Finding god in the Gulag: a history of Christianity in the Soviet penal system
Gespeichert in:
| Beteilige Person: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New York, NY
Oxford University Press
[2024]
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| Schlagwörter: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=035200120&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=035200120&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=035200120&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Abstract: | "Belief and Disbelief from the Great Terror to Stalin's Death Like over a million of her fellow Soviet subjects, the Muscovite actress Vera Shults was arrested during the Great Terror of 1937-38. The secret police interrogated her at Taganskaya Prison in southeast Moscow and ultimately sentenced her to five years of exile in Central Asia for being a "socially dangerous element." During her time at Taganskaya, Shults was deeply impressed by one of her cellmates, an older religious woman named Tatyana Pavlovna, whom she described as "radiating kindness" while patiently accepting her unjust imprisonment. While pondering the meaning of religion during this time of great trial, Shultz remarked in her memoir, "We all grew up as atheists, and so I have a hard time judging what role her faith played, but I think that Tatyana Pavlovna found solace in it." In the Gulag of the late 1930s to the early 1950s, solace was in short supply as the brutal system of incarceration and compulsory labor was rocked by the successive calamities of the Great Terror and World War II. The Great Terror, a horrific crime against humanity perpetrated by Stalin's regime, resulted in the execution, imprisonment, or exile of some 1.5 million people, many of them falsely convicted of conspiring against the Soviet Union. This was followed by the Second World War, a terrible war of attrition that ultimately caused over twenty million Soviet deaths. More Stalinist repression followed the war, and long sentences for minor infractions such as petty theft swelled the ranks of the incarcerated. For those imprisoned in the Soviet Gulag, these successive waves of violence and repression brought chaos, overcrowding, suffering, and death to an already dangerous and desultory system. Thousands of religious leaders were among the millions of people sent to the camps from the beginning of the Great Terror in 1937 to Stalin's death in 1955 [...]." |
| Umfang: | viii, 264 Seiten Illustrationen |
| ISBN: | 9780197751671 |
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| 520 | 3 | |a "Belief and Disbelief from the Great Terror to Stalin's Death Like over a million of her fellow Soviet subjects, the Muscovite actress Vera Shults was arrested during the Great Terror of 1937-38. The secret police interrogated her at Taganskaya Prison in southeast Moscow and ultimately sentenced her to five years of exile in Central Asia for being a "socially dangerous element." During her time at Taganskaya, Shults was deeply impressed by one of her cellmates, an older religious woman named Tatyana Pavlovna, whom she described as "radiating kindness" while patiently accepting her unjust imprisonment. While pondering the meaning of religion during this time of great trial, Shultz remarked in her memoir, "We all grew up as atheists, and so I have a hard time judging what role her faith played, but I think that Tatyana Pavlovna found solace in it." In the Gulag of the late 1930s to the early 1950s, solace was in short supply as the brutal system of incarceration and compulsory labor was rocked by the successive calamities of the Great Terror and World War II. The Great Terror, a horrific crime against humanity perpetrated by Stalin's regime, resulted in the execution, imprisonment, or exile of some 1.5 million people, many of them falsely convicted of conspiring against the Soviet Union. This was followed by the Second World War, a terrible war of attrition that ultimately caused over twenty million Soviet deaths. More Stalinist repression followed the war, and long sentences for minor infractions such as petty theft swelled the ranks of the incarcerated. For those imprisoned in the Soviet Gulag, these successive waves of violence and repression brought chaos, overcrowding, suffering, and death to an already dangerous and desultory system. Thousands of religious leaders were among the millions of people sent to the camps from the beginning of the Great Terror in 1937 to Stalin's death in 1955 [...]." | |
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Contents Preface Acknowledgments Introduction 1. Separating Church and State in Bolshevik Prisons vii ix 1 14 2. The Spiritual Life of Solovki 39 3. The War against Religion in the Gulag 70 4. Belief and Disbelief from the Great Terror to Stalins Death 92 5. Western Worshippers and Gulag Gangsters 120 6. Khrushchev’s Reforms and the Camp for Sectarians 146 7. Religious Dissidents under Brezhnev 176 8. Christianity as a Re-educational Program 203 Epilogue Notes Bibliography Index 223 231 245 255
Bibliography Archival Sources Note: Post-Soviet archives are typically organized by collection (fond,abbreviated as f.), inventory (opis’, abbreviated as op.), folder (delo, abbreviated as d.), and page (list, abbreviated as 1. or 11. for multiple pages). Thus, a reference to a report that is found on page 6 of folder 12 of inventory 2 ofcollection A-353 of the State Archive of the Russian Federation would read: GARF, f. A-353, op. 2, d. 12,1.6. ERAF: Branch of the Estonian State Archive. - Eesti Riigiarhiivi Filiaali. Collection 17sm: Secretariat of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, Estonian SSR. GARF: State Archive of the Russian Federation. Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Rossiskoi Federatsii. Collection A-353: Ministry of Justice, RSFSR. Collection A-461: Procuracy, RSFSR. Collection R-393: Peoples Commissariat of Internal Affairs, RSFSR. Collection R-4042: Main Directorate of Places of Confinement of the People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs, RSFSR. Collection R-5263: Standing Central Commission on Matters of Cults of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee, USSR. Collection R-6991: Council for Religious Affairs of the Council of Ministers, USSR. Collection R-8131: Procuracy, USSR. Collection R-9401: Ministry of Internal Affairs, USSR. Collection R-9414: Main Administration of the Places of Confinement of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, USSR. Collection R-9492: Ministry of Justice, USSR. State Archive Branch of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine. Galuzevii derzhavnii arkhiv Sluzhby bezpeki Ukrainy. Collection 6: Administration of Corrective-Labor Camps
and Colonies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, Ukrainian SSR. GDA MVS: KCA: Keston Center Archive. Denominational subject files. General subject files. Individual clergy files. Michael Bourdeaux papers. Michael Bourdeaux papers—uncatalogued. Samizdat Collection. Samizdat Orthodox subject files. MEMO: Archive of the History of Political Repressions in the USSR (1918-1956), Memorial Society. Arkhiv istorii politicheskikh represii v SSSR (1918-1956), Obshchestvo “Memoriala." Collection 2: Memoirs and literary works.
