The Oxford guide to the Uralic languages:
This volume offers the most comprehensive and wide-ranging treatment available today of the Uralic language family, a group of languages spoken in northern Eurasia. While there is a long history of research into these languages, much of it has been conducted within several disparate national traditi...
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| Ausgabe: | First Edition |
| Schriftenreihe: | Oxford guides to the world's languages
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| Zusammenfassung: | This volume offers the most comprehensive and wide-ranging treatment available today of the Uralic language family, a group of languages spoken in northern Eurasia. While there is a long history of research into these languages, much of it has been conducted within several disparate national traditions; studies of certain languages and topics are somewhat limited and in many cases outdated. The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages brings together leading scholars andjunior researchers to offer a comprehensive and up-to-date account of the internal relations and diversity of the Uralic language family, including the outlines of its historical development, and the contacts between Uralic and other languages of Eurasia. The book is divided into three parts. Part I presents the origins and development of the Uralic languages: the initial chapters examine reconstructed Proto-Uralic and its divergence, while later chapters provide surveys of the history and codification of the three Uralic nation-state languages (Hungarian, Finnish, and Estonian) and the Uralic minority languages from Baltic Europe to Siberia. This part also explores questions of endangerment, revitalization, and language policy. The chapters inPart II offer individual structural overviews of the Uralic languages, including a number of understudied minority languages for which no detailed description in English has previously been available. The final part of the book provides cross-Uralic comparative and typological case studies of a rangeof issues in phonology, morphology, syntax, and the lexicon. The chapters explore a number of topics, such as information structure and clause combining, that have traditionally received very little attention in Uralic studies. The volume will be an essential reference for students and researchers specializing in the Uralic languages and for typologists and comparative linguists more broadly. |
| Umfang: | lv, 1115 Seiten, 6 ungezählte Seiten Karten Karten (teilweise farbig) |
| ISBN: | 9780198767664 |
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| 520 | |a This volume offers the most comprehensive and wide-ranging treatment available today of the Uralic language family, a group of languages spoken in northern Eurasia. While there is a long history of research into these languages, much of it has been conducted within several disparate national traditions; studies of certain languages and topics are somewhat limited and in many cases outdated. The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages brings together leading scholars andjunior researchers to offer a comprehensive and up-to-date account of the internal relations and diversity of the Uralic language family, including the outlines of its historical development, and the contacts between Uralic and other languages of Eurasia. The book is divided into three parts. Part I presents the origins and development of the Uralic languages: the initial chapters examine reconstructed Proto-Uralic and its divergence, while later chapters provide surveys of the history and codification of the three Uralic nation-state languages (Hungarian, Finnish, and Estonian) and the Uralic minority languages from Baltic Europe to Siberia. This part also explores questions of endangerment, revitalization, and language policy. The chapters inPart II offer individual structural overviews of the Uralic languages, including a number of understudied minority languages for which no detailed description in English has previously been available. The final part of the book provides cross-Uralic comparative and typological case studies of a rangeof issues in phonology, morphology, syntax, and the lexicon. The chapters explore a number of topics, such as information structure and clause combining, that have traditionally received very little attention in Uralic studies. The volume will be an essential reference for students and researchers specializing in the Uralic languages and for typologists and comparative linguists more broadly. | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a bicssc / Grammar, syntax & morphology | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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Short contents ix xliv xlv xlix 1 Detailed contents Series preface Transcription and glossing The contributors Mapping the distribution ofthe Uralic languages Timo Rantanen, Outi vesakoski, and Jussi Ylikoski Introduction Marianne Bakrô-Nagy, Johanna Laakso, and Elena Skribnik PART I: liv 1 The Making of the Uralic Languages 3 1. Proto-Uralic LUOBBAL SÄMMOL SÄMMOL ÄNTE (ANTE AIKIO) 2. The divergence of Proto-Uralic and its offspring: A descendent reconstruction Janne Saarikivi 28 3. The making of the Uralic nation-state languages Johanna Laakso 59 4. The Uralic minorities: Endangerment and revitalization Annika Pasanen, Johanna Laakso, and Anneli Sarhimaa 68 5, Language policy in Russia: The Uralic languages Konstantin Zamyatin 79 6. Graphization and orthographies of Uralic minority languages Johanna Laakso and Elena Skribnik 91 PART II: 101 Language descriptions 7. Saami: General introduction Eino Koponen 103 8. South Saami Jussi Ylikoski 113 9. Lule Saami Jussi Ylikoski 130 10. North Saami LUOBBAL sAmmol sämmol Ante (Ante Aikio) 11. Aanaar (Inari) Saami taarna Valtonen, Jussi Ylikoski, 147 and Jussi Ylikoski 178 and LUOBBAL SÄMMOL SÄMMOL ANTE (ANTE AIKIO) V
SHORT CONTENTS 12. Skolt Saami 196 Eino Koponen, Matti Miestamo, and Markus Juutinen 13. Kildin Saami Michael RIESLER 219 14. Finnic: General introduction Johanna Laakso 240 15. Finnish, Meänkieli, and Kven Johanna Laakso 254 16. Karelian Anneli Sarhimaa 269 17. Veps Riho Grünthal 291 18. Ingrian Elena Markus and Fedor Rozhanskiy 19. Votic Elena Markus and Fedor Rozhanskiy 308 330 20. North and Standard Estonian Helle Metslang 350 21. Seto South Estonian Karl Pajusalu 367 22. Livonian Johanna Laakso 380 23. Mordvin (Erzya and Moksha) Arja Hamari and Rigina Ajanki 392 24. Mari Sirkka Saarinen 432 25. Permic: General introduction Gerson Klumpp 471 26. Komi Nikolay Kuznetsov 487 27. Udmurt Svetlana Edygarova 507 28. Ugric: General introduction Elena skribnik and Johanna Laakso 523 29. North Mansi Marianne Bakrö-Nagy, Katalin Sipocz, 537 and Elena Skribnik 30. East Mansi Ulla-Maija Forsberg 565 31. North Khanty Maria Sipos 582
