, 166, 167, 177, 210
loans to Russia,
222—3, 224
railway building,
151, 154
Gerschenkron,
Α.,
xi—xiii
and Emancipation,
110
and industrialization,
186
and labour market,
8—9, 88
and living standards,
46
and peasant agriculture,
119, 137
and role of government,
10, 19, 27, 142,
189, 191
Gindin,
1.
F.
and profits in industry,
27, 190
and role of government,
27, 142,
i66
and State Bank,
169, 213
Goldsmith, R. W.,
41—2, 99—100, 143
Gold Standard,
223
introduction,
224, 226
and money supply,
226
opposition,
172, 226
Government, centra)
agrarian policy, see Emancipation; Stolypin
land reform expenditure,
44—6, 173,
192, 194, 215, 218, 221-2, 223;
see also
Railways
extension of territorial control,
62, 66, 173
282.
INDEX
fiscal
policy,
9,
ζ 1
8—
го;
see also Tariffs;
Taxation
liberal views,
xiv, 4;
see also Gerschenkron;
Kahan
marxist
views,
12;
see also Gindin; Lenin
populist views,
14, 15, 48
see also Credit; Industry; and under separate
ministries
Government, local; see Municipal government;
Zemstva
Grachev,
2.08
Grain, see Cereals
Gregory, P. R.
on agriculture,
xii, 99—100, 105, 119
computation of
N1, 31—2, 41—3
end use of
N1, 44—6,
19i
on income distribution,
38
on industrial sector,
143—4
rural consumption,
59, 137—8
Hagemeister, Yu.
Α.,
215
Haimson, L.,
xiii
Harvests,
130, 224
failure,
13 z, 140, 168
and population change,
60
see also Cereals; Famine
Haxthausen, A.
von, 13
Herzen,
A. L, i
г,
zi
Hilferding. R.,
zi
3
Horses,
104—5
in peasant economy,
71, 74, 77
Housing
factory,
9
z
investment in,
44, 15z, 19z, 193
urban,
40, 9z, 193;
see also Rents
Hughes Company,
151, 153
Hungary,
50
Illiteracy, see Literacy
Imports,
149
cotton yarn,
146, 147
iron and steel,
150, 151, 154, 181
substitution,
108—9,
τ5τ
tea,
175
see also Exports; Tariffs
Income Distribution,
14, 38—9, 2.4z;
see also
Peasantry, differentiation
Income Tax, projected,
38
Incomes, see Gentry; Peasantry
Industrial Census (1918),
93, 161, 163
tsarist,
143
Industrial crisis
(1900—03), 19—20, 164,
167—73
passim
responses to,
177
see also Fluctuations
Industrial crops, see Cotton; Flax; Sugar beet;
Tobacco
Industrial output
composition,
144, 172, 185
costs,
15, 156, 157-67
passim,
178, 183,
184, 210;
see also Labour productivity;
Technical change
growth rate,
143—4,
prices,
148, 166, 170—2,
1
80
see also Fluctuations; Kustar
Industrialization,
xii, 35, 47, 86, 168—9,
Ζ3τ
demand for agricultural products,
11, 128,
liberal interpretation,
2-5, 8—9, 11, 47, 141
marxist-leninist interpretation,
24—5, 141—2
populist interpretation,
14—18, 47, 141
under serfdom,
144—5
and tariff,
166—7
Industry
capital investment,
152, 153, 192—3, 205,
211;
see also Capital stock
concentration,
25, 180, 182
government support,
144—5, 165—6, 177—8,
181, 186, 213;
see also Railways
labour productivity,
144, 159, 161—4
passim,
165;
see also Labour force
location,
34, 49, 64
organization,
146—7, 155, 160;
see also
Kustar
see also Credit; Profits; Technical change;
and under individual sectors
Infant mortality,
30, 31, 33
class differences,
39
link with fertility,
54, 57—8, 59
regional variations,
35, 37
see also Population
Interest rates,
73—4, 202, 218
payable be gentry,
206
payable by industrialists,
169
payable by peasants,
