A century of anarchy?: war, normativity, and the birth of modern international order
The nineteenth century has been understood as an age in which states could wage war against each other if they deemed it politically necessary. According to this narrative, it was not until the establishment of the League of Nations, the Kellogg-Briand Pact, and the UN Charter that the 'free ri...
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Format: | Book |
Language: | English |
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Oxford
Oxford University Press
[2024]
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Series: | The history and theory of international law
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Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=035038370&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
Summary: | The nineteenth century has been understood as an age in which states could wage war against each other if they deemed it politically necessary. According to this narrative, it was not until the establishment of the League of Nations, the Kellogg-Briand Pact, and the UN Charter that the 'free right to go to war' (liberum ius ad bellum) was gradually outlawed. Better times dawned as this anarchy of waging war ended, resulting in radical transformations of international law and politics.However, as a 'free right to go to war' has never been empirically proven, this story of progress is puzzling. In A Century of Anarchy?: War, Normativity, and the Birth of Modern International Order, Hendrik Simon challenges this narrative by outlining a genealogy of modern war justifications and drawing on scientific, political, and public discourses. He argues that liberum ius ad bellum is an invention created by realist legal scholars in Imperial Germany who argued against the mainstream of European liberalism and, paradoxically, that the now forgotten Sonderweg reading was universalized in international historiographies after the World Wars.A Century of Anarchy? is a compelling read for historians, jurists, political theorists, international relations scholars, and anyone interested in understanding the emergence of the modern international order. In this groundbreaking work, Simon not only artfully deconstructs the myth of liberum ius ad bellum but also traces the political and theoretical roots of the modern prohibition of war to the long nineteenth century (1789-1918) |
Physical Description: | xxix, 392 Seiten |
ISBN: | 9780192855503 |
Staff View
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Contents xXXi List ofIllustrations SETTING THE SCENE 1. Introduction: A Century of Anarchy, a Right to War? 1.1 Problematizing the Past of an Omnipresent Doctrine 1.2 Force—Normativity—History: Deciphering the Grammar of the Modern Discourse of Justifying War 1.3 Bridging the Gap: A Note on Discourse Levels, Sources, and Disciplines 1.4 Reordering the Modern Discourse of War: The Structure of the Book 2. Thesis and Antithesis: Why States Justify War 2.1 Introduction: Anarchy, War, and Normative Order(s) 2.2 Narratives of Anarchy and ‘Progress’: Reconstructing a Myth Transformation of the European War Discourse: From Bellum lustum to Liberum lus ad Bellum7. ‘Right’ without Legal Regulation: A Narrative of Anarchy’ Beyond Anarchy: The Discursive Construction of Legal Progress Disenchantment: Ordering War as a Modern Discourse of Rationalization? 2.3 The Discursive Power of Normativity: Towards a Genealogy of Modern War Justifications Discourses Remembered—Discourses Forgotten War and Order: The Dialectics of a Normative Dichotomy A Constructivist Argument: The Discursive Co-constitution of the Justification of War and International Order Continuity, Contingency, and Change: The Nineteenth Century as the Era of Birth of Modern International Order Legalization, Moralization, Politicization: A Discourse of Multinormativity 2.4 Conclusion: On the Front Stages of Diplomacy 3 3 9 13 18 22 22 22 23 25 31 36 38 39 46 49 53 56 57 PART I: JUSTIFYING WAR IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY: A EUROPEAN DISCOURSE 3. On the Threshold of Modernity: From Revolutionizing to Reordering War 3.1