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Index For the benefit ofdigital users, indexed terms that span two pages (e.g., 52-53) may, on occasion, appear on only one of those pages. Note: Figures are indicated by an italic/following the page number. Ablamsky, Vladimir, 159 Adamova-Sliozberg, Olga, 97-98 Adventists. See Seventh-Day Adventists Alexy II (Russian Orthodox patriarch), 225 All-Union Council of Evangelical Christians and Baptists, 99-100 Alyoshka the Baptist (character in One Day in the Life ofIvan Denisovich), vii-viii, 108,109 Andreev, Gennady, 49-50,55-56 Andreeva, Alla, 110,115,131-32 Andreyevsky, Ivan, 50,54-55,59-60,63-64, 65-66,67 Andronevsky Special-Purpose Camp, 14 Andronnikov Monastery, 15/, 20-21 antireligious propaganda in prison camps Brezhnev era and, 177,178 Corrective-Labor Code (1924) and, 29-31 Islam as a target of, 79,150-51 Khrushchev era and, 146-47 lectures and, 31-32,45-46,78,100-1,14849,150-51,168,178 postwar diminution (1945-1953) of, 105-7 prison libraries and, 32,78 prison publications and, 33-36,46-47,7881,95-96,178 Russian civil war period and, 29 scientific explanations prioritized in, 31-32, 45-46,79 Stalin and, 71,79 World War II and, 100-1 Antony (Russian Orthodox archbishop), 67 Anzer Island camps, 44-45,73-74 Arkady (Russian Orthodox bishop), 75-76 Armenia, 3,9 Astrakhan Prison, 96-97 atheism Corrective-Labor Code (1924) and, 29-31 Gorbachev reform era and, 214,215,222 as official Communist Party doctrine, 33-34, 37-38,52-53,149-50,180-81 prison publications and, 35-36 Averbakh, Ida, 77 Baikal-Amursky Camp, 81 Balakhninsky County Prison, 23 Baptists All-Union Council of
Evangelical Christians and Baptists and, 99-100 Brezhnev era gulag camps and, 176-79, ISO81,182-84,188 compulsory labor in gulag camps and, 4950,170 Gorbachev era religious reforms and proselytization in gulag camps by, 216-18 Kopelev’s description of gulag experiences of, 109 petitions for freedom of religion in gulag camps by, 192-93,194 proselytization and conversions in gulag camps and, 112-13,132,151,188-89, 207-8 proselytization in Russian Empire by, 9 religious faith as a source of faith in gulag camps for, 176,197-200 religious services and celebrations in prison camps by, 56,123-24,136-37 religious texts reproduced in gulag camps by, 169 Sabbatarians’ conflicts with, 137 Baran, Emily, 169 Barats, Vasily, 182,197 Bardach, Janusz, 101-2,133-34 Baturin, N. G„ 192-93 Baturina, Valentina, 194-95 Begin, Menachem, 96 Belomor (Gorky), 77-78 Belov, Yuri, 170-73 BereznyCamp, 100-1 Berger, Joseph, 113,114,122 Bessarabia, 120 Bessonov, Yury, 53-54
256 INDEX “bitches’war” (early 1950s), 138,142 Bogdanov, Vladimir, 29 Bolshevik Revolution (1917), 3,12,26 Bolshoy Zayatskoy Island, 44-45 Brezhnev, Leonid antireligious propaganda in gulag camps under, 177,178 antireligious repression in gulag camps under, 177,178-83 Gulag reforms under, 176,177,201 letters from gulag prisoners to family members during era of, 196 petitioning for freedom of religion in gulag camps during reign of, 191 religious life and identity in gulag camps under, 183 size of religious prisoner population in gulag camps under, 177 Bucha Maximum-Security Prison, 211-13 Buddhists, 9-10,144-45,226 Bukin, V.I., 205 Bukovinsky, Vladislav, 126-27,165,174 Butman, G. I., 191-92 Butovo execution site, 226-28 Butyrka Prison (Moscow), 29,220-21 Catacomb Church. See True Orthodox Church Catholics antireligious propaganda directed at, 150-51 compulsory labor in gulag camps and, 81,180-81 Great Terror and, 93-94,97,98,99 overall number in Russian Empire of, 9-10 prayer in gulag camps and, 110-11 proselytization efforts in gulag camps by, 132,174 religion as source of strength in gulag camps among, 197 religious objects used in prison by, 127-28 religious services and celebrations in prison camps by, 14,21,53,126,130-31 at Solovki Camp, 42-43,47-48,53,61-62, 73-75,94 from western borderland territories, 122,123-24 See also Ukrainian Greek Catholics (Uniates) Cedfeldt, William, 219-20 Celmina, Helene, 159-60,166,168,170-71, 172,173 Central Penal Department, 22-26,37 Chekhranov, Pavel, 59,60 Cheremukha, Stepan, 155 Chernobyl nuclear accident (1986), 203-4,205