73—4, 195
International Harvester,
127, 158, 193, 202
Investment, see Capital investment
Irbit, market at,
148
Ireland,
51, 69
Iron and steel,
93, 145, 150—1, 153—4
integration of plant,
154, 166, 179, 180
prices,
158, 179
profits,
210, 211
slump,
170—1
syndicates,
178—9
technical change,
158—9
Italy,
31, 33, 34, 69, 151
Ivanovo-Voznesensk,
182, 208
Japan,
175, 176;
see also War
Jews
emigration,
40, 69—70, 243;
see also Pale of
Settlement
Kablukov,
Ν. Α.,
quoted,
88
Kadet
Party,
116
Kahan,
Α.,
xiii, 142, 202
on
capitai
formation,
144,
χ
94
on capital market,
193, 215, 216—17
on gentry economy,
145
on tariff policy,
166
Kaluga,
76, 89, 92
Kankrin,
88, 146—7, 215;
quoted,
87
Karyshev, N.,
113
Z83
INDEX
Katkov,
Μ. Ν.,
quoted,
207
Kaufman,
Α.,
132, 2.05
Kazakhstan,
11
7-18;
see also Central Asia
Kazan,
67, 12.8
Kharitonenko,
184
Kharkov,
35, 58
Kherson,
89, 103, 123, 134
Kherson Zemskii Bank,
206
Khiva,
117
Kiev (city)
58, 67, 92;
(province),
40, 89
Kiselev, P. D., no
Kokand,
117
Kolomensk Company,
154
Kondratiev,
N.
D.,
41, 111, 143
Kovalchenko, I, D.,
26
Krenholm factory,
163
Krivoshein, A. V.,
117
Kulaks,
13,
із, 73-4>
75, 100, 134;
see also
Peasantry, differentiation
Kuropatkin, General, quoted,
176
Kursk,
115
Kustar,
154—6, 186
and factory,
147, 155—
é
attitudes towards,
17—18, 155
growth of,
143
numbers engaged,
154, 155
pressures upon,
156
textiles,
147
Labour force
in agriculture,
84, 85, 119
in construction,
84, 85, 87, 90, 94
in industry,
85, 90, 91—3, 144,
léi—
3
recruitment and turnover,
91—1,
16 г—
3
in services, 4z,
84
size and growth,
42,—3, 84—
é
in transport,
84, 85, 86
see also Possessional workers; Wages;
Working class
Labour market,
84—96
passim
and commune,
88
government and operation
oí,
90, 95—6
liberal interpretation,
8—9, 49, 94, 96
marxist-leninist interpretation,
2.4, 48—9,
72.-3. 74» 79» 96
populist interpretation,
17, 48, 87—8, 94, 96
under serfdom,
86—7
and First World War,
94—5
see also Migration
Labour productivity,
42,-3, 157;
see also
Agriculture, Industry
Labour protest,
91, 95, 96, 163, 165, 2.33
Labour service, see Barshchina; Otrabotka
Labour surplus ,
5, 18—19,
Ł37
Lamsdorŕf,
175
Land Census
(1877),
no—
11, 113
Land market
Emancipation and,
107—11
passim
Land sales by gentry,
113—14, 117
Land transfer between gentry,
114
Land transfer to peasantry,
114-15, 101
Prices,
6, 196,
Serfdom and absence of,
105—7
State property,
106, 113
Transactions between peasants,
7г,
75,
8г.
see also Rents
Land redistribution, see Commune
Land reform, see Agrarian reform
Land shortage ,
6,
m-11,
198
Land Survey
(1887), 104
Land tenure
communal allotment,
7, 72., 117, 12.4, 2.57;
see also Commune, private,
116, 117,
1Z4
see also Agrarian reform; Gentry; Peasantry
Land use,
120—1, 123
arable,
104;
see also Cereals; Potatoes
fallow,
7, 104, 110, 123, 253
improved rotations,
7, 125—6
pasture,
104, 125, 134;
see also Dairy
farming
Laue,
T. H.
von, 88
Lenin,
V. L,
xvi, 20, 26, 27, 74,
1
16;
quoted,
23, 25, 64, 70, 72, 77, 231
on capitalist development,
22—5, 74
on differentiation of peasantry,
23, 72,
14 г
on imperialism,
25, 176, 190—1, 213
on industrial organization,
155, 158, 160
see also Development of Capitalism in
Russia
Lewis, W.