SHORT CONTENTS 32. East Khanty Zsofia Schön 608 and 33. Hungarian istvän Kenesei Katalin Gugän 636 and Krisztina Szécsényi 34. Samoyedic: General introduction Beäta wagner-Nagy and sändor Szeverényi 659 35. Nenets Svetlana Burkova 674 36. The Enets languages Florian Siegl 709 37. Nganasan Beâta Wagner-Nagy 754 38. Selkup Olga kazakevic 777 39. Kamas Gerson Klumpp 817 PART III: General issues and case studies 845 40. Introduction to Part III: General issues and case studies Marianne Bakrö-Nagy, Johanna Laakso, and Elena Skribnik 847 41. Palatalization Marianne Bakrö-Nagy 849 42. Consonant gradation Marianne Bakrô-Nagy 859 43. Prosody Karl Pajusalu 868 44. Case Seppo Kittilä, Johanna Laakso, 879 and Jussi 45. Person marking Gwen Eva Janda, Johanna Laakso, 46. TAM and evidentials Jeremy Bradley, Gerson Klumpp, Ylikoski 894 and Helle Metslang 904 and Helle Metslang 47. Negation and negatives Matti Miestamo 924 48. Non-finites Jussi Ylikoski 936 49. Word order Maria vilkuna 950 50. Adpositions and adpositional phrases Riho Grünthal 961 vii
SHORT CONTENTS 51. Existential, locational, and possessive sentences Johanna Laakso and Beata Wagner-Nagy 52. Nominal predication Rigina Ajanki, Johanna Laakso, 981 and Elena Skribnik 53. Clause combining Elena Skribnik 99g 54. Information structuring Gerson Klumpp and Elena Skribnik 1018 References Ю37 1103 Index VÜi 970
Index A Aanaar Saami see Saami Aavik, Johannes 63 abessive (caritive) case 14, 107-8,137,186, 205-6, 213, 234, 245,259, 278-9, 283,297,314,335,354, 372, 377, 384,386, 437-8, 443,478,491,493,510-11, 569, 613-14, 616, 791, 879, 881-2, 891-2, 932-3 abessive MA-infinitive see negative converb abessive mood 769, 915,917 abessive participle see participles: negative ablative case 9,14, 259, 276-9, 295-6,314-15,335-6, 354, 372, 399,442,478-9, 491-2, 510-11, 528, 542-3, 569, 613-14, 642, 664, 670, 682-4, 716-17, 721-2, 761, 824-7,881, 884, 962, 965-7,991; see also local cases absentive mood 531 absentives (locational non-finite forms) 248, 262, 911 accessibility (hierarchy of) 705, 839,1003,1013,1018 accusative case 14,21,108, 111, 115,117-20,136-7, 157,186, 205-6, 225, 233, 244, 251,259,278,314, 316, 335-6, 437-9, 478-80, 491-2, 510-11, 528,530, 534, 543,556, 569,590, 641-2, 663-4, 682-3,685, 687, 705, 721,761, 791, 880-6, 893, 899,1009-10, 1029,1034-5; see also differential object marking, genitive accusative actionality see Aktionsart action nouns (action nominals, nominalizations) as clausal arguments 175, 190, 210, 503, 520,532-3, 558, 705-6,738, 800, 937-8, 940-9,1001-6 derivation of 19,110,124, 134,142,164-5,191, 211, 237, 249, 263, 323-4,344, 360, 388,457,499,604, 672,696-8,738,770 adessive-allative 288,334-6, 885, 889 adessive case 245, 259, 277-8, 295-6, 314-15,354,371-2, 642, 881, 888-9, 891, 966, 978, 991; see also local cases aditive (short illative) 354 adjectives 12,137-8, 246, 335, 404, 445, 494,513, 530, 545, 570, 591, 681, 942,985 attributive adjectives
(attributive vs predicative form variant) 108,111,118, 120,137-8,144,163-4, 187, 207, 227,445,981 derivation of 12,19-20, 124-5,142-3,165,191, 212, 231-2,249, 263-4, 298, 323-4,335, 360, 388, 418,461-2,482, 499, 518, 545, 553, 621, 645,703, 770,792-3,806, 835, 989 modifier adjectives 22,808 admonitive 768, 914-15, 917 adpositions 13,22, 250, 265, 286, 303, 327,347,377, 389, 406-7,463, 483, 552, 554, 576, 596,646,668, 681-3,697, 704-5, 765, 805, 837, 961-9 in non-finite clause combining 705,1005-9 vs case 879-80, 882, 968 adverbial case (in Udmurt) 478,510-11 adverbial (“semantic”) cases 14, 234, 244-5, 259-60, 278-9, 295-7, 353-4, 437,543, 613, 663-4, 764, 880-3, 885-6, 888-92, 945-6, 963-5, 967-9 adverbial clauses 127,146, 210, 503, 551, 558, 578-9, 601, 628-9, 655-6, 705-6, 746-8, 812-13,1006-7, 1016-17 adverbial modifiers of nouns 265,362,511-12, 653 adverbial non-finites see converbs adverbs 13,108,127, 259, 262, 327, 531, 534, 545-6, 804-5, 937, 962 derivation of 21,143,191, 230-2, 249, 264,298, 324, 343, 360, 376, 386, 406, 418,439, 545-6,570,591, 764, 770-1, 793, 804-5, 807,879,891, 993 adversative passive 125,171, 191,193, 885,1029; see also passive agent in passive clauses 171,175, 193,248,263,358,475,543, 550,560,577,594,613,618, 653,721,736,763,885, 1024,1029-31,1034 involuntary 159, 496, 887 untypical 886-7 agent nouns 19,110,142,165, 190-1, 210-11, 229, 249, 263, 283, 301, 323, 344, 360, 374, 388, 416, 482, 499, 518, 532, 770, 920, 937, 943 agent(ive passive) participle 169-70,190-1, 210, 262, 288 agglutination see grammaticalization agglutinative morphology
10, 125,141,205,295,354, 475-6,478,659,716, 875,880 agreement ofadpositions 966 of modifier with head 22, 108, 111, 144,163,173, 187,192-3,207, 212-13, 231, 233, 250, 261, 265, 286, 298,326, 346, 356, 362, 377,389, 404, 420, 445,463,483, 501,513, 519, 530, 533, 545, 554, 570, 575,591, 596, 646, 668,704,740-1,771,808, 836,879-80,894, 951,1003 of predicate with object 803, 909; see also objective conjugation of predicate (nominal or verb) with subject 174, 233,283,301,425,464,494, 530,534,576,623,649-50, 972, 985, 988; see also nominal conjugation, subjective conjugation Agricola, Michael 60 Ahlqvist, August 291, 583 Ahrens, Eduard 62 Aktionsart (actionality) 231, 249,388, 482, 499, 531-2, 546, 553,575, 602, 619-21, 833-4, 909-14 Aleut see Eskimo-Aleut alienability see possession allative case 259, 314-15,354, 642,681-2, 881, 885,887, 889, 966; see also local cases allative-adessive see adessiveallative allomorphic variation 119, 124,185-7,190, 224, 243-4, 275-6,300, 313, 320,398-9, 509-10, 541, 568, 614-15, 640,759-62, 786-8,876,880 Altaic languages 25, 56-7, 476, 483-4, 659, 848, 996-7, 1005,1017 animacy 142,174,193, 213, 233, 287, 404, 437, 483, 490,493, 510, 545, 624, 653, 721, 786, 792, 810, 881,883, 886, 893, 977, 994,1002,1022,1024, 1032 1103
INDEX aorist 17, 665-6, 686, 726-9, 760-1, 766-8, 795-7, 908 apocope 276, 293, 714, 876 applicative 535,557,1032; see also dative shift apprehensive mood 122-3, 189, 915, 917-18 approximative (case) 278, 295-7,478-9,491-3, 512,608,613,619, 879, 881,889 approximative (mood) 668, 691-4, 696, 915, 917, 922 archaeology 28-31, 34-5,44, 49, 51,54-5,57-8,240, 367,474-5, 709, 777 articles 126-7,174,250, 362, 529, 535, 641, 883-4, 901, 951, 971, 974, 988,1018, 1024-8,1033-4 Aryan see Indo-Iranian aspect 531-2, 689, 697-8, 700-1, 724,728-9,766, 904,909-14 perfective/imperfective aspect 111,244,248, 250-1, 265, 287, 303, 325, 345,354, 363,376-8, 408, 426-9, 644, 648,666,689, 697-8, 700, 727, 766, 770, 880, 883, 893,1022,1027 aspect and tense 123,140-1, 166,190, 514, 905, 907, 921 aspect in verb derivation/ inflection 17-18,125, 141,143,171,191, 211, 249,302, 388,532, 575, 701, 728-9, 802-4, 833, 910,1003; see also Aktionsart aspectual paired-verb (converb, auxiliary) constructions 429,459, 818, 821-2, 833-4, 911-13, 948 aspectual preverbs 531-2,546, 549-50,594,644,648,908 aspect vs Aktionsart 249, 909 aspiration 133,182, 819,821, 823; see also preaspiration assertative mood 732,915,917 assimilation (of consonants) 104,237, 281,294,311, 313,331,334,398-9,429, 613, 637, 639-40, 713-15, 1104 718, 727,736,760,784-5, 822, 824,826, 849, 856, 860, 864-5 attenuative clitics/suffixes 134, 497, 703-4, 804 attributive possession see possession attributive vs predicative adjectives see adjectives auditive forms (auditive mood) 667, 733, 795, 799, 922 augmentative 231-2, 482,497,