Chicherina, Elena, 81-82,88-89 Christmas, 88,130-31,135,153-54,155/, 170, 185,189-90 Ciszek, Walter, 110-11,112/ 126,13940,153-54 Communist Party atheism and, 33-34,37-38,52-53,14950,180-81 Communist Youth League and, 120-21 opening to religious groups after 1985 in, 204 religious practices among members of, 121 resistance in “western borderlands” of Soviet Union to cultural hegemony of, 120-21 compulsory labor in prison camps agricultural work and, 71-72 clerical prisoners and, 48-49,74,77-78 Corrective-Labor Code (1924) and, 29-31 infrastructure projects and, 71-72,7778,104-5 mining and, 71-72,84 production targets and, 72 punishment for infractions involving, 49-50, 99,108-9,116,184 religious exemptionsand, 15-16,21,49-50 on religious holidays, 49-50 resistance against, 50,73-74,89-91,94-95, 98-99,101,105-6,107-8,116,121-22, 134-35,137,148-49,151,152-53,17071,174 at Solovki, 42,48 Constitution ofthe Soviet Union (1918), 14-15, 24-25,28,37-38,148,191,193,196 Corrective-Labor Code (1924), 29-31,212-13 Council of Relatives of Evangelical ChristianBaptist Prisoners, 176,192-93 “cult workers,” 73,214 Dalstroy Camps, 97-98,105-6,108,115 Danzas, Yulia, 61-62 Deresh, Pavel, 133 Dmitrovsky Camp, 79 Dolgikh, Ivan, 106,148-49,165 Dolgun, Alexander, 133 Dombkovsky, Nikolai, 206-7 Dovlatov, Sergei, 153 Dubitsky, Adam, 181-82,197-98 Dubravny Camp (Dubravlag) antireligious propaganda at, 166,168 antireligious suppression at, 167-68 Camp Division 1 at, 165-66,167-68,174-75 Camp Division 7 at, 165-67 Camp Division 10 at, 165-66
INDEX Camp Division 17 at, 165-66,167-68 Catholics at, 170,174 designation as camp for religious prisoners of, 165,175 Jehovah’s Witnesses at, 166-68,171-74 location of, 165-66 number ofprisoners at, 165-66 re-education initiatives at, 167,175 religious artifacts created at, 116 religious diversity among inmate population at, 136,166,174-75 True Orthodox Church members at, 170 Ukranian Greek Catholics at, 168-69 Ukranian prisoners at, 166 Dukhobor spiritualist movement, 9,73-74 Dukhonchenko, Jacob, 216 Dzerzhinsky, Felix, 5-6 Dzhezkazgansky camp, 95-96 Easter cards created for, 116-19,118/ religious services in prison camps celebrating, 24,28,40,52-53,55-56,5859,84,88,89-90,97-98,109-10,114,130, 131-32,153-54, 156/, 185,189-90 suppression of religious services celebrating, 74,182 Eikhmans, Fedor, 49,52,58-59 Elshtein-Gorchakov, Genrikh, 101,130 “Epistle of the Solovetsky Bishops,” 64-66 Estonia, 9,120,156-58 Etinger, Yakov, 132 Evgeny (Russian Orthodox archbishop), 62, 63/ 64-65,139-40 Fedorchenko, Ivan, 194 Fedorov, Leonid, 47-48,61-62 Feodosy (Russian Orthodox archimandrite), 49,50-51,52,58-60,63-64,66-67 Filaret of Kyiv (Russian Orthodox metropolitan), 211-12,213 Finland, 9,120 Formakov, Arseny, 116-19 Frankl, Viktor, 2 French Revolution, 24 Frolovsky, Mikhail, 55 Fryazinov, Sergey, 27,29 Fudel, Sergey, 29,30/ Gagen-Torn, Nina, 136-38 Galovanova, Katya, 136-37 gangsters in gulag camps ballads sung by, 140-41 257 “bitches’ war” and, 138 camp guards and, 138 Catholic beliefs among, 139-40 conversion to Christianity among, 160-61 corruption and theft reduced by, 122
religious imagery among, 138 religious tattoos and, 121,138-39,14145,143/ Russian Orthodox beliefs among, 121,13839,161 violence against other inmates by, 138-39 Georgia, 9 Germanyuk, Stepan, 201-2 Gideons International, 210,215-16 Ginzburg, Evgenia, 98-99 Golgotha camp hospital, 44-45 Golgotha memorial complex, 226 Golovinsky Convent, 18-19 Gorbachev, Mikhail antireligious repression in gulag camps under, 205-6 Chernobyl nuclear accident (1986) and, 203-4,205 economic reforms under, 203-4 gulag reforms under, 204-5 pardoning of political and religious prisoners by, 208 political opening under, 203-4 religious liberalization permitted under, 209, 216,222 Reykjavik Summit (1986) and, 208 Russian Orthodox Church’s one-thousand year anniversary (1988) and, 209 Gorky, Maxim, 68,77-78,150-51,178 Gorny Camp, 154 Great Patriotic War. See World War II Great Terror (1937-1938) antireligious propaganda in gulag camps during, 95-96 antireligious suppression in gulag camps during, 95-96 Catholics targeted in, 93-94,97,98,99 crises offaith during, 92-93 extrajudicial trials and, 94 mass arrests during, 92,93 mass executions during, 92,93-95,226-28 Operational Order No. 00447 and, 93-94 religious faith as source of strength in gulag camps during, 92-93,96-99 secret police s role in, 93-94 Stalin’s role in, 92,93 worship sites closed during, 93-94 Grigory (Russian Orthodox bishop), 64
258 INDEX Grinevich (Russian Orthodox archpriest), 63-64 Gruzdev, Pavel, 107,115 Gulag camps bullying of religious prisoners in, 101-2, 108-9,121-22,151 Christian ministry after 1985 in, 210 “class enemies” as prisoners in, 7-8,72, 73,120 clerical prisoners in, 73-76,77-78,81,82-84, 90-91,94,96-97,108,109-11,114-15, 120,122,123-24,126-27,129-30,132-33, 135-36,153-54,155,158-59,170,174, 180-81,189-90,191-92 common criminals as inmates in, 114,122, 160-61,176,211 compulsory labor in, 7,71-72,73-74,7778,80,81,84,89-91,98-99,101,104-6, 107-8,116,121-22,148-49,151,152-53, 170-71,180-81 confiscation of religious literature in, 179-81, 205,215-16 conversions to Christianity in, 112-13, 132-33,159-62,174,188-91,207-8, 210-11,222 crises of faith