Α.,
2—5, 8, 9,
n
Liberal interpretation,
xiv—xv, 1—12
passim,
83, 238
and agriculture,
6—7, 11, 98—9, 118;
see also
Commune
and role of government,
188—9;
see a^sO
Industrialization
and surplus population,
2, 5, 12, 237;
see
also Labour market
Literacy,
30, 31, 33, 58, 242, 246
class differences,
39
migration and,
63—4
regional differences,
35—6
among workers in industry,
161—2
Lithuania
Emancipation statute,
108, 110
emigration,
69
Little Russia region
agriculture,
74, 126
Emancipation,
108—9, 110
rural protest,
116
Livestock,
99, 127
on gentry farms,
121, 129
growth of herds,
42, 100, 104-5,
*34
on peasant farms,
83, 125, 126, 137
prices,
134-5
see also Dairy farming
Lobko, quoted,
168
Lokhtin, P.,
126
Losjtsky, A. E.,
196
Lower Volga region
agriculture,
103, 131
land shortage, no
migration,
65
2.84
INDEX
population change,
56, 57, 60
Lyashchenko, P.
I.,
134, 156—7, 182
Machine-building,
144,
ΐόο—ι,
163—
4>
*79>
18ο
agricultural machinery,
163—45
*79î
χ8ο
armaments,
93
import substitution, I49>
*54
seasonality of work in,
90, 163
transport equipment,
151, 154, 163, 166,
178-9
wages,
94
McCloskey, D.,
121
McKay, J. P.,
159, 227
Malaria,
57
Manchuria,
175, 176
Marriage, age at,
52—3, 58;
see also
Nuptiality
Marx, K.,
xvi, 15, 20-22, 25, 190;
quoted,
21, 12
Marxist-leninist interpretation,
xvi, 1, 15,
20—7
passim,
47, 83
capitalist mode of production,
21, 23—4,
26-7, 47, 98-9,
141-2·, 190-1
class formation,
24, 48—9, 70, 88, 96
feudal mode of production,
22, 25, 98
and peasantry, see Commune; Peasantry
transition to capitalism,
25, 190
see also Labour market; Lenin
Maslov, P. P.,
18, 89
Mendeleev, D.,
163
Menshevik Party,
116
Merchants,
106, 208, 214
Metal-working,
156, 160, 165
wages,
94
workers in,
93
Mid-Volga region
agriculture,
74, 127, 131
effects of Emancipation,
110
land:labour ratio,
56, 199
Migration,
6, 8—9, 61—4, 81
to Central Asia,
62, 117—18
regulated,
66
seasonality of,
88—91;
see also Otkhod
to Siberia,
5—6, 64—6
urban in-migration,
67—9
see also Emigration; Labour market;
Population; Railways
MiguHn, P. P.,
168,
zi
6, 223
Mikhailovsky,
N.
K.,
14;
quoted,
47
Miliukov, P.,
xiv
Miliutin, D.