552,602,672,703,806,991 Austria 61,63,636 auxiliary verbs (see also aspectual paired-verb constructions, negative auxiliary, prohibitive auxiliary) in analytic passives 249, 358,1029,1031 in analytic tenses 123,128, 228, 230-1, 247-8, 280-1, 318-19,338-9, 355-6, 373, 385,411,448,454,481, 573-4,592,644,896,905-9, 911,939-40,947-8,1030 in aspect/Aktionsart marking 833-4, 911-14 in complement clauses 997-8,1017 inflection of 383 in Proto-Uralic 13-14 modal/phasal auxiliaries 123,139-40, 300, 425, 452,455-6, 770, 831, 918-19 word order 143, 250,419, 464, 483, 621, 647, 668, 741, 952 Avars 52 В baby talk (motherese) 258, 857-8 Baltic German 65, 350,390 Baltic languages 32-3, 36-7, 39-40, 42, 45, 55, 237, 241-2, 248, 251-2, 257, 305, 369, 376, 378-9, 430, 874, 920, 934, 941, 1017 Baltic region (Sprachbund/ language area) see Circum-Baltic (language) area Bashkir 42,52,88,469, 911-13, 920-2 Bashkiria (Bashkortostan) 43, 51-2,74,85,88-9,471,507 benefactive inflection see destinative inflection ‘be’ (verb) see copula Beserman (Besserman, Besermyan) 44,82,473, 479, 483,507,1003,1014, 1022 Bessenyei, György 61 bilingualism see multilingualism body-part terms 23, 250 Bolg(h)ar see Bulgar bridging linkage 535,557,562, 997,1000,1017 broken tone 382-4, 857, 869, 873-4 Bulgar (Turkic) 30,39-44, 46-7, 50-2, 430, 432-3, 469, 474-5, 485,524 Buryat 659 c caiques 61,170,194, 234, 355, 363,365,391, 459,468-9, 484, 502-3,557,560, 604, 743, 840, 885, 910, 975, 996-1000,1009,1011, 1016-17,1025,1030 caritive case see abessive case caritive converb see negative converb caritive (abessive, privative)
derivatives 12, 20,124, 142,164,191, 248-9, 262, 264, 324, 344, 360, 462, 499, 533, 545, 551,553, 555, 739, 770, 806, 811, 835, 891, 932-3, 989 case syncretism see syncretism Castrén, Μ. A. 583, 709, 711, 755, 781, 817, 819 causal final case see consecutive causative case see consecutive causative verbs 11-13,20, 22, 111, 125,141,171,191, 211, 228, 243,248-9, 264, 302, 324, 344, 360, 376, 388, 462,499-500, 518, 553, 575, 704, 736, 770, 804, 835, 885, 887 Cernecov, Valerij 537 Chuds 29 Chulym Turkic 780,813 Church Slavonic 94, 96, 475 Chuvash 39-44,46, 85, 91, 430, 433, 461-2,469,476, 485, 875, 911-12, 920, 999 Circum-Baltic (language) area 240,251,350,356, 361,363-4, 848,869, 920,934 cleft 553,749, 934,1019-20 clitic 13,134,138,145,152, 172,185,192, 236-7, 249-50, 264-5,276-80, 324,343,348,354,360-1, 371-2,375-7,435, 447, 452, 467, 482-3,494, 531, 549,552-3,573,578, 621, 624-5, 650, 654, 682, 687-8, 701, 703, 716, 764-5, 874-5, 894, 916, 919, 929, 934, 951, 957-8, 967,1007,1021-2,1034 clusivity 895,902 comitative 108,115,117,119, 136-7,144,157-9,186-7, 191,193-4,198, 205-6, 212, 234, 245, 259, 278-9, 297,335, 353-4, 372, 377-8, 384, 437-8,443, 478,491, 493, 613, 642, 879-882, 888, 891-3, 964, 968-9 vs instrumental 297, 372, 384,493,543, 791,891 comparative (marking on adjective) 12, 20,108, 118,120-1,125-6,137-8, 142-3,164-5,185,187, 191,193, 207, 212, 227, 233, 246, 260, 278, 315, 335, 355, 445-6,482,494, 513,570,591-2,616,641, 835,937, 951,988, 991 comparative case (marking on the standard ofcomparison) 399-400,478, 491-4 comparative construction (clause) 159, 670-1, 684,
763,793,848,951,991-3 complement clause 170,172, 175,189,194, 215, 421, 444,466, 484, 499, 503-4, 511,535, 558-9,627-8, 654, 706, 740, 773, 812, 996-1000,1007-13
INDEX complementizers 112,127-8, 145,194, 224, 236, 251, 266,305,364,468,475, 484, 520,559,848, 997-9, 1007-11,1014 Compounds 19, 21,152-3,157, 165,182,184-5, 212,224, 232,251-2, 267, 298,329, 348,364-5, 429, 468, 484-5, 504, 520, 536, 562, 570,579, 603, 656, 672, 770,813,834,870-1 conative 171,620,735,833 conditional 18,110,124, 138-9,167-8,188-9, 208, 210, 227-8, 248, 261,280, 282-3, 299,318,339-40, 356,414-5,454-5,481, 517,573-4, 644, 696-7, 699-700,702,705,730-1, 798,838,906, 914-19,997, 1001,1020-1 conditional-optative 549 conjugation of nominal predicates see nominal conjugation conjunctions 14, 22,111-12, 126,128,134,145,164, 175,180,194,215, 235-6, 251,305, 328, 348,364, 378,390,428,467-8, 475, 484,519-20, 557, 602, 681, 773,805,809,839-40, 996-1000,1016-17 conjunctive 413-15, 828, 914-17; see also conditional connegative 11,19,22,105, 110,122-3,127,139-40, 167-8,188-9,199,208, 210, 228, 230, 235, 247, 249,263, 299,301-2, 319-20,339-40,355,359, 375,387,410-13,417,449, 452,460,482,495-6,517, 669-70, 693, 697, 700-1, 732, 734-5, 770, 774, 830, 896, 906-7, 918, 926,928, 930,936,947, 975, 984-5 consecutive (causal/final) case 478,491,493,510, 642,891 consonant clusters 9-11,105, 134, 243,275, 312, 332, 397,489-90,540-1, 587-8, 639,679,681,683,714, 757,760,783, 872 consonant gradation 859-67, 876 in Finnic 243,254, 258, 275-7,293,312-13,333, 353, 371, 876 inNganasan 758-9 in Saami 106-7,113,115, 117,134-136,152-5, 160-1,166,183, 203-4, 223,225 consonant stem in Finnic 243-4, 258,294, 314,321,335 in Mordvin 397 in Proto-Uralic 11 in Samoyedic 662,681 continuative 111,
171,192, 211, 249,324,344,462, 553, 575, 697-8, 702, 909 converbial constructions 1001-2; see also aspectual paired-verb constructions converbs 140-1,145-6, 168-70,175,189-90,194, 210,215,245,248-9,262, 300,305,417,458-60,482, 498-9,517-18,552,595, 689, 696-7,700,702,705-6, 737-8,770,801-2,936-40, 942-9,1001; see also gerund, infinitive, supine conversion (zero derivation) 365, 579,672,738 coordinative case 791 copula future copula 385 in analytic expression of tense or aspect 110,127, 143, 210,906-7, 911 in Finnic 247,251,304, 325-6, 345-6, 906, 911 in nominal predication 14, 16, 22,127,172, 213, 251, 287, 303,421,423,464, 519, 576,598,649-50, 742-3,772, 982-4, 987 in Proto-Uralic 14, 973, 981 in Saami 122,139,143, 228, 230, 911 negative copula 285, 927 corpora 217-18, 239,366,526, 564,584,635,673, 762, 816,820,847, 954-5, 957, 971, 976, 978,1006 counterfactual mood 732, 915, 917, 923 Csangô Hungarians 51,64, 68, 524 Cumans 51, 524 Cyrillic alphabet 59,79,83,87, 91-100,219-22,239,393-5, 432-5,471,474,487-8,490, 508-9,526,537,539-40, 553,585-7,608-9,677-8, 754,781-3,819 Czech 60 D dative 244,384, 399, 437-40, 442, 478-9, 491-2, 510-11, 542-3,569,590,641-2, 682-5,791,881,885-6,888 dative-lative 613, 619 dative shift 1031-4 in Ob-Ugric 543,556, 561, 577, 605,1032-4 in Samoyedic 812,1032-4 debitive mood 799,915,917 degrammaticalization 186,969 definite articles see articles definite conjugation see objective conjugation definite declension 399-402, 951, 964,968 definiteness 250, 399, 408, 427, 437, 445, 483-4, 493, 502, 512, 529, 531, 589, 599, 641, 649, 764, 788, 838, 882-6,