in, 84-87,92-93,102,103-4, 119,132-34,136,159,162-64,188-89, 200-2,206 ecumenism at, 74-75,90,136-37,170,174, 184,189-90 establishment during late 1920s of, 4, 71,90-91 family member visits to, 185-86,210 former Russian Orthodox properties used as camp sites for, 14,16 guards and administrators in, 72,81-82,9091,92-93,106-7,123-24,126-27,128-30, 131-32,137-38,144-45,151,153-54,159, 177,180-83,204-6,214-15,220-21 informants in, 89-91,101,102,109-10 Khrushchev’s reforms to, vii-viii, 146-47, 149,153-54,176 letters from family members to, 196,210 memorial sites marking legacy of, 226 Orthodox chapels established after 1990 in, 203 overall death toll in, 72 overall number of prisoners in, 7-8,72,1045,119,146,176,210 petitioning for freedom of religion during Brezhnev era in, 191 postwar era (1945-1950) in, 104 publications produced in,
71-72,78-81,95 re-education initiatives at, 71-73,75,77-78, 80,90-91,105,106-7,146,152,159,167, 175,182,195-96,204-5 religious dietary needs in,81-82 religious faith as source of strength in, 86-88, 90,92-93,96-99,102-3,108,110,111-13, 114-16,119,122-25,128,135,159-60, 161-62,163-64,169-70,176,183-84, 186-87,188-90,197-200,201-2,205,207, 210,217 religious tattoos in, 107-8,121,138-39, 141-45,143/ remote locations of, 6-7,76-77 sex and sexual assault in, 103-4 United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders (1955) and, 147-48 uprisings of 1953-1954 in, 154-55 World War II and, 92,99 See also specific camps Gulag Museum (Moscow), 228 Harmon, Joe, 219 Hartfeld, Hermann, 188 Helsinki Accords (1975), 192-93 Herling, Gustaw, 134-36 Herlyuk-Kupchynsky, Petro, 129-30,132-33 Hodiak, Olha, 129 Horchynska, Vanda, 125,130 liarion (Russian Orhtodox archbishop), 58-60, 61-62,63/66,67 Iliodor ( Russian Orthodox archimandrite), 96-97 Ivanov, Vaska, 46 Ivanovich, Vasily, 110 Ivanovsky Camp, 17 Jehovah’s Witnesses antireligious suppression targeting, 168 bullying in gulag camps against, 151 Catholics’conflicts with, 174 compulsory labor in gulag camps and, 170 as conscientious objectors to religious service, 210 crises of faith in gulag camps and, 159 at Dubravny Camp, 166-68,171-74 group solidarity and discipline among, 171-73 proselytization efforts in gulag camps by, 132, 151,152,171,173-74 proselytization in Russian Empire by, 9 re-education initiatives and, 167
INDEX religion as a source of inspiration in gulag camps for, 158 Russian Federations restrictions after 1991 against, 224-25 Ukranian nationalists’ problems with, 173 The Watchtower magazine and, 16668,172-73 Jews antireligious policies in gulag camps targeting, 179 anti-Semitism in gulag camps and, 143-45 Mask of Sorrow monument and, 226 overall number in Russian Empire of, 9-10 religious tattoos in gulag camps displayed by, 144 Sabbath observance in prison camps and, 21 John Chrysostom (saint), 54-55 John XXIII (pope), 146-47 Josephite clerics, 66-67 Kabo, Vladimir, 115 Kalinin, V., 214 Kappes, A. N., 94 Karagandinsky Camp, 94-95,106-7,116 Karpenko, Denis, 181 Kaufman, Walter, 107-8,113 Kazansky Monastery, 17 Kennedy, John E, 146-47 Khajbulin, Varsonofy, 190 Kharchev, Konstantin, 208 Khlysts, 9 Khmara, Stepan, 209 Khorev, Mikhail, 185-86,197-98,201-2 Khrushchev, Nikita antireligious propaganda under, 146-47 antireligious repression under, 146-47 ascent to power of, 146 gulag reforms under, vii-viii, 146-47,149, 153-54,176 political liberalization under, 146 religious observance in gulag camps during rule of, 153 Kirill (Russian Orthodox patriarch), 224-25 Kirillo-Novoozersk Monastery, 76-77 Kirov, Sergey, 93 Kiselev-Gromov, Nikolay, 47-48 Klassen, David, 182-83 Klimanova, Lyudmila, 170-71,173,174 Klinger, Anton, 42-43,49-50,64 Kogan, Lazar, 81-82 Kolyma Tales (Shalamov), 108 Kopelev, Lev, 109-10 Koroblyov, Nikolai, 218 259 Kostyuchenko, G. V., 188-89 Kotsur, Anna, 125 Kotsylovsky, Yosofat, 132-33 Kovrovskaya Prison, 25 Kozlov, Vasily, 112-13,193-94 Krakhmalnikova, Zoya,
201-2,207 Krasnopevtsev, Lev, 169-70 Kryukovsky Corrective-Labor Colony, 148 Kuloisky Camp, 95-96 Kureishi, Said, 43-44 Kuzin, Anatoly, 158 Latvia, 9,120 Latvian Christian Mission ofMercy, 210-11 Latvian prisoners in gulag camps, 121,143, 144,185 League of Militant Atheists, 10 Lelekach, Ivan, 128 Lelyukhin (Russian Orthodox deacon), 64 Lenin, Vladimir antireligious policies and, 1-2,10,29 death of, 3,70 economic socialism and, 3 imprisonment by tsarist regime of, 5 New Economic Policy and, 3 tattoos in gulag camps depicting, 141,142-43 Leonardovich, Mechislav, 51 Leshchenko-Sukhomlina, Tatyana, 130 Levitin-Krasnov, Anatoly, 111-12,187-88,191 Levitsky, Vladimir, 87 Likhachev, Dmitry, 1-2,43,54,59-60,6162,66-67 Lipper, Elena, 96,108,113,121-22 Lithuania, 9,120 Living Church, 11,62,64-65,75-76,88,111-12 Losev, Aleksey, 85-87 Lugar, Richard, 208 Lutherans, 9-10,123-24,132,144-45 Majoraité, Regina, 155-56 Maksim (Russian Orthodox bishop), 60-61, 63-64,66,67 Marchenko, Anatoly, 166,168,169-70,191 Marchenko, Zoya, 97,122-23 Marhitych, Volodymyr, 168-69 Markus, Sergei, 206 Martsinkovsky, Vladimir, 27-28,32 Marx, Karl, 5,10,27,43-44,142-43 Marxism-Leninism, 1,29,70,137-38,150-51, 159-60,190 Mashkov, Yuri, 159-60 Mask of Sorrow monument, 226,227/ Matrosskaya Tishina prison, 27,203