Α.,
87
Ministry of Finances,
95, 150, 178, 181, 209;
see also
Bunge; Kankrin; Reutern;
Vyshnegradky;
Witte
Ministry of the Interior,
66, 95, 99, 117, 168
Ministry of Trade and Industry,
162
Ministry of Transport,
164, 181
Mir,
273;
see also Commune
Money supply,
226, 271
Monopolies, see Syndicates
Morozov factory,
91, 208
Moscow,
35, 130, 157
conditions,
40, 92
migration,
40, 58, 63, 68
Moscow province
agriculture,
74, 134
industry,
147, 155, 182
migration from,
68, 89
Municipal government,
68—9
National income,
30
consumed,
44—5
estimated,
30—2, 34
government expenditure as proportion of,
44-6
growth rate,
41, 43
proportion invested,
44—6, 229
regional variations,
34, 35
see also Income distribution
Neo-populism,
18—
zo,
79—83;
see also
Chayanov; Shanin
New Russia region
agriculture,
74, 103, 120, 126, 127
grain surplus,
131
landholding,
113
1905
revolution,
116
Nicholas II,
117
Nifontov, A. S.,
99, 100
Nizhnii Novgorod,
35, 54, 157;
market at,
I48,
183
Nobel,
159
Nobility
{dvory
anstvo)
differentiation,
38—9, 204
emancipation,
106, 128
numbers owning serfs,
215
property rights,
106, 107—8, 109
westernization,
145
see also Gentry
Nobles Land Bank,
112, 206
North region,
56, 103, 105
North West region
agriculture,
74, 120, 125-6, 130, 134
Norway,
51, 69
Novgorod,
68
Nuptiality,
51, 52, 59, 246;
see also Marriage
Oats,
26, 74, 101—4
passim,
134, 250
prices,
131, 133
Obrok,
73, 109, 129, 194—6, 204;
see also
Barshchina
Obolensky, V. V.,
69
Obshchina,
273;
see also Commune
Odessa,
68, 130
Oil,
62, 68, 170, 172, 212, 227
exports,
159, 171
prices,
159
profits,
210
technical change,
159
Oi, P. V.,
222, 228
Old Believers, io8
Olonets,
54
Open fields,
122—4,
IZ5
Orel,
75
Z85
INDEX
Orlov-Davydov
estate,
205, 2.07
Otkhod,
56, 75, 77, 86, 89;
see also Migration
Otrabotka,
73, 74, 87, 112., 12.0, 232
Ozerov, I. Kh.,
18
Pale
oí
Settlement,
40, 2.4z;
see also Jews
Pavlovský,
G. A.
on commercialization of agriculture,
12.3,
12.8, 134
on commune,
53, 56, 125
on gentry,
2.06
Peasant households
socio-economic mobility,
71—2., 79—83
partitioning,
80—1, 82
Peasant protest,
66, 83, 107, 108, 112, 116,
117,
2.3З
Peasantry
differentiation,
13, 39, 49, 70—83
passim,
199—2.00
expenditure,
71, 77—8, 199;
see also
Redemption payments incomes,
71, 72,
75, 12.9,
199-Z00
living standards,
137—8, 168, 202.,
zzo—
1
migration,
64—8;
see also Otkhod
non-agricultural activity,
10, 72, 196;
see
also Kustar savings,
64, 194—2.03
passim
see also Commune; Emancipation; Serfs;
State Peasants
Peasants Land Bank,
75, 115, 117, 100-201,
2.02
Penza,
54, 130
Perm,
35, 54, 196, 198
Persia
loans to,
176
trade with,
173, 175—7
passim,
184
Persian Loan and Discount Bank,
175
Peter the Great,
86, 144
Pipes, R., quoted,
5, 38-9
Plehve Commission on Agricultural Distress,
13*. 135
Plekhanov, G. V.,
xvi,
Z3
Poland, Kingdom of
emigration,
69—70
industry,
34, 149, 166
population,
63
Potiče
unions,
95, 96
Poll tax,
194, 195, 198
Poltava,
65, 104
Population
crude birth rate,
50—51, 57;
see also
Fertility; Nuptiality
crude death rate,
50-51, 59, 60, 67;
see also
Infant mortality density,
34, 54, 56, 57,
66, 127, 2.46;
see also Labour surplus
growth,
2, 5, 31, 42,, 49—61
passim, 6z,
67, 145.