902, 964, 970-3, 977, 980, 988,1027, 1034; see also determination (of nouns) delative case 528, 642,1005 demonstratives 10,13,109, 111, 120,126-7,144, 161-2,173-4,192-3, 207, 212, 226-7, 236-7, 246, 254,316,337,446,494, 513, 545, 590-1, 646, 687, 704, 716, 764,793-4, 827, 836, 838, 884, 927, 951, 997,1015,1018-21, 1024-6 descriptive words see expressive words desiderative (mood/verb derivation) 18,411-14, 452-5, 691, 835, 914-17, 919, 922 desiderative-purposive mood 733 destinative (benefactive, predestinative) inflection 15, 682, 685-6, 724, 902, 987 determination (of nouns) 250, 483,513,589, 764, 788, 882-4, 898, 901-2, 972-3,1024-6; see also definiteness deverbal nouns see action nouns, agent nouns devoicing 369, 398-9,477, 783,823,860 devoicing of vowels 369 “dialect language” 68 diaspora groups 63-5, 254-6, 432,471, 507, 636; see also migration differential argument marking 879,886-8 differential object agreement 534, 556, 838, 848, 909, 1018,1022,1026-8,1034 differential object marking 14, 21-2, 111, 126-7, 250-1, 265, 287,303,325, 345,363, 389, 399,426-8, 479,492, 502, 510, 534, 720,763,788, 838, 848, 879,883-7, 909, 953,1018, 1022-4,1026,1029-32, 1033-5 differential subject marking 1024 digraphs 60,92, 95-6,117, 133,150-1,181,221,471, 487, 637 diminutive 111, 119,124-5, 130,142,156,165,181, 186,191, 226, 231-2, 323, 344,360, 376, 388, 545, 552-3, 570, 579, 602, 621, 672,703, 739, 806, 835, 857-8, 902 diminutive aspect/ Aktionsart 211,499; see also precative mood diphthongs 60, 104,115-19, 132-4, 148-50, 155-6, 180-3, 186, 198, 200-5, 221, 223, 242, 256, 273-4, 293,
308-9, 311, 331, 351, 369, 382, 488, 509,566,636,678,713, 756, 872 discourse particle see particles 1105
INDEX distributive case/adverb derivation 264, 430, 546, 642, 879,882 distributive verbs (aspect/ derivation) 171,500, 704 ditransitive predication 465, 534, 556-7, 605, 614, 624, 744-5, 763, 811-12,1032 Dolgan 754,775 Donner, Kai 781,817,819 dual number 13,15-16,120, 137-9,157,174, 207, 208, 226, 528-9, 542,569, 588, 613-15, 663, 682, 685, 688-90, 716, 762, 786, 824, 894, 967 dubitative mood 124,188, 767, 769, 914-15, 917 durative 171,480-1, 500, 602, 666, 704,728-9,759, 802, 828-9,832-4, 836, 909, 912-13, 948 E East Saami see Saami: East Saami “EastUralic” 4 education system 60-2,64-6, 71-7,80-90,91-3,95-7, 103,115,147,179,196,219, 256,269,291,308,330,367, 380,433,471,507,525,537, 583-4,586,676-7,711, 754-5,777-82,847 egressive case 278, 297, 478-9, 491-3, 510, 512, 881, 889-90 elative case 104,108,115, 136-7,142,159, 245, 259, 277-9,283, 314-15,335-6, 354, 442,478-9, 491-4, 510, 512, 642, 763, 792, 879-881, 889; see also local cases emotional causative construction 264,266,887 enclitic see clitic Enets 15,30,48,73,75-6,82,89, 95-6,659-73,709-53,774-5, 777,808,849-50,852-5,871, 874,881-2,892,897,902, 908,916-17,922-3,924, 927-30,932-5,958-9,965, 971,975,977,979,984, 997-8,1002,1011-12,1015, 1026-7,1030,1032-3 1106 English 66,256,350,365 epenthesis 10-11,133,135-7, 154,313,397-8,490,540-1, 549,585,587-8,592,641, 645,760-1,796,798,857 epistemic mood/ modality 644,667,689, 691-3, 696, 731, 767, 904, 914-17, 922-3 equative adjectives 120,187, 264, 298, 898, 992,1002 equative clauses 213,598, 742-3, 751 ergativity 21,251,363, 534, 622, 880, 971 Erzya see Mordvin Eskimo-Aleut
27 essive case (see also translative) 14,110,115, 119,136-7,157-8,160, 186,193,198, 205-7, 210, 213, 225-6, 234, 245, 251, 259, 297, 314-15, 334-6, 353-4,372,543, 642, 879, 881-2, 885,892-3, 985 essive-formal case 642 essive-translative case 722 Estonian 8, 20, 22,37-8, 59-67, 68, 80, 93, 99, 240-252, 257, 261, 267, 293-5, 298-9, 305, 308, 332, 350-366, 380, 390-1, 855-6, 863,868-9, 872, 874-8,879-80,885, 887-8, 891-2, 904-7, 910, 914-21, 924-30, 932-4, 950-2, 954-9, 972-3,975, 977, 979, 982-3, 985-8, 990-4, 996-9,1007-8,1013-14, 1016; see also South Estonian etymology 4, 7-9,22-7, 29, 671,847-8 evasive 696-7,700,702,705, 945 Evenki 48, 52, 672, 709, 774, 780-1,813 evidentiality 356,373,386, 481,495-6,515, 530-1, 533, 546, 548, 551,556, 584, 592-3, 595, 618, 667-8, 687-9, 691-6, 733-4, 767, 769, 795-7, 799, 805, 828,848,904-7, 914, 919-23, 945, 947-8, 959, 999,1010,1016 excessive case 245, 278,314, 335,353, 892 existential clauses 127,145, 158,172,174,192, 213, 235, 251, 265-6,286-7, 304,325,345,362-3,377, 389, 422,424-5,451, 455, 464,501,534,555,599, 625, 650, 670, 702, 743, 810, 838, 884, 934, 952, 955-6,970-80,981,988, 994,1024 existential negator see negative existential existential predicate 460, 464-5, 555,650,663, 670, 772, 973-6,1029,1035; see also copula, negative existential experiencer 159,288,377-8, 390,423,440,519,534,883, 885,988,994-5,1028,1036 experiencer clause 266,288, 325,362 expletive case/derivation 613 expletive (placeholder element) in existential sentences 970, 979 expressive words (ideophones) 116, 200, 231, 241, 243, 252, 258, 264,267, 275,311,313,
332,376,388,397,419, 462,485, 489, 490, 562, 712, 783, 786, 806, 849, 856-8, 867, 871,876 F familial local cases 528, 888 family tree see taxonomy final case see consecutive case Finland history 29,34-5,37-8, 59-67, 79, 241, 254 minorities in 65, 68, 70, 73, 75-6, 91-3,103,147,172, 178-9,196-7, 269, 271, 273,350 Finnic 3-9,14-19, 26, 28-41, 44-6, 55, 93,105-6, 108-12, 208, 214-15, 240-391, 472-3, 476, 478-9, 485, 504, 530, 533, 664,758, 852-8, 859-66, 868-9, 872-7,879-93, 894-902, 905-11, 913-20, 929,933-4,938-9,941, 946-7, 951-3, 956-60, 961-6, 968-9, 970-9, 981-3, 985-6, 990-1, 994-5,997, 999,1003, 1005-7,1009,1013,1017 Finnish 5, 8-13,15,17-25, 30-5,37-8, 59-67, 68, 72, 74, 80, 86-7, 93-4,105, 109,111-12,130,134,147, 149,160,170,172,174-5, 178,180,182,187,192, 196, 200,203,212, 240-51, 254-68, 308, 350, 365, 854-5, 859, 862, 868-9, 872,874-5,877-8,881, 883, 885-8, 890, 892, 897-900, 906, 910, 918, 920-21, 924, 926-34, 950-9, 961-2, 965-9, 970-3,975-7, 979, 981-3, 985-92, 994, 996-9,1003, 1005-9,1019-22,1025, 1028-9,1033,1035-6, 2013,2016 Finno-Ugric Transcription 98-9 focus 125,143,172,192, 214, 234-5, 264-5,303-4, 361, 388, 463,483,499, 502, 512, 518,531,533,535, 554, 557-8,561,576-7, 590, 597, 604-5, 622-5, 638, 647-51, 703, 749, 795, 811,837,868-71, 877-8, 894, 898, 901,933-4,950, 953-60, 971, 999,1012, 1018-22,1026-7,1031-2, 1034 focus particles see particles: focus particles Fokos-Fuchs, David 583 foot see stress group foot isochrony 370, 869 Forest Enets/Nenets see Enets/Nenets Forest Finns 64, 254 formal case 642 fourth person 193, 208, 214, 228, 894; see also
impersonals, passive frequentative verbs 20,125, 141,143,191, 249, 302, 324, 344,360, 376, 388, 419,462,480-2,500,518, 553,575, 602, 620, 662,
INDEX 704, 728-9, 802, 828, 833, 835-6, 885, 909-10 fricativization 525,783 fusional morphology 199,122, 124-5,135-6,142-3, 191-2, 205, 295, 313, 334, 354, 371, 659, 716, 718, 875, 880, 882, 907 FUT see Finno-Ugric transcription future(-necessitive) participles 457-8, 532, 698, 769, 919, 940-3,1006 future reference 111, 128, 139-40,166,169, 227-8, 248, 280, 299,318-19,325, 338-9,345,355,385,411, 415, 426, 460, 480, 495, 501, 592, 644,694,902, 905-8, 982 future tense 138, 231, 280-1, 285, 339, 480-1, 495-6, 514-15, 531-2, 666, 669, 687-9, 691-2, 699-701, 699-701, 727-8, 733, 766-70, 795-9,828-31, 904-9, 913, 927, 973-4 G Galinds (Golyads) 40 geminate consonants see quantity gemination of consonants 155, 257,262,312,332-4,539, 714,860,870, 918 genitive 14-16,21-2,107-8, 115,119-20,136-7,157-9, 186-7,198, 205-8, 225-6, 232-3,244-5, 250, 259, 296-7,314-15, 335-6, 354, 437-8,478-9,491-2, 510-11, 663-4, 682-3, 685, 687, 696, 704, 720, 763, 863, 879-86, 893, 900-1, 944, 962-4, 968, 978, 982, 986-7, 992-3,1006,1022, 1027,1030 expressing “subjects” 190, 210, 251, 266,288,439, 466, 683, 788, 946, 996, 1002,1005 genitive-accusative 158-9, 244, 251, 259, 883, 991-2 German 60-1, 65, 350, 365, 380, 390, 656,910, 918, 923 Germanic 32-3, 36-9, 55, 57, 235, 240, 242-3, 247, 251-2,861, 874,947,956, 959-60, 997,1017,1020, 1025,1028,1031,1034, 1036 gerund 248, 357-8,374, 386, 938-9, 948,1001; see also converbs, infinitive glottal stop 93, 98,245, 257, 370,372-3, 661, 663-4, 678-83, 712-13, 715-16, 718, 724, 727-8,736-7, 756, 760, 822-3, 918 grammatical cases (vs adverbial/semantic cases)