Introduction: The Change of an Epoch 3.2 Justifying Revolutionary War—Revolutionizing War Justifications? ‘Au nom de la nation’: The Revolution as the Birth of Modern War Discourse 63 63 64 65
XXVÎ CONTENTS Paradoxes of Popular Sovereignty: From Limitation to Legitimation of Violence 67 Emperor of the Revolution: Rise, Decline, and Justification of Napoléons Hegemony 72 Between Old’ and ‘New’: Europe’s Reactions to Revolutionary Violence 76 The Battle of the ‘Nations’: The Birth of Modern Mass War and its Justification 81 3.3 Kant versus Clausewitz: Law, Politics, and the Formation of the Modern Discourse of Justifying War 85 Revolutionizing Reform? The ‘Positivist Turn(s)’ in International Legal Thought: British Edition (Bentham) 86 Revolutionizing Reform? The ‘Positivist Turn(s)’ in International Legal Thought: German Edition (Martens) 89 Peace through Legalization: Towards a Modern Prohibition of War (Kant) 92 War as an Instrument of Politics: On the Realist Discourse of Modern Warfare (Clausewitz) 99 3.4 Conclusion: Tn the Beginning was Napoléon’ 106 4. Birth of an International Order 109 4.1 Introduction: Peace and Coercion after an Epoch of War 109 4.2 Towards a Modern Order of International Violence 111 The Emergence of the Concert between Revolution and Reform 112 Against War: Political and Normative Contours of a Modern Order of International Violence 118 Hybrid Normativity: Two Paths to the Prohibition of War Beyond International Treaty Law 122 ‘Positivists’ without Positivism: A Methodological Tragedy 128 From the Trauma of War to the Institutionalization of Peace 130 4.3 Peace through Coercion: Limitation as Legitimization of Violence 133 An Order Built on Normativity and Power 134 Inventing Intervention: War in the Name of Peace 136 Debating
Intervention beyond Positive Law 141 Ungentle Civilizers: Violence in the Name of Humanity? 143 Violence as a Herald of Legal Progress? 147 4.4 Conclusion: The Janus Face of the Vienna Order 150 5. Between Might and Right: Justified Wars and Multiple Normativities 153 5.1 Introduction: Normativity in Times of War 153 5.2 Europeanizing the Eastern Question: The Struggle for Law at its ‘Semi-periphery’ 154 The ‘Last Crusade’? From the ‘Monks’ Quarrel’ to the Ottoman Declaration of War 155 Law vs Religion? War Justifications in 1853/54 158
CONTENTS xxvii Norm Emergence in Conflict: The Treaty of Paris as an International Suborder 162 Submission: Law as an Imperial Project 165 The Abolition of Privateering: Towards Universal International Law 167 ‘A Vague Promise’ as ‘a First Step in the Right Direction’? The Mediation of Mediation 168 New Conflicts—New Principles: Ihe Rise of the Nationality Principle 170 5.3 ‘ Viva l’Italia’—e Viva I’Ordine Internazionale? The Justification of War in the Risorgimento 171 Revolution from Above: The Justification of the First War of Independence 172 David against Goliath: Cavour’s Strategy of Justifying War against Austria 173 Liberation of Italy—Sardinian Rule: A Contradiction of the International Order? 179 5.4 Blood, Iron—and Law?! Justifying German Unification 181 ‘Blood and Iron’: Laying the Foundations of Bismarck’s Realpolitik 181 1864: Bismarck Turns Law against Law 183 1866: An Austro-Prussian Duel? 186 1870/71: An‘Unprovoked Attack? 188 5.5 Conclusion: Law and Realpolitik—a Mid-century Crisis of the International Norm of Peace? 198 6. The Promise of‘Peace through Law’in the Shadow of War 201 6.1 Introduction: Plans to Outlaw War and Their Antinomies 201 6.2 Pacification Through Professionalization? Liberal International Legal Doctrine as the ‘Conscience Juridique du Monde Civilisé’ 203 6.3 Mere Continuity? Liberal Legal Theory between Limiting and Outlawing War 207 Liberal Legal Theory between Grotius and Kant 211 Organizing Peace 217 6.4 Antinomies of the ‘Gentle Civilizers’: Liberal Justifications of War 220 Liberal Justifications of Illiberal Violence 227