260 INDEX Matyukhin, Sergey, 214-15 May Day holiday, 74 Men, Alexander, 206-7 Mennonites, 9,123-24 Mikhalkov, Yuri Ivanovich, 195-96 Mitrotsky, Mikhail, 57-58 Moldova, 120-21 Moldovan prisoners in gulag camps, 121, 145,171 Molokans, 9 Monument to the Fallen and Murdered in the East (Warsaw), 226 Moroz, Valentyn, 173 Moscow (Russia) 1st Moscow Labor Colony and, 31 Butyrka Prison and, 29,220-21 Moscow Women s Correctional House and, 31-32 Russian Orthodox sites converted into penal facilities in, 17-19 Taganskaya Prison and, 27,28,32 Mother of God icons, 88,157/ Muslims antireligious propaganda directed at, 79,150-51 hostility in gulag camps toward, 144-45 Mask of Sorrow monument and, 226 mosques built in gulag sites by, 218-19 overall number in Russian Empire of, 9-10 Ramadan holiday and, 79 suppression of, 11-12 Mykhailikha, Andriy, 132-33 Navalny, Alexei, 225-26 Nazi-Soviet Pact of1939,120 New Economic Policy, 3 New Solovki (prison camp newspaper), 47,78-79 Nicholas II (tsar of Russia), 5,8-9 Nikolay (archpriest in Josephite movement), 66 Nikonov-Smorodin, Mikhail, 60 Noble, John, 116,123-24,132 Nogtev, Aleksander, 49,51-52 Novikov-Halikovsky, Viktor, 132-33 Novospassky Monastery, 19-20,20/ NVKD. See secret police (NVKD) Ogorodnikov, Aleksandr, 187-88,200-2,205-7 Old Believers, 9-10,40-41,83,116-19, 166,170-71 Olekhnovich, Franz, 46 One Day in the Life ofIvan Denisovich (Solzhenitsyn), vii-viii, 108,109 Onezhsky penal camp, 95-96 “On the Freedom of Confession” (Soviet law, 1990), 212-13 Oreshin, Gennady, 220-21 Orhtodox Church. See Russian Orthodox Church Orlov Province,
23-24 Osipov, Vladimir, 169-70,171-73 Ozerny Camp, 158-59,165 Panin, Dmitri, 102-3,122 Pashnin-Speransky, E. I., 179,183 Paul (saint), 197,199,201 Pavlovna, Tatyana, 92 Pelekh, Evhen, 129-30 Pentecostals Brezhnev era gulag camps and, 177,178,181, 182,189 bullying in gulag camps of, 101-2 conversions in gulag camps and, 151 Gorbachev era religious reforms and proselytization in gulag camps by, 216 re-education initiatives and, 167 religion as a source of strength in gulag camps among, 197 religious services in gulag camps and, 156-58 Soviet regimes suppression of, 146-47 See also Baptists Penza Provincial Correctional Home, 32,34,39 Peoples Commissariat ofJustice, 6,22-23,38 Perchatkin, Boris, 179 Perm penal camps, 179,191-92,211 Petkevich, Tamara, 103,122 Petr (Russian Orhtodox archbishop), 5860,62,64 Petrov, Aleksey, 45,56-57 Petrus, K., 89-90 Piskanovsky, Nikolay, 59-60 Pitirim, Hegumen, 58-59 Plutser-Sarno, Alexei, 141-42 Pokrovsky Convent, 18-19 Pokrovsky Monastery, 17 Poland, 9-10,75,120,124 Polish prisoners in gulag camps, 121,122, 124,125-27,130-31,133,134-35,144, 145,226 Polsky, Mikhail, 44,58-59,61,64-65 Popov, Ivan, 64-65 Pospelov (Russian Orthodox archpriest), 64 Prokopy (Russian Orthodox archbishop), 62,64-65 Pryadilov, Aleksey, 139 Psalm 137,86
INDEX Pshenitsynaya, T. Μ., 196 punishment and discipline in prison camps capital punishment and, 49-50,54,60-61, 68,87,108-9 compulsory labor infractions and, 49-50,99, 108-9,116,184 corporal punishment and, 50,68,73-74,8990,133-34,181,205-6,215-16 counterrevolutionary activity as a cause for, 89-90 religious activity as a cause for, 89 Putin, Vladimir, 224-25,226-28 Puzyrev, Mikhail, 121-22 Quakers, 4-5,77 Rabinovich, Mikhail, 132,139-40 Ratushinskaya, Irina on ecumenism in gulag camps, 189 pardon and release from the gulag (1986) of, 208,209/ on prayer in gulag camps, 186-87 on punishment in gulag camps, 205-6 on religious holidays in gulag camps, 184-85 on religious objects in gulag camps, 179 Razveyev, Boris, 206-7 Rechnoy Camp, 154-55 Red Army, 23,109,120 religious observance in prison camps Bible reading and, 97,110,115,214-15 fasting and, 27 prayer and, 27,54-55,60-61,88,95-96, 97-98,102-3,108,109,110-11,121-24, 125-26,134-35,136-37,155,170-71, 178-79,181,182-83,185-88,189-90,200, 207-8,218 religious objects and, 116,117/, 118/, 127-30, 128/, 149,155-56,157/, 179 rules and regulations during early Soviet regime regarding, 22-23,26,51-52 singing and, 27,28,88,90-91,96-98,99, 108-9,114,122-24,130-32,137-38,15658,172,184,185,207-8,217 See also religious services in prison camps religious services in prison camps baptisms and, 59-60,61 Catholics and, 14,21,53,126,130-31 Christmas and, 88,130-31,135,153-54, 155/, 170,185,189-90 clerical inmates and, 27,28,51-53, 57,109-10 communion services and, 29,53,59-60,8889,123-24,125-26,184,185 261 confessions and, 61 Easter and,