14,244,259,295, 334, 353-4, 377,399, 437, 512,528, 542, 663, 682, 685, 687, 716, 719, 762, 786, 793, 825, 880, 882-6, 893, 939, 965 grammaticalization of adpositions 13,837, 961-4, 968-9,1005-6 of articles 529,533,883-4 of aspect marking 833-4,911 of auxiliaries 14 of case 13-14, 22,137,158, 245, 277-9, 295-6,353, 399, 479-80, 879-81,889, 968-9 of comparative marking 422,545, 991-2 of compounding to derivation 232,562,621 of conjunctions 557, 997, 1000 of converbs 170, 533,1001 of derivational suffixes 621 of existential verb 971 of mood/evidentiality 17-18, 531, 548, 618, 689, 691, 693, 696, 916-17, 919, 922 of negation marking 669 of number marking 16, 157, 478 of person marking 16,894 of preverbs 531,546, 550, 620 ofpronouns 24 of reflexive verbs 404 of tense marking 17, 231, 411, 666, 727, 796, 829, 906-8 of word-order patterns 957,1013 Greek 26,473,656 Greenberg, Joseph 950 Grigorovskij, N. P. 781 H habitual (aspect/Aktionsart, derivatives/inflection) 410,481, 553,689, 700-1, 728-9, 770, 802, 833-4, 907, 913, 922,1003 Helimski, Eugen 476, 660, 755 Hill Mari see Mari history of research 3,11, 22, 291, 308, 330, 526, 537, 565, 583-4, 608-9, 676, 705, 781, 817, 818, 819, 847-8, 924, 929, 962, 996 homeland see primeval homeland homonymy see also syncretism in inflection 296, 895-6 hortative 667, 689-90, 729, 735, 767-8, 915-19 Hunfalvy,Pal 565 Hungarian 3,5,9,13,17,18, 21,25, 29,32,45,49-52, 54,56, 59-68, 76, 232, 424, 476,523-36, 546,571, 588, 636-58, 759, 849-56, 868, 869-70, 872-905, 908-11, 914,915-20, 924,927-34, 937, 939, 941, 946, 947, 950-99,1001,1003,1005,
1007-14,1018,1020-1, 1024-9,1033-6 Huns 59 hyperprobabilitive 923 I ideophones see expressive words illative case (see also local case) 108-9, 111, 115, 118-20,136-7,144,155-7, 159,171,186,193,198, 205-6, 213, 233-4,245, 259, 278-9, 294-5,314-15, 335-6,354,371,384, 400-2, 404-7,437-8, 478-9,491-3, 510,512, 528, 642, 786, 791-2,805, 879, 881-2, 885-6, 889, 992,1029 imperative 11,13,17,110, 121-3,138-9,156,167, 188-9, 208, 210, 214, 227, 229, 248-9, 261, 280-1, 299, 301, 318,339,355-7, 373, 385-6, 411-12,452-3, 481, 496-7, 515-16,548-9, 572, 592-3, 612-13, 616, 618, 644, 667, 682, 689-90, 700-1, 705, 729-30, 767-8, 798, 895, 914-20,1023 negative imperative see prohibitive non-canonical imperative 914-15 impersonals 175, 208, 227-8, 231, 233-5, 248, 251, 261, 263, 279-80, 283-4, 287, 289, 294,300,317-18, 320-3,338-341,345, 358-9,387, 390, 426, 460, 532, 577, 746, 772, 883, 885, 894-5, 958,1002, 1023,1028-36; see also fourth person, passive Inari Saami see Saami: Aanaar Saami inchoative verbs 20, 111, 125, 134, 141-3, 153, 171, 191, 211, 302, 419, 500, 553, 575, 602, 620, 704, 728-9, 770, 802-3, 828, 833, 909, 912, 982; see also translative verbs indefinite article see articles indefinite conjugation see subjective conjugation indefinite declension 400-1; see also definite declension indefiniteness 18, 111, 126, 251, 286,363,377, 622, 649, 739,805,838-9, 883-4, 955, 970-3, 979, 1024; see also definiteness indefinite pronouns 193, 227, 246, 316,337,359, 379, 447, 494,545,591, 625, 687,765,794,924, 931-4 indefinite tense see aorist Indo-Iranian 26, 29, 32,33,37, 39, 44, 46, 52,
55-6,485 1107
INDEX inessive case 14,104, 111, 115, 119,136-7,144-5,159, 245, 259, 277-8, 283, 314-15, 335-6,354,437-8, 442,478-9, 491-3,510, 512, 641-2, 879-82,889, 891-2; see also local cases inferential (narrative) mood 667,767,769,797, 799,922-3,1035; see also evidentiality, quotative infinitive 110,122-3,127, 139-40,142,145,165-6, 168-9,175,188-91,194, 205, 208, 210, 215, 228-9, 231,244, 248, 257-8, 262-3, 280, 283, 294, 296, 300,313,317, 320-1,323, 327,334,338,340-3,347, 356-8,374-5,378,386, 408,411,415-16,426-7, 444,448,455-6, 458,468, 482, 485, 495,497, 504, 514,517, 532,535, 546, 551,559,570,575,579, 592,594-5, 601, 619, 627-8, 644-5,654-5, 668, 757, 761, 774, 785, 799-800, 809,812, 822, 831,848, 854,906-8, 919-20, 922, 936-49, 1003-4,1006-7,1023; see also converts ingressive see inchoative Ingria 38,64,240,330 Ingrian 37-8, 73,76,79, 82, 93, 95, 240-2, 245, 249, 260, 269, 277, 301, 308-29,330, 348,849-50,853,857-8, 859-60, 862, 864-6, 869, 876,892,906,915-16, 918, 982, 984,1014 Ingrian Finns 64,79, 82, 254, 256,330, 348 instructive case 245,248, 259, 262, 278-9, 283, 335, 353-4, 372,376, 384, 613-14, 619, 623, 882 instructive converb 458,468 instrumental case 119,137, 159,186, 244, 262, 296-7, 372,384, 386,475,478, 480, 491-3,510-12,528, 540, 542-3, 546, 552,557, 561, 569, 577,589, 605, 642, 682-5, 761,786,788, 1108 791, 809-10, 814, 822, 824-7, 880-1, 888, 891-2, 965,1030,1032; see also comitative instrumental converb 169-70, 175,190-1,194, 498 instrumental noun derivatives 835 instrumental verb derivatives 125,143,171,192 Internet, language use in 71, 99-100, 471, 677
interrogative clauses see questions interrogative clitics/particles see question markers interrogative mood 666-7, 669, 693, 732, 767-9, 914-17 interrogatives (interrogative pronouns, question words; see also questions) 10,13, 146,162,172,192,194, 207, 226-7, 236, 246, 259, 266, 304-5, 315-16,328, 336-7,348,336, 364, 378-9,390,429, 447, 475, 484, 494, 502-3, 520, 545, 553-4,560,591,597,600, 627, 653, 724-5, 742, 764, 794, 824, 839-40, 881,954, 957-8, 991, 997-8, 1008-11,1013-14,1031 intonation see tone inverted gradation 258,861,863 involuntary agent see agent Iranian languages 30, 39, 40, 41,42,43,44,48, 50, 52, 56, 430, 432,468-9, 474, 485, 504, 524, 546, 563 irrealis 356, 481, 531, 546, 733, 769, 905,906, 914, 915, 916, 917 iterative case 641,642 iterative verbs 171, 669, 699, 768, 802, 833,906, 912-13; see also frequentative verbs “izafet” 901 IzmaKomi 46,476,677 J. Janko, Janos 583 jussive 355, 356, 359, 373, 374, 376,385-6,682,689,690, 767,894,895,914,919, 920 К Kalevala 63 Kamas 659, 660, 665, 817-43, 850, 854-5, 871, 873, 896, 911, 917-18,919, 948, 1020,1032-3 Kannisto, Artturi 46, 54, 537, 565 Karagas 659, 817 Karatay 41 Karelian 33,34, 240, 254, 269-90,308,476, 849, 853, 854, 855, 856, 864-5, 868, 872, 883, 885, 889,894, 906, 910, 916, 918, 950, 952, 953, 957, 968, 973, 975, 983, 998,1000,1008 Karjalainen, K. F. 583 Kazinczy, Ferenc 61,63 Kazym Khanty see Khanty, North Khanty Kemi Saami see Saami: Kemi Saami Ket (Yeniseian) 48, 672-3, 710, 712, 749, 777, 780-1, 813 Ket’ (variety of Selkup) 778-9, 813,1030 Kettunen, Lauri 93,291, 380 Khakas 48,659,817,834 Khanty