J93>
144
size,
32., 50, 2.41, 260;
see also Census;
Revision see also Emigration; Migration;
Urbanization
Populist interpretation,
xv—xvi,
і, 12.-го
passim
and commune, see Commune
and government policy, it—
14, 16, 141, 189
and industry, see Industrialization; Kustar
and peasant society,
19, 82, 99;
see also
Neo-populism underconsumption
theories,
14—17, 168, 17z
see also
Danielson, Mikhailovsky,
Vorontsov
Portal, R.,
148
Possessional workers,
86, 93, 145,
zo8,
251
Potatoes,
103—4,
iz6,
134, 2.50
Printing
wages,
94
workers links with land,
93, 248
Prodameta,
178—9
Produgol,
160
Profits,
4, 16, 17, 21,
Z4
in agriculture,
75, 77,
i3z> 1O7
in industry,
27, 159, 160, 179—80, 183, 184,
Z04, Z08—
9,
210-11
in rail transport, zi6
Prokopovich, S. N.,
30—31, 41
Putilov Company,
150, 154
Railways
consumption of iron and steel,
153—4, 176
construction,
5, 150-51, 159, 173, 174
expenditure on,
16, 173, 2.15—16, 221
and food supply,
60, 130—31, 135—6
investment,
151-3» 154, 178-9, 191,
*94>
Z18
and migration,
63, 65—6
revenue from,
219—
zo
transferred to state ownership, zi8
see also Chinese Far Eastern Railway; Trans-
Siberian Railway
Rashin, A. G.,
85-6, 91
Redemption,
6, 109, 195, 215
Redemption payments,
6, 14, 109, 195—8
passim,
205, 267, 269
arrears,
196—7
calculation,
109, 195
cancellation,
202
made compulsory,
215, 267
reduced,
196, 218
see also Emancipation
Rents
in cities,
40, 193
as claim on peasant income,
14, 198, 199,
201
as source of gentry income,
205
transactions between gentry and peasantry,
6, 14,
no,
112—13, 119—20, 202;
see
also Otrabotka
transactions between peasants,
72, 75
Reutern,
M. Kh.,
2.09,
zza—
16
Revision, Tenth,
204, 241
Revolution
(1905), 6, 66, 70, 95, 116, 164, 187, 202,
231, 236
(1917),
6, 25, 88, 203
Riga,
67, 130
Robinson,
G. T.,
quoted, $—6y
7
2.86
INDEX
Rostov,
58, 130
Royal family,
6, 29, 38, 106;
ownership of
serfs,
241
Rumyantsev, P.,
80-81
Russo-Belgian Metallurgical Company,
154
Russo-Chinese Bank,
175
Ryazan,
89, 104, 130
Rye,
100, 101—4
passim,
128, 134, 250
prices,
132-3
Samara,
89, 117, 157, 198
Saratov,
89, 117, 130, 157, 198
Savin, N.,
158
Savings banks,
202;
see also Banks
Semevsky, V.
1-, 194
Semirechye,
118
Serfdom,
6, 25, 73, 106, 203—4, 250
abolition, see Emancipation
absence of land market,
106—7
agricultural production under,
120, 128—9
industrial development,
144—50
passim,
204-5
and labour force,
86—7, 146
and migration,
61—2
and population change,
52, 56
see also Barshchina,
Obrok
Serfs
as entrepreneurs,
148, 208—9
exploitation of,
86—7, 194—5,
zo4i see a^so
Barshchina;
Obrok
lack of property rights,
106
numbers,
241
price of manumission,
209
see also State peasants
Shanin,
T.,
20, 79, 81—3;
quoted,
20, 82
Sharecropping,
205
Shcherbina, F.
Α.,
39, 71—2, 75
Sheep,
120, 134
Sheremetev, A. D.,
206
Shipbuilding,
166, 179,
zi
ζ
Siberia, western,
34, 61, 74—5, 106, 117, 138
agriculture,
100, 102, 103, 135—7, 140, 2.02,
206, 231
colonization,
5—6, 64—7, 118
exports,
66, 135-7
population density,
66, 75, 136
population growth,
57
see also Trans-Siberian Railway
Simbirsk,
130
Simms, J. Y.,
200
Singer Company,
164
Smolensk,
74, 80, 121, 200
Socialist Revolutionary Party,
116
Sor movo
factory,
92
South-Russian
Dniepr
Company,
153, 211
South West region
agriculture,
104, 120, 123
Emancipation of serfs,
108,
no
emigration,
69
land market,
113—14
population change,
53
revolution, X16
Spain,
31-2, 33, 34, 50, 151
Special Conference on the Needs of
Agriculture,
168
Special Council for State Defence,
185
St. Petersburg
conditions,
40, 193
factory workers,
92, 93, 94
industrial growth,
35, 64, 157, 161
migration,
58, 63, 68
population,
67—8
port,
130
province,
196
State Bank,
212
and industrial crisis,
169
support to commercial enterprise,
213, 216
support to gentry,
206
and money supply,
226
State Commercial Bank,
209
State Peasants,
6, 194
emancipated,
107,
no,
198
numbers,
241
Stepniak,
S. M.,
quoted,
72
Stock market,
169—70, 211—12, 216—17
Stolypin land reform,
24, 233
and birth rate,
57
and labour market,
70
provisions of,
117, 124—5
see also Agrarian reform
Strumilin,
S. G.,
41
Struve, P.