24,28,40,52 -53,55-56,58-59, 84,88,89-90,97-98,109-10,114,130, 131-32,153-54,156/ 185,189-90 Epiphany and, 185 funding for, 25-26 Holy Week ceremonies and, 24-25 inmate attendance levels at, 23-25 last rites and, 38 Pentecost and, 220 permission to attend off-site religious services and, 26,51-53,107 Revelation (New Testament book), 11-12,120 Reykjavik Summit (1986), 208 Rogalskaya, Dora, 116 Romanyuk, Vasily, 179 Ronkin, Valery, 166,168,169-70,171-72,173 Rotfort, Mikhail, 96-97 Rozhdestvenny Convent, 17 Rusak, Vladimir, 207 Russian civil war (1918-1921), 1,3,5-6, 16,17,22 Russian Orthodox Church Gorbachev era religious reforms and proselytization in gulag camps by, 216,220 Great Terror and, 93-94 Living Church and, 11,62,64,65 as official religion of Russian Empire, 8 Old Believers schism and, 40-41 one-thousand year anniversary (1988) of, 209 parish schools operated by, 8-9 prison camps established on former properties of, 14,16 return of Soviet-appropriated properties after 1991to,223 Russian Federation’s cultivation of ties after 1991 with, 224-25 Russian nationalism and, 8-9 secret police efforts to discredit, 206-7 Soviet regimes confiscation of properties of, 23,70-71 Soviet regimes temporary reconciliation (1941-1953) with, 99-100,105 suppression of, 10,11-12 Rybinsk Correctional Home, 31-32 Sabbatarians, 107-8,136-37 Sadkovsky, Ignaty, 42-43 Sadunaite, Nijole, 180,182-83,184 Sakharov, Andrey, 191 Savino-Storozhevsky Monastery, 18 Scientology, 225
262 INDEX secret police ( KGB, after 1954) coercion of religious gulag prisoners and, 186,194-95,206-7 Russian Orthodox Church infiltrated by, 146-47 secret police ( NKVD, before 1954) Great Terror and, 93-94 Gulag administration and, 4,71-72,89-90 labor camps established by, 6-7 Living Church and, 11 monitoring of religious groups during World War II by, CROSS religious prisoners and, 10 Russian Orthodox properties seized by, 70-71 Soviet annexation of Baltic territories and, 120 Sederkholm, Boris, 45-46 Senderov, Valeri, 205 Senkyvskyi, Volodymyr, 128-29 Sergius (Russian Orhtodox metropolitan), 1112,64-66,67,99-100 Sergiusites ( Russian Orthodox bishops), 6566,67 Seventh-Day Adventists compulsory labor in gulag camps and, 4950,107-8 Gorbachev era religious reforms and proselytization in gulag camps by, 218 proselytization in Russian Empire by, 9 religious texts reproduced in gulag camps by, 169 Sgovio, Thomas, 110,141 Shalamov, Varlam, 108-9,139 Shamanism, 9-10 Shaufelberger, Arnold, 61 Shiraev, Boris, 59-60 Shnyrka, Agafya, 178 Shostenko, Nadezhda, 193 Shults, Vera, 92 Shumuk, Danylo, 166,171,172-73,174-75 Siberian exile (tsarist era), 4,5,6-7 Sibirsky Camp, 81-82,88 Sikorski-Mayski agreement, 134-35 Skachkov, Petr, 84 Skoptsy sect, 9 Slipy, Yosyf, 146-47,168-69 Smirnov, Vasily, 83-84 Smith, Chris, 211 Sokolniki house of correction, 27,203 Solomon, Michael, 115,152-53 Solonevich, Boris, 39,68 Solovki ( Solovetsky Camp of Forced Labor of Special Significance, SLON) antireligious propaganda at, 45-47,68 antireligious repression after 1927 at, 7374,75 Baptist prisoners at,
61-62 Catholic prisoners at, 42-43,47-48,53,6162,73-75,94 clerical prisoners at, 40,42-43,44-45,47-49, 51-53,57-68,63/, 73-75,94 common criminals as inmates at, 42,45,53 compulsory labor at, 42,48 conflict among different Christian sects in, 61,68 counterrevolutionary prisoner population at, 42-43,44-45 decentralization and desecration of religious spaces at, 43-45 ecumenism suppressed at, 74-75 establishment (1923) of, 41-42 Great Terror ( 1937-1938) and, 94 guards and administrators at, 45,49, 51,61,68 Jewish prisoners at, 42-43 Living Church and, 64 location of, 39 as “model camp” for domestic and international audiences, 39,68, 71-72 monastery originally located on site of, 39, 40-44,41/68-69,76-77 as most populous prison camp of 1920s, 39,41-42 Muslim prisoners at, 42-43 political prisoner population at, 42 prison publications at, 46-47 punishment and discipline at, 49-50,68 re-education initiatives at, 75 religious conversions at, 53-54 religious services and celebrations at, 40,5153,55-56,57-58,59-60,66-67,68-69 restoration of monasteries at former site of, 228-29 Russian Orthodox community tensions in, 62 Russian Orthodox prisoners at, 42,43,44-45 Solovki propaganda film and, 49-50,52 violence at, 42,47-48,73-74 Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, vii, 104,108,127,191 Sooster, Lidia, 107 Spaso-Vlakhernsky Convent, 18 Spaso-Voznesensky Monastery, 44-45 Spassky Monastery, 17 Sporov, Boris, 168-69 Stakhanovite movement, 70 Stalin, Joseph antireligious policies under, 70-71,92-93 antireligious propaganda under, 71,79