75, 82, 86, 89, 97, 476, 504, 541, 563, 672, 675-6, 677, 679, 706, 777, 778, 780, 813, 849, 869,873, 874, 876, 892, 901, 916, 918, 946, 956, 958, 985, 987,991, 999,1021,1022, 1031,1034 East Khanty 608-35,849, 880, 908, 914, 916, 922, 928,932, 933,934,935, 959, 999,1003,1021,1024 North Khanty 582-607, 849, 874, 879, 881, 885,889, 891, 892, 899, 901, 908, 938, 940,946, 968,1002, 1012,1022,1024,1034 Kildin Saami see Saami; Kildin Saami Kispâl, Magdolna Sz. 583 Komi 37, 44, 45-6, 53, 70, 79, 80, 87, 89, 90, 94-5, 96, 99, 185, 471-86, 487-506,524, 530, 535, 541, 563,579-80, 583, 630, 673, 674, 675, 677, 706, 849, 858, 870-1, 874,877, 881, 882,883, 886, 889, 891, 901, 902, 907, 908, 910-11, 916, 917, 918, 919, 921, 925, 927, 933, 934, 938, 944, 950, 951, 953, 955, 956, 957, 958, 959, 963, 973, 974, 979, 981, 985, 987, 989, 993,998,999,1000,1003, 1009,1010,1015,1020, 1022,1023,1025,1026, 1030,1033 Komi-Jaz’va see Komi-Yazva Komi-Permyak 89,471, 472, 473,476, 487,490, 870-1, 875, 889, 891, 998,1009 Komi-Yazva 471,476, 487, 871 Korhonen, Mikko 147,196-7 Kovgan, E. V. 584 Koybal 817-18,819 Krevin 240,330,869,874 Kristina, Grizelda 380 KukkuziVotic 330 Kiinnap, Ago 817, 820 Kurkina, G. G. 584 Kuznecova, A. I. 781 Kven 64, 68, 75, 91, 94,147, 241, 254, 257, 267-8, 885 L language nest 69,77,84,179, 196, 711 language planning 61-7,71, 79-90,91,96,179,219,251, 254,291,350,365,380, 432-3,461,469,471-2,486, 505,507,520-1,533,562, 585-6,781-2,1020 language transmission 70,71, 72-7,84,147,380,677,711 laryngeals 7, 25,37, 55,199, 370,383, 872 latentive see evidentiality Latin 51,59, 60, 61,
67, 656 Latinization (Latin script) 79, 80,92,93,94,95-6,433,585 lative case 12,14,15,110,395, 398,399, 400, 404, 407, 437,438,440,441, 528, 530,532, 542, 569, 577, 589,590, 591,595,598, 613, 616, 620, 662, 663, 664,671,714, 716,718, 721, 723, 761, 763, 765, 773, 824, 825, 826, 831, 832,837, 885, 888,1030, 1031; see also dative Latvia, Latvian 29,37,38, 94, 240, 243, 330, 365, 367,
INDEX 380-91, 857, 874,910,920, 997 Leivu Estonian 367-8,869,874 length (vowel/consonant) see quantity lenition 527, 758,860, 861, 864,866 Lewy, Ernst 847 light verb constructions see auxiliary verbs limitative derivatives 739,765 Lithuanian 920 Livonian 29, 38, 93-4,241, 244,352,353, 380 849, 853,855,856, 857, 859, 861, 872-3, 880, 881,885, 892,896, 902, 906, 910, 915-16, 920, 931,932,933, 950, 959, 961-2, 964, 978 Livvi Karelian 241, 247, 273, 299,917, 968 local cases 14-15, 244-5, 259, 295-7,372,437,510,528, 641, 763,885, 887-90,962, 967 locative 14, 21,104,145,159, 186,193,198, 205, 206, 212,233,234, 234, 245, 325,384,493, 528, 530, 542,543,569,589,590, 594, 613, 616, 622, 623, 641,664, 670, 682, 683, 685, 714, 718, 721, 723, 761,763,786,792,825, 826,837,880, 881, 882, 885, 886,889,929,952, 956, 978,991,1024; see also local cases Lönnrot, Elias 291 Low German 37, 256, 350,365 Ludic 34, 247,269, 273, 274, 276, 277,283, 284, 299, 305,889, 906,917, 968 Lukina, N.V. 584 Lule Saami see Saami: Lule Saami Lutsi Estonian 367, 869,874 Μ Magyarization 61 Manchu-Tungusic see Tungusic Mansi 31,49, 53-4, 95,109, 476,504,524, 525,583, 588, 603,672, 779, 813, 849,869,870,873,874, 876, 881, 892,897, 908, 910,914,916,918, 919, 926, 930, 933, 943, 946, 975,976,982,983, 985, 999,1021,1022,1023, 1024,1031 East Mansi 89, 525, 565-81, 886, 897,899, 916, 918, 1022,1024,1032 North Mansi 17,29,46,53, 54, 75, 77, 523, 524, 537-64, 881, 899, 901, 902, 908,916,918,919,922, 986, 988,989, 991, 992, 994,995,997,1000,1003, 1004,1006,1012,1015, 1017,1020,1021,1027, 1031,1032,1034 Mari 29,32,40,41-4,48,
70, 72, 75-6, 79, 86,87-8, 90, 91, 96, 246, 432-70,472, 476, 478,849,853, 855, 870, 872, 874, 875, 876, 877,881,883,885,889, 891,892,895,896,899, 900, 901,905,907, 910, 911,912,913,914,915, 916, 917, 918, 919, 920, 921, 924, 925, 927, 928, 929, 930, 931, 932, 933, 935, 941, 942, 943, 944, 945, 946, 947, 952, 960, 961, 964, 965,967, 968, 969, 973, 974, 978, 979, 980,981,982,985, 986, 987, 989, 990, 993, 994, 995,997,998,999,1000, 1001,1002,1003,1004, 1009,1010,1014,1020, 1022,1023,1024,1025, 1028,1029,1030,1031, 1034 Mari El 74, 75, 85,87,432, 471,507 Masing, O.W. 62 Mator 48,659, 660,661, 670, 817,819 Matveev, A. K. 820 Meadow Mari see Mari Meänkieli 64, 68, 91, 94,130, 147,240,241,254,261,267 media 64, 66, 71, 86,130,147, 179,219, 269,367,372, 373, 433, 507,515, 586, 677,711, 972 medial conjugation 372,373, 375, 665,725,766, 897 Merja, Meryan 32, 41, 44 Mescera 32,46, 51 Messerschmidt, Daniel Gottlieb 819 metaphony 113,115,117-18, 122,132,178,183, 203, 204-5, 206, 210 middle conjugation see medial conjugation migration 38, 41, 51, 64, 65, 67, 69,80,178,240, 241, 254, 432, 471, 523,524, 660,675,710,1036; see also diaspora groups mirative 172, 515, 548, 552, 593, 769, 922 Mishar Tatar 40,46 moderative (adjective derivation) 20,125,143, 165, 264,418,462,499, 530, 703, 991; see also comparative modal (case) 437-8, 442-3, 642, 885,993 modus obliquus see quotative Moksha see Mordvin Moldanov, T. A. 584 Moldanova, T. A. 584 Molodcov alphabet 94-5 momentary/momentative/ momentaneous (.Aktionsart) 125,141,143, 171,191, 302,324,344, 360, 376, 419,462-3, 500, 553, 550,575, 602, 620,
621, 704, 833,834, 909, 910, 911, 912 Mongolie languages 30,48, 918, 948, 998,1020 Mordvin 17,28,32,35,39-41, 43,44,48,56,57, 70, 71,76, 79,80,86,88,89,90,91,95, 96,109,110,392-431,432, 437,468,476,480,848,849, 850,852,855,856,854-6, 870,872,876,877,881,882, 883,884,889,891,892,895, 896, 899, 900, 901, 902, 903, 905,907-8,910-11, 914,915, 916,917,918,919, 929,938, 939,946,947,950, 951,953,963,964, 965,968, 974, 975,978,981,982, 983, 984,985, 986,987, 988,989,991,989,990,991, 993,994, 995,998,1000, 1001,1002,1003,1006, 1009,1011,1013,1014, 1018,1022,1024,1025, 1026,1027,1028,1030, 1033,1034 morphophonology see allomorphic variation motherese see baby talk Müller, Gerhard Friedrich 432, 817, 819, 820 multilingualism in language policy 66,68, 70, 75 of minorities 390, 507, 541, 583, 711, 780 prehistorical 28,31 multiplicative case 641, 642 multiplicative derivation 704 Munkâcsi, Bernat 526,537,565 Muroma 32,41 musical accent see tone N narrative (mood) see inferential (narrative) mood necessive constructions 251, 288,358,390,425 necessitative/necessive mood 730, 769, 914-15, 917 negation 13,17,19, 22,110, 122,123,139,167,189, 214,235, 247, 249, 250, 259, 262, 263, 285, 297, 299,301, 319-20,339-40, 359,360,375-6, 371, 387-8, 409, 410, 413,414, 425,449-51,460,464,475, 480, 482, 495,496, 514-17, 532,534, 545, 546, 548, 549,553-4, 555, 576-7, 594, 599-600,624-25, 647, 648,650-2,669-70,700-3, 725, 734-6, 774, 797, 800, 830-1, 892,907,924-35, 936, 958-9, 974, 984, 985-6,1020 negation verb see negative auxiliary negative auxiliary 10,13,17, 22,110,123,138-40, 167-8,188-9,210,214,
229, 235, 248-50, 263-4, 285,299-301,303,312, 318-20, 339-40, 348, 359, 375-6, 387-9, 410, 412-13, 415,449-50, 452,460,464, 480,482, 495-7, 501,509, 514,517, 532,669-70,693, 1109