Justifying Liberal Empires 231 6.5 ‘The Right Path’: Toward Reflexive Legal Peace (Schücking) 233 6.6 Conclusion: Politicized Depoliticizers between Utopias of Peace and Apologies of Violence 236 PART II: EMERGENCE OF A MYTH: A GERMAN SONDERWEG? 7. Recht zum Krieg: A Clausewitzian Tradition 7.1 Introduction: German Realism and the ‘Right to War’ 7.2 A Positivist Polemic 241 241 243
xxviii CONTENTS 7.3 War in the Name of the Machtstaat: The Formation of the ‘Right of the Strongest’ in German Historicism 253 From Freedom to Power (Ranke) 254 ‘Positive law is the only law that has real existence’—Immoral Realism (Treitschke) 257 ‘A people that cannot hate the foreign is a wretched people’ (Lasson) 261 7.4 A Clausewitzian ‘Legal’ Tradition 264 War—Always Factual and Very Often Political Violence (Lueder) 264 Military Necessity: A German Cult 267 War, ‘a true necessary bearer of culture’ (Lueder; Meurer) 271 Towards Perpetual War (Stengel) 273 7.5 Varieties of Realism: Between Positivism and Bellicism 276 Two Variations of a Thesis 276 Radical Positivism beyond Germany: A Glimpse at Europe 278 7.6 Conclusion: A Counter-Movement Against Liberalism 280 8. A Hegemonic Discourse? On Mainstream(s) and Myth(s) 282 8.1 Introduction: The Exception to the Rule(s) 282 8.2 A ‘First Great Debate’ between Realism and Liberalism 283 Un Dialogue de Sourds? From the Excavation Sketches of a Buried Debate (Bluntschli vs Moltke) 285 Against ‘Prussian Ethics’ (Pfau) 289 Plea for a Public Science Beyond Realism (Lucas) 290 Peace through Law—or through ‘Holy War’ (Saripolos) 292 ‘A Prism without Colours and Shapes’ (Beauharnais and Martens) 293 8.3 Defending Law against War— Defending War against Law 295 Defending War against Law (Lueder vs the Liberal Mainstream) 295 Defending Law against War (the Liberal Mainstream vs Lueder) 296 Objections that are Easy to Refute’: Peace through Polemics (Novicow vs Stengel) 298 Anarchy vs Pacifism 301 8.4 Conclusion: Bifurcation—The Ruling
Doctrine vs the Doctrine of the Rulers 303 9. Antinomianism: The Kaiserreichs Politics of Justifying War 9.1 Introduction: Breaking and Confirming the Law 9.2 International Legalization and Its Circumvention Peace at the Hague? An Unconventional Conference ‘And shit on all the resolutions’: German Anti-Legalism at the Hague Conference 9.3 The End of an Era: Justifying the Great War Caught in Lies: Justifying the Unjustifiable Speaking Right and Wrong: The First World War as another Struggle for Law ‘Necessities’ of War: Elements of a German ‘Special Path’ 9.4 Conclusion: A German Sonderweg 306 306 307 308 312 316 317 321 325 331
CONTENTS 10. Old Order, New Order: Historiography between Anarchy and Progress 10.1 Introduction: Beyond Black and White 10.2 Beyond Anarchy and War: The Narrative of Progress 10.3 Beyond Law and Order: Constructing the Narrative of Anarchy 10.4 Two Halves of a Whole: The Discursive Robustness of a Myth 10.5 Conclusion: Towards a New Historiography of War and International Order 354 xxix 333 333 334 342 348 CONCLUSION 11. War, Normativity, and the Birth of Modern International Order 359 Select Bibliography Index 369 381 |
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record_format | marc |
series2 | The history and theory of international law |
spelling | Simon, Hendrik 1987- Verfasser (DE-588)1159736839 aut A century of anarchy? war, normativity, and the birth of modern international order Hendrik Simon Oxford Oxford University Press [2024] © 2024 xxix, 392 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier The history and theory of international law The nineteenth century has been understood as an age in which states could wage war against each other if they deemed it politically necessary. According to this narrative, it was not until the establishment of the League of Nations, the Kellogg-Briand Pact, and the UN Charter that the 'free right to go to war' (liberum ius ad bellum) was gradually outlawed. Better times dawned as this anarchy of waging war ended, resulting in radical transformations of international law