INDEX ascent to power of, 3,70 death of, 4,92-93,146,148-49,152,153-54 five-year plans proclaimed by, 70 Great Terror and, 92,93 Gulag system established (1929) by, 4,90-91 Gulag systems massive scope and lethality under, 7,176,180-81,228 Soviet hegemony in Eastern Europe and, 104 tattoos in gulag camps depicting, 142-43 World War II and, 99-100 Stasiv-Kalynets, Iryna, 185 Stepnoy Camp, 154-55 Superfin, Gabriel, 179 Svirsky Camp, 86-87 Svyanevich, Stanislav, 125-26 Syzran prison camps, 24-25 Taganskaya Prison, 27,28,32 Tamkevicius, Sigitas, 210 Tartinsky, Victor, 190 tattoos, 107-8,121,138-39,141-45,143/ Temnikovsky Camp, 116 Temple of the New Martyrs and Confessors of Russians, 226-28,228/ Terelya, Josyp, 151,156-58,182-83,188, 197,206 Tikhon (Russian Orthodox patriarch), 1112,64-65 To Be Preserved Forever ( Kopelev), 109-10 Tolstaya, Alexandra, 19,21 Tolstoy, Leo, 150-51,163-64,178,189-90 Tomsk Correctional-Labor House, 3132,212-13 Trinity Monastery of St. Sergius, 19,40-41 Trotsky, Leon, 27,43-44,70 Trubitsyn, Vladimir, 223 True Orthodox Church Brezhnev era gulag camps and, 184 in Dubravny camp, 170 Gorbachev era religious reforms and proselytization in gulag camps by, 216 Great Terror and, 94-95 Gulag uprisings of 1953-1954 and, 155 Josephite clerics and, 66 secret bishops in, 67 Sergiusites bishops and, 67 Tsaritsyn House of Correction, 33 Tsybran, Stepan, 158-59 Tula Province, 24 Ugrimov, Aleksandr, 113-14 Ukraine, 3,95-96,152 263 Ukrainian Greek Catholics (Uniates) crises of faith in gulag camps and, 133 Gulag uprisings of 1953-1954 and, 155 prayer in gulag camps by,
136,182-83,188 proselytization in gulag camps and, 132-33 religion as source of strength in gulag camps among, 197 religious objects in gulag camps and, 128-30 religious services in gulag camps and, 156-58 Roman Catholic Church and, 9 Russian Orthodox gulag prisoners’ relations with, 158-59 Soviet abolition of, 120 See also Catholics Ukranian prisoners in gulag camps, 121-23,125, 130,131-32,145,154,155-56,161,171 Union of Militant Atheists, 95-96 United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders (1955), 147-48 United Nations’ Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 191-92 Usoyeva, Nadia, 184 Ustvymsky Camp, 105-6 Utevsky, Boris, 77 Vagin, Yevgeny, 189-91 Vail, Boris, 169-70 Vasylyk, Pavlo, 132-33 Verblovskaya, Irina, 158 Viktor (Russian Orhtodox bishop), 59-60, 63-64,66-67 Vinogradov, Nikolai, 46 Vins, Georgi, 178-79,183-84,185-86,188, 194-95,195/, 199-200 Vins, Lidia, 180 Vins, Nadezhda, 194-95 Viola, Lynne, 82 Vladimir (Russian prince), 8,204 Vladimir Prison, 168,170-71,179,191-92 Vlasov, Anatoly, 189 The Voice of the Prisoner newspaper, 34-37,39 Volkov, Oleg, 52-53,60 Volkov, Victor, 217 Volovich, Hava, 103-4,139 Vtorova-Yafa, Olga, 44,74-75 Vudka,Yuri, 180 Vyazma (Russia), 1 Vyshinsky, Andrey, 77 Walter, Anton, 99 White Army prisoners (Russian civil war), 5-6, 17,42,73
264 INDEX Wolf, Frank, 211 World War II All-Union Council ofEvangelical Christians and Baptists and, 99-100 antireligious propaganda in gulag camps during, 100-1 antireligious suppression in gulag camps during, 101 bullying of religious prisoners during, 101-2 crises of faith during, 102,103-4 deportations of ethnic groups from Russia to Central Asia during, 99 German occupation of Soviet territory during, 100 prisoners ofwar in the Soviet Union during, 125-26 religious faith as source of strength in gulag camps during, 102-3,136 secret police monitoring of religious groups during, 101 size of religious population in gulag camps during, 100 Soviet annexation of territory in, 120 Soviet death toll in, 92,99 Soviet regimes temporary reconciliation with Orthodox Church during, 99-100 Soviet victory in, 104 Yakimenko, Yuri, 160 Yakir, Petr, 96-97 Yakunin, Gleb, 179,209,220-21,221/ Yaroslavl (Russia), 17,23-24,32 Yarotsky, Aleksey, 84-85 Yasnopolskaya, Valentina, 82,85 Yeltsin, Boris, 224-25 Yurkevich, Yury, 110 Yuvenaly (Russian Orthodox archbishop), 4849,81-82,87,211 Zaitsev, Ivan, 45,47-49,51-52,54 Zalivako, Boris, 189-90,191-92 Zarod, Kazimierz, 130-31,133 Zdorovets, B. Μ., 181 Zheludkov, Sergei, 191 Zhigulin, Anatoly, 115 Zosima (saint), 43,45 Zosimovsky Convent, 18-19 Zotov, Vladimir, 59-60 Zvenigorod (Russia), 18 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Hardy, Jeffrey S. 1978- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1193588111 |
| author_facet | Hardy, Jeffrey S. 1978- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Hardy, Jeffrey S. 1978- |
| author_variant | j s h js jsh |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV049860389 |