INDEX negative auxiliary (cont.) 700-2, 734-6, 770,774, 830, 896, 906-7, 917-18, 924-31, 933-4, 936, 947, 958-9,974-5,985 negative converb 140,169, 248-9,262,300,358,511, 517,533,802,938,945,948 negative existential 425,460, 482, 496, 534,553, 576, 599-600, 625, 651-2, 702, 774,797,810-11, 926-7, 929, 958,974,986,1020 negative particle see particles: negative particles negative pronouns 545 Nemysova, E. A. 584 Nenets 12-13,15,17,19-22, 30-1,45,48-9, 52-3,73, 75-6,79, 82,86,89, 95-6, 99, 476, 485,541, 563, 659-708, 710, 777, 780-1, 813-14, 847, 849-50, 852-3, 855, 871,873-4, 877, 890,892,896-7,902, 908, 910,914,917-18, 922-3,924, 927-30, 932, 934, 956-7, 958-9, 961-2, 968, 971, 975, 977, 983-4, 987, 990, 992-3,1001, 1003-5,1007,1010-12, 1015,1020-3,1026-7, 1030,1032-3 contacts with 45, 53,583, 608, 674-5, 706, 749 Forest Nenets 608, 674-708, 896 language policy and endangerment 89,676-7 neologisms see language planning Nganasan 8-9,14,19-21,25-6, 30,47-8,73,75-6,82,89, 95-6,243,659-73,710, 754-76,854-5,859,862-3, 871,874,876,883,908-9, 914,917,922,924-30,932, 934-5,950,971,973-5, 977-8,984-5,987,1005, 1010-12,1015-16 Nielsen, Konrad 147 nominal conjugation 16,404, 423-4, 425, 669,687,792, 984, 987 nominal (non-verbal) predication 16, 22, 213, 1110 251, 303, 304,363-4, 423, 451, 492, 494,501,519, 532, 534, 554-5, 576, 598, 622-3,652, 668-9, 687, 742-3, 774, 809-10, 837-8, 905-9, 973-4, 981-95 nominalization see action nouns nominative object see differential object marking North Khanty see Khanty North Saami see Saami: North Saami Norwegian 113,130,147,172, 219, 975 non-
verbal conjugation see nominal conjugation non-verbal predication see nominal predication numerals 12-13,25,213,231, 233, 724; see also quantifiers О Obatina, G. A. 584 object agreement see objective conjugation object case see differential object marking objective conjugation 17-18, 529, 531, 534, 535,546-7, 548, 556, 560, 561,571-2, 577, 592, 616, 618, 623, 628, 641-3, 665, 682, 688-90,705,725, 766,795, 811-12, 827-8, 895-7, 898, 903,1011-13 obligative mood 915, 917 Ob-Ugric 31, 45,49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 96,476, 504, 523-36,537,541,546,563, 579,582, 585, 594,603, 622,630, 672, 824, 839, 852, 872, 873,880, 882, 885, 886, 894, 895, 899, 900, 901, 908, 916, 918, 920, 922, 950, 952, 965, 967, 977,1018,1020,1021, 1025,1026,1027,1028, 1029,1031,1032,1034 Old Permic see Permic Olonec Karelian see Livvi Karelian onomatopoeia see expressive words optative 373,412, 481, 482, 496-7, 516-17, 549, 572-4, 691, 733, 768, 798-9, 914-17, 920,1009 ordinal numerals 231,246, 317,338, 447-8,494,514, 546, 704,764-5,795 Osman Turkic 50 Ossetic 476 "Ostyak" 523,777 P Palaeo-Lakelandic 34 palatalization 62,93-7,198, 199,201, 202-3, 205, 221, 222-3, 225-6, 242-3, 257, 273-5, 292-3,311, 331-2, 351-2, 370, 382-3,394-5, 475,567, 585, 660, 712-13, 715, 760,783,822-3, 849-58 Pallas, Simon Peter 432,819 Pâpai, Kâroly 583 Pâpay.Jôzsef 583 participles 123,124,127, 140-1,167-70,189-90, 191,210,228-9, 247, 248, 249,261-2, 263, 280, 281, 283-4, 285, 294, 299, 300, 301,312,318-22,339, 340-3, 355, 356-7, 358-9, 373-4, 385, 386-7, 389, 408,415-17,444,456-8, 459,461,479,481,482, 495,496,498-9, 501, 504,
517,531, 532-3, 536,546, 548,550, 551-2, 570, 571, 574-5, 587, 593, 595-6, 600, 601, 612, 613, 618-19, 621, 626, 627, 628, 645, 649,653-5,668, 681, 691, 696-8, 702, 705, 706,716, 720,735, 736-8, 745-6, 747, 769, 795, 799-800, 801-2, 832-3, 836-7, 905-9, 919, 936-44, 947, 949,1003-5,1005-6 negative 230,248,458,517, 697,702,769,940,942,946 orientation of 532,1003 particles 14, 227, 257, 334, 348, 361, 483, 494, 552, 594, 625, 629, 718, 760, 786, 794, 801-2,805,871, 875,905, 907-8,921-2, 962,988, 990-2 comparative/superlative particles 355,385,422, 445-6, 513,545,591, 603, 616 discourse particles 236-7, 249-50, 264-5, 276, 466-7, 529, 549, 603-4, 951, 962 evidential particles 481,920 focus particles 197,219, 236-7, 264,483, 624, 703, 742, 805,962,967 imperative (hortative, optative) particles 280-1, 318,339,412,481-2, 496, 517, 548, 551,593, 618, 798, 805, 915-16, 919 in clause/phrase combining 554,557,628,997-8, 999-1000,1009 in information structuring 535, 999,1018-22 modal particles 280-1,481, 483,496,502,531,549,558, 573,577-8,602-3,630,798, 805,828,916-19,952 negative particles 359,371, 376, 409-10, 413-15,417, 423, 482,532,546, 553-5, 576, 585,587,599-600, 624-7, 648, 650-1, 669, 774, 797-8, 805, 830-1, 908,918,924-34,958-9,985 polar particles 249-50,360-1 question particles see questions topic particles 236; see also clitics particle verbs 361,363,378, 531,910; see also preverbs partitive 108,137,144,186, 192-3,213, 226, 231, 233, 244, 250,251, 277-8, 286-8,295,296,303, 314-15,325,327,334-6, 345,346-7,354,362,377, 389,399,422,427,880-6, 893,933-4,962,964-5,969,
972,986,991,1022,1024 partitive object see differential object marking passive 170-1,175,191,193, 228, 248-9,261, 263, 283-4, 298, 300, 358-9, 375, 387,460-1, 475, 532, 535, 546, 550-1, 556, 560-2,574, 577, 593-4,
INDEX 605, 618, 622, 624, 641-2, 736, 762, 770,885,1028, 1029-31,1033-4,1035 Pechenegs 51-2, 524 pejorative 553,703 perfect tense 140-1, 166, 190, 210, 229, 230, 247, 261, 280-1, 299, 317, 318-19,320,322,338-40, 355, 356, 373, 374, 375, 385, 448, 449, 478, 481, 495, 666, 727, 728, 761, 766, 767, 896, 905-6, 907, 908, 909 perfective aspect see aspect Permic (see also ProtoPermic) 3, 4, 5,13,14,16, 17,18, 23, 24, 28, 50,76, 94-5, 98, 246,437,471-86, 487,509,511,512,524, 527, 529, 872,875, 881, 882, 883, 884,885,886, 888, 889, 890,891, 895, 899, 900, 901, 905, 907, 909, 913, 916, 918, 919, 921, 945, 946, 948, 952, 953, 957, 964,965, 968, 972, 975, 978, 981, 995, 997,999,1003,1005,1009, 1014-15,1020,1021,1022, 1025,1034 Old Permic 94,473-4,997 phrasal verbs see preverbs pitch see tone Pite Saami see Saami: Pite Saami Plotnikova, Klavdija 820 pluperfect 166,168, 210, 229, 230, 247,261, 280, 283, 299,318-19,338-9,355, 358, 373,374,385, 481, 766-7, 909, 947 polar questions see questions politeness 248,373 polite address 643,897 polite requests 168,299, 497,699, 731, 768, 916 possession alienable/inalienable possession 174, 512,533, 899-900 attributive possession (possessor phrase) 22, 212, 233, 250, 260, 279, 298, 362, 483,492, 500-1, 511, 519, 534, 543, 554, 575, 590, 622, 646-7, 668, 683, 704, 720,723,763, 771, 788, 808, 899-901, 951,963-4; see also genitive, possessive suffixes predicative possession (possessive clause) 127, 145,159,172,174,213, 235, 244, 251, 265-6, 296, 304,325, 345-6,362-3, 384,389-90,421, 424-5, 444, 451, 464-5,511, 534, 555, 599, 650, 670, 702, 743, 772-3,