В.,
128
Sugar beet,
13, 104, 120, 126, 128, 129
Sugar,
85, 171
consumption,
200, 220
exports, J75
quotas,
184
Sweden,
33
Syndicates,
159, 164, 177, 178—80, 182, 184,
211;
see also Prodameta
Tambov,
54, 89, 104, 130, 198, 205
Tariffs,
16, 149, 168, 181, 208, 224
duties on cotton yarn,
147—8, 149, 166, 182
duties on internal grain shipments,
135, 206,
2-59
duties on iron,
149, 158, 166
duties on machinery,
151
duties on sugar,
149
effects,
165—7
revenue from,
218, 219
Tauride,
89, 103
Taxation,
173, 198, 215, 218
direct,
218—19
indirect,
9, 14, 77, 168, 200, 218—21
municipal,
68
and peasant economy,
123, 199—201
passim
and serfdom,
194—5,
ZO5
see also Poll tax
Tea,
175, 183
Technical change
on gentry farms,
10, 120—21, 125
on peasant farms,
2, 6—8, 125—8
2.87
INDEX
in
industry,
141, 145—6, 147, 158—
éi,
i8z,
184
Tereshchenko,
M.,
184
Textiles,
90, 144, 146-8;
see also Cotton;
Woollens
Tengoborsky, M., quoted,
147, 148
Tiflis,
67
Timofeev, P., quoted,
94
Tobacco,
85, 104, 1
го,
zi
z
Tobolsk,
57, 66, 75, 136
Tomsk,
57, 75
Tourist expenditures,
2.23, 2.2.5,
^1-!
Trade, foreign, see Exports; Imports
Trade, internal
growth of,
42,, 148
organization of,
157, 183, 214
and World War,
138-9
Trade unions,
95, 165;
see also Police unions
Transcaspian Railway,
173
Trans-Siberian Railway,
5, 64, 135, 173, 175
Transport,
104, 145, 154, 157
and food supply,
130
investment,
192.-4
and market integration,
26, 128
and population mobility,
89
in wartime,
138
see also Horses; Labour force; Railways
Trotsky, L. D.,
xvi,
quoted,
96
Tsindel factory,
93, 183
Tugan
Baranovsky, M. I., quoted,
186
on kustar,
155—6
on tariffs,
166
on wage rate,
91, 164
Tula,
54, 67, 75, 89, 103, 126
Turgenev, I. S.,
195
Turkestan, 6z,
117—18, 183;
see also Central
Asia
Turkey,
173
Tver,
68, 89, 92, 126
Ufa,
198
Ukraine,
35, 60, 92, 130, 140;
see also Little
Russia; New Russia industry,
158—9
Underconsumption, see Populist interpretation
Unemployment
in agriculture, see Labour surplus
in industry,
94
United States,
31—2, 50, 51,
5г,
163, 213
Urals region,
35
agriculture,
103, 127
landholding,
113—14
metallurgy,
86, 145-6, 150, 158, 166, 179;