| ctrlnum | (DE-599)BVBBV049860389 |
| era | Geschichte 1937-1953 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1937-1953 |
| format | Book |
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| spelling | Hardy, Jeffrey S. 1978- Verfasser (DE-588)1193588111 aut Finding god in the Gulag a history of Christianity in the Soviet penal system Jeffrey S. Hardy New York, NY Oxford University Press [2024] viii, 264 Seiten Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier "Belief and Disbelief from the Great Terror to Stalin's Death Like over a million of her fellow Soviet subjects, the Muscovite actress Vera Shults was arrested during the Great Terror of 1937-38. The secret police interrogated her at Taganskaya Prison in southeast Moscow and ultimately sentenced her to five years of exile in Central Asia for being a "socially dangerous element." During her time at Taganskaya, Shults was deeply impressed by one of her cellmates, an older religious woman named Tatyana Pavlovna, whom she described as "radiating kindness" while patiently accepting her unjust imprisonment. While pondering the meaning of religion during this time of great trial, Shultz remarked in her memoir, "We all grew up as atheists, and so I have a hard time judging what role her faith played, but I think that Tatyana Pavlovna found solace in it." In the Gulag of the late 1930s to the early 1950s, solace was in short supply as the brutal system of incarceration and compulsory labor was rocked by the successive calamities of the Great Terror and World War II. The Great Terror, a horrific crime against humanity perpetrated by Stalin's regime, resulted in the execution, imprisonment, or exile of some 1.5 million people, many of them falsely convicted of conspiring against the Soviet Union. This was followed by the Second World War, a terrible war of attrition that ultimately caused over twenty million Soviet deaths. More Stalinist repression followed the war, and long sentences for minor infractions such as petty theft swelled the ranks of the incarcerated. For those imprisoned in the Soviet Gulag, these successive waves of violence and repression brought chaos, overcrowding, suffering, and death to an already dangerous and desultory system. Thousands of religious leaders were among the millions of people sent to the camps from the beginning of the Great Terror in 1937 to Stalin's death in 1955 [...]." Geschichte 1937-1953 gnd rswk-swf Straflager (DE-588)4243878-0 gnd rswk-swf Religiöse Überzeugung (DE-588)4751439-5 gnd rswk-swf Christentum (DE-588)4010074-1 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf Concentration camps / Soviet Union / History Prisons / Soviet Union / History Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g Straflager (DE-588)4243878-0 s Christentum (DE-588)4010074-1 s Religiöse Überzeugung (DE-588)4751439-5 s Geschichte 1937-1953 z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-0-19-775170-1 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-0-19-775168-8 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=035200120&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=035200120&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=035200120&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Hardy, Jeffrey S. 1978- Finding god in the Gulag a history of Christianity in the Soviet penal system Straflager (DE-588)4243878-0 gnd Religiöse Überzeugung (DE-588)4751439-5 gnd Christentum (DE-588)4010074-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4243878-0 (DE-588)4751439-5 (DE-588)4010074-1 (DE-588)4077548-3 |
| title | Finding god in the Gulag a history of Christianity in the Soviet penal system |
| title_auth | Finding god in the Gulag a history of Christianity in the Soviet penal system |
| title_exact_search | Finding god in the Gulag a history of Christianity in the Soviet penal system |
| title_full | Finding god in the Gulag a history of Christianity in the Soviet penal system Jeffrey S. Hardy |
| title_fullStr | Finding god in the Gulag a history of Christianity in the Soviet penal system Jeffrey S. Hardy |
| title_full_unstemmed | Finding god in the Gulag a history of Christianity in the Soviet penal system Jeffrey S. Hardy |
| title_short | Finding god in the Gulag |
| title_sort | finding god in the gulag a history of christianity in the soviet penal system |
| title_sub | a history of Christianity in the Soviet penal system |
| topic | Straflager (DE-588)4243878-0 gnd Religiöse Überzeugung (DE-588)4751439-5 gnd Christentum (DE-588)4010074-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Straflager Religiöse Überzeugung Christentum Sowjetunion |
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