and politics.However, as a 'free right to go to war' has never been empirically proven, this story of progress is puzzling. In A Century of Anarchy?: War, Normativity, and the Birth of Modern International Order, Hendrik Simon challenges this narrative by outlining a genealogy of modern war justifications and drawing on scientific, political, and public discourses. He argues that liberum ius ad bellum is an invention created by realist legal scholars in Imperial Germany who argued against the mainstream of European liberalism and, paradoxically, that the now forgotten Sonderweg reading was universalized in international historiographies after the World Wars.A Century of Anarchy? is a compelling read for historians, jurists, political theorists, international relations scholars, and anyone interested in understanding the emergence of the modern international order. In this groundbreaking work, Simon not only artfully deconstructs the myth of liberum ius ad bellum but also traces the political and theoretical roots of the modern prohibition of war to the long nineteenth century (1789-1918) Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd rswk-swf Universalitätsprinzip (DE-588)4186919-9 gnd rswk-swf Weltordnung (DE-588)4126263-3 gnd rswk-swf Krieg (DE-588)4033114-3 gnd rswk-swf Rechtfertigung (DE-588)4048748-9 gnd rswk-swf Politisches Feld (DE-588)4651175-1 gnd rswk-swf Internationales Recht (DE-588)4027447-0 gnd rswk-swf Rechtfertigung (DE-588)4048748-9 s Krieg (DE-588)4033114-3 s Politisches Feld (DE-588)4651175-1 s Weltordnung (DE-588)4126263-3 s Universalitätsprinzip (DE-588)4186919-9 s Internationales Recht (DE-588)4027447-0 s Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 s Geschichte z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-0-19-266797-7 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-0-19-194566-3 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=035038370&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
spellingShingle | Simon, Hendrik 1987- A century of anarchy? war, normativity, and the birth of modern international order Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd Universalitätsprinzip (DE-588)4186919-9 gnd Weltordnung (DE-588)4126263-3 gnd Krieg (DE-588)4033114-3 gnd Rechtfertigung (DE-588)4048748-9 gnd Politisches Feld (DE-588)4651175-1 gnd Internationales Recht (DE-588)4027447-0 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4072885-7 (DE-588)4186919-9 (DE-588)4126263-3 (DE-588)4033114-3 (DE-588)4048748-9 (DE-588)4651175-1 (DE-588)4027447-0 |
title | A century of anarchy? war, normativity, and the birth of modern international order |
title_auth | A century of anarchy? war, normativity, and the birth of modern international order |
title_exact_search | A century of anarchy? war, normativity, and the birth of modern international order |
title_full | A century of anarchy? war, normativity, and the birth of modern international order Hendrik Simon |
title_fullStr | A century of anarchy? war, normativity, and the birth of modern international order Hendrik Simon |
title_full_unstemmed | A century of anarchy? war, normativity, and the birth of modern international order Hendrik Simon |
title_short | A century of anarchy? |
title_sort | a century of anarchy war normativity and the birth of modern international order |
title_sub | war, normativity, and the birth of modern international order |
topic | Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd Universalitätsprinzip (DE-588)4186919-9 gnd Weltordnung (DE-588)4126263-3 gnd Krieg (DE-588)4033114-3 gnd Rechtfertigung (DE-588)4048748-9 gnd Politisches Feld (DE-588)4651175-1 gnd Internationales Recht (DE-588)4027447-0 gnd |
topic_facet | Internationale Politik Universalitätsprinzip Weltordnung Krieg Rechtfertigung Politisches Feld Internationales Recht |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=035038370&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
work_keys_str_mv | AT simonhendrik acenturyofanarchywarnormativityandthebirthofmoderninternationalorder |