see also
Possessionat
workers
population,
54, 55, 57, 59
Urbanization,
35, 38, 40, 58, 67—9
Urlanis, B. Ts.,
57
Vainshtein, A. L.,
41, 201
Valuev Commission,
120, 198
Varzar, V. E.,
160—1, 210
Vinogradov, P. G.,
xiv
Vladimir,
74, 89, 92, 147, 163, 200
Voronezh,
39, 71-2, 75, 198
Vorontsov, V. P.,
14-15, 16, 20, 125, 168
Vronchenko, quoted,
147
Vtorov,
183
Vyatka,
54, 196
Vyshnegradsky,
Ι. Α.,
137, 224
Wada,
H.s 2i
Wages,
2-4, 64, 91, 95
of agricultural workers,
90
differentials,
94
of factory workers,
91—2, 162, 163, 164—5
geographical variations,
94
trends in real wages,
164
see also Labour market
War
Crimean,
26, 60, 108, 139, 215, 223
First World,
60—1, 86, 94—5, 138—9, 179,
185, 233
Napoleonic,
62
Russo-Japanese,
60, 66, 176, 227
Russo-Turkish,
215, 216, 223
Warsaw,
92
Wheat,
74, 100,
ι ο
1—4
passini,
205
prices,
131-ЗЗ
see also Cereals
Wheatcroft, S. G.,
102, 130—1
White-collar workers,
85, 163
Witte,
S. Yu.
criticized,
20, 168—9, 2.00, 207, 226
economic policy,
169, 178, 187, 212, 218,
224
Memorandum
(1899), 11, 16, 141, 173
Wogau,
183
Women
in industry,
58, 95
in peasant society,
5г,
53, 245
Woollen industry,
146
Working class
controversy over link with land,
87—91,
93-4
living standards,
40, 92;
see also Wages;
Labour force; Labour protest; Trade
unions
Yanson,
198, 218
Yaroshinsky,
184
Yaroslavl,
68, 103, 134, 196
Yuzhakov,
16
Zaitsev, V.,
60
Zasulich, V.,
22
Zemstva
attitudes to commune,
11
provision of services,
59, 126, 162.
statisticians,
71, 84
supply of agricultural machinery,
127, 181
see also Budget studies
Zhbankov, D.,
56
2.88
Bayerische
Staatsbibliothek
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Gatrell, Peter 1950- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)12980763X |
| author_facet | Gatrell, Peter 1950- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Gatrell, Peter 1950- |
| author_variant | p g pg |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV000556175 |
| callnumber-first | H - Social Science |
| callnumber-label | HC334 |
| callnumber-raw | HC334.5 |
| callnumber-search | HC334.5 |
| callnumber-sort | HC 3334.5 |
| callnumber-subject | HC - Economic History and Conditions |
| classification_rvk | NP 5230 NP 6000 NW 2425 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)12665701 (DE-599)BVBBV000556175 |
| dewey-full | 330.947/08 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 330 - Economics |
| dewey-raw | 330.947/08 |
| dewey-search | 330.947/08 |
| dewey-sort | 3330.947 18 |
| dewey-tens | 330 - Economics |
| discipline | Geschichte Wirtschaftswissenschaften |
| edition | 1. publ. in the United States of America |
| era | Geschichte 1850-1917 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1850-1917 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Russland Russia Economic conditions 1861-1917 Russia Social conditions 1801-1917 Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Russland Russia Economic conditions 1861-1917 Russia Social conditions 1801-1917 |
| id | DE-604.BV000556175 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T07:22:50Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0312821913 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-000342349 |
| oclc_num | 12665701 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-188 |
| physical | XVI, 288 S. Kt. |
| psigel | BSBWK1 |
| publishDate | 1986 |
| publishDateSearch | 1986 |
| publishDateSort | 1986 |
| publisher | St. Martin's Pr. |
| record_format | marc |
| spellingShingle | Gatrell, Peter 1950- The Tsarist economy 1850 - 1917 Wirtschaft Wirtschaft (DE-588)4066399-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4066399-1 (DE-588)4076899-5 |
| title | The Tsarist economy 1850 - 1917 |
| title_auth | The Tsarist economy 1850 - 1917 |
| title_exact_search | The Tsarist economy 1850 - 1917 |
| title_full | The Tsarist economy 1850 - 1917 Peter Gatrell |
| title_fullStr | The Tsarist economy 1850 - 1917 Peter Gatrell |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Tsarist economy 1850 - 1917 Peter Gatrell |
| title_short | The Tsarist economy |
| title_sort | the tsarist economy 1850 1917 |
| title_sub | 1850 - 1917 |
| topic | Wirtschaft Wirtschaft (DE-588)4066399-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Wirtschaft Russland Russia Economic conditions 1861-1917 Russia Social conditions 1801-1917 |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=000342349&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=000342349&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT gatrellpeter thetsaristeconomy18501917 |