810-11,838, 885,958, 970-80, 989 reflexive possession 163, 337, 900, 902 possessive adjectives see proprietive derivatives possessive clause see possession: predicative possession possessive declension see possessive suffixes possessive modifier see possession: attributive possession possessive suffixes 15,16,18, 107,118-19,137,157-8, 163,184-5,187,207-8, 226, 245-6,259-60, 279, 295, 297-8,313-14,402-4, 437,439, 443-5,452-3, 455,478-82,491-4, 509-15,517,519,528-31, 534,540, 542-5,554-5, 569-71,575,577-9, 588-90,593, 596, 612-15, 619, 622, 626, 641, 643, 645-7, 650,659, 663-5, 667, 670-1,682-3, 685-6, 691, 696, 704-5,718-20, 722-5,733,737,743, 745-8, 761-5, 770-3, 786-90,797, 800, 805, 808-10,812,824-7, 836, 838, 856, 881-4, 894-5, 897-902, 936, 943, 945-7, 962-4, 966-8, 972-3, 989-90,992-3, 996, 1001-6,1018,1022-3, 1025-6,1030-4 as coordinating elements 466-7 in nominal determination (“definiteness”) 427,445, 480,493,502,512,589, 622,764, 788, 884, 898, 901,972-3,1018,1022, 1023-6,1034 in nominal predication 989 in resumptive relativization 705,1004 on adpositions 404,406, 444,480,483, 552, 534, 552,554, 614, 528, 596, 704, 722, 765, 805, 808, 898,962-4,966-8 on non-finites 169,260, 421, 444-5, 457-9,466, 480,497-8,514-15,517, 548,551-2, 557,559-60, 577-9, 589, 593, 619, 626, 667, 671, 691, 696, 705, 720, 733, 737, 745-8, 770, 772,797, 800, 809, 812, 898, 936, 943, 945-7,996, 1001-3,1005-6 on pronouns 162, 246,260, 298,314, 446-7,494,513, 528, 530, 545,570, 590, 722-3, 765, 826, 899 possessor phrase see possession: attributive possession possibilitive see potential mood
postposition see adpositions potential mood 18,110,112, 124,138-40,168,188-9, 208-9,227-8,231,247-8, 261,263,280-3,531,644, 906,914-19,922,973,1000 preaspiration 105,182,199, 221, 223 precative mood 549,919 predestinative inflection see destinative inflection predicative adjectives 108, 120,137-8, 491, 746,981, 984,993 predicative adverbial 108, 296-7, 483, 491, 993 predicative forms of nouns see nominal conjugation prefix 125,143,192, 227, 249, 263, 285, 360, 376, 388, 447, 468, 475, 480, 494, 499, 545, 641, 647, 655, 834, 910, 913, 932-3, 954, 968,1032; see also preverbs preocclusion of nasals 104, 154, 860,865 prepalatalization 856-7 preposition see adpositions present-tense marker 11,17, 168,481,547,571,828,908 preverbs 546-7,549-50, 553, 562,594-5, 620-2,644, 647-9,650-1, 805, 813, 908, 910-11, 954, 961 primeval homeland (ProtoUralic) 23,57-59,754 privative see abessive (caritive) case probabilitive mood 691-2,694-5, 732-3,914-17,922-3 pro-drop 363,409,519,534, 543,547, 554, 557, 560-2, 604-5, 622, 649, 688, 722, 811, 837,894, 953, 958, 1019,1021,1027,1031-5 progressive aspect 123,140, 141,168,175, 210, 357, 648, 906-7,911 progressive past 123,140-1, 907 prohibitive (auxiliary or particle) 13-14,22,122-3, 167,189,249, 263, 299, 301-2,320, 339-40,359, 376,387-8,390, 411, 496, 515-6, 546, 548, 553, 576, 626, 701,767, 918, 927-8 Prokof’ev, Georgij N. 676, 709, 754,755,777,781,813 prolative (prosecutive) 137, 144, 245,260, 278-9, 297, 399-407, 478-9, 491-3, 510, 512, 664, 682-4, 714, 716, 722,741, 761-3, 792, 824, 879-81, 889-90, 965, 968-9 pronoun dropping see pro-drop
propinquative case 295-7,881 propinquative construction (“5th infinitive”) 262 proprietive derivatives 12,19, 20, 249,518,545,553, 555, 703, 771, 806, 809, 811, 988-9 prosecutive see prolative Proto-Aryan 485 Proto-Baltic see Baltic Proto-Balto-Slavic 252 Proto-East-Slavic 237 1111
INDEX Proto-Eskimo-Aleut 27 Proto-Finnic 8, 25, 28-9,31-3, 35-41,44-6,55, 57,103-5, 110,112,237, 240-5, 247-54,256-8, 260, 267, 273-6, 293-4, 350-353, 359,365,367,369, 381-3, 385,472,861,863,876, 906, 975 Proto-Finno-Ugric 4, 26, 242-3,434,437,443, 553,973 Proto-Germanic see Germanic Proto-Hungarian 49, 54,476, 531,645,647, 908 Proto-Indo-European 7, 25-7, 30,37,55,58, 237 Proto-Iranian 44, 237 Proto-Karelian 269, 277 Proto-Khanty 31,49,52,525 protolanguages 3-4,28-58,962 Proto-Manchurian 48 Proto-Mansi 31,49 Proto-Mari 28,41-4,57 Proto-Mongolic 30 Proto-Mordvin 28,39-41,44, 57,103,430 Proto-Nordic see ProtoScandinavian Proto-Ob-Ugric 31,523, 526, 536,603,621,630 Proto-Permic 28, 31,44-7,53, 57,471,474,477,482-6 Proto-Saami 28,32-6,41,44, 46,57,103-12,115-16, 118,122,137,198-9, 203, 205,223,235,237,240, 854, 861,863 Proto-Samoyed 8,17-18,25, 27-8,32,47-9,57,103, 527, 659-65,668,671-2, 706, 722,754, 756-8,756, 774,822,824-5,828,840, 855,861,897,971 Proto-Scandinavian 32, 33-5 Proto-Tungusic 48 Proto-Turkic 30,48 Proto-Ugric see Ugric Proto-Uralic 3-28,30-2,34,40, 49,55-8,103,243-4,248, 434,448,457,472,478,523, 527-32,661,663-5,669, 748-9,756,830,861,869, 871-6,880-1,892,894-5, 898,914,917-18,926,935, 991,1024,1031 1112 Proto-Yukaghir 27 purism 62-3,507, 520-1 Q quantifiers 12-13,144,157-8, 233-4, 244, 246, 316-17, 338, 406, 447,494-5, 513-14,527, 530, 647, 652, 704, 729, 740,764-5, 793, 795, 836, 879,993-4 quantifier phrase 108,111, 250,303,326-7,346-7,362, 421,491,501,519,554,596, 668,771,808,836 quantity quantity alternations 153-7,178,183-5,201-2, 243, 353,383,527,
859-67; see also consonant gradation, gemination of consonants quantity opposition of consonants 106,133,135, 153,182,183-5, 223, 243, 257, 294,311,332, 382, 434, 539, 637, 661, 868-73 quantity opposition of vowels 103-4,132, 149-50, 201-2, 221, 243, 256-7, 275, 293-4, 311, 332, 369,477,526, 537, 539, 565-7,585, 637, 712, 714, 756,782-3, 868-73 ternary quantity opposition 153-5,182, 223,311,352,370-1,383, 864, 868-9, 872-4 questions (interrogative clauses) 22,126-7,145, 168,172,175,192, 214-15, 227, 234-5, 249-50,265, 282, 304-5,343, 350, 361, 364, 378,389-90,463, 483, 502-3,518-19, 554-5, 597, 650,652,699, 732,740, 768,771, 808, 878, 917, 928-9,931, 933, 950, 957-8,1027; see also interrogatives question markers (particles/ clitics) 134,192, 214, 249, 264-6,276, 343, 364, 378, 389-90, 463, 502, 518, 650, 928-9,999-1000,1007 question words see interrogatives quotative 355-6, 359, 373-4, 386, 483, 627, 667,894, 906, 914-17, 920, 922, 939, 997, 999,1009,1017 R recessive (case) 479 Rédei, Kâroly 53, 475, 564, 581, 583, 673 reduced vowels 9, 96-7, 99, 273,331-2,369,382, 393-8, 433-4, 436, 477, 488, 539, 584-5,587, 611, 660, 678-9, 782-3, 821, 823, 870, 873-5 reduplication 232, 404,430, 494, 513, 545, 603, 786, 871, 876 reflexive conjugation 249, 263, 284-5, 295, 298, 301-2,375, 665-6, 682, 688-90, 725-6, 766, 897 reflexive possession see possession reflexive pronouns 13,24,162, 174,226-7,236,246,260, 316,337,387,404,447,494, 513,545,793-4,899 reflexive verbs (derivation) 211,249,263,324,344,360, 460-1, 475,496,499-500, 518,532,546,550,553,575, 602, 835, 913,1029-31 Reformation
60,91,147,254,350 Reguly, Antal 526,537,565,583 relational (spatial) nouns 11, 13-14,19,21-2,213,250, 552, 596, 740, 951, 961-6, 968-9, 989-92 relative clauses 22,126-7, 145,175,194, 232,266, 305, 328, 378, 348, 364, 390, 419, 429, 468, 504, 535, 551, 559-60, 577-8, 600-1, 619, 626-7, 646, 653, 697, 705, 745-6, 774, 836, 880, 951, 958, 996, 1003-8,1013-15 relative pronouns 22,127, 145,162,194, 226-7, 246, 266, 298,315-16, 336-7, 364, 378, 390, 429,447, 484, 504, 545, 591, 653, 794, 996-7,1013 religion 28, 30-1,40, 43, 59, 71, 79,196, 267, 580,842 reportative (mood/suffix) 667, 767-9, 805, 922-3 reputative mood 915, 917 resultative adverbial/state expression 655,681 resultative clause 362-3, 374,461 resultative verb (form) 456-7, 481,496, 546, 548, 550, 595, 729, 737, 746, 767, 770,802, 832-4, 884, 908-9, 912-13, 942, 1029,1035 reversing language shift 69, 77, 88, 90 Romance languages 29,50, 656, 894,1020,1025 Romani 254 Rombandeeva, Evdokija I. 529, 537 rovasiras see Szekler script runic script (Hungarian) see Szekler script Russia history of settlement 29, 281,367, 507, 754, 777 language policy 79-90, 91-7 Russian 35, 37-8,40, 43, 46, 58, 72, 74-5, 79-90, 91, 93, 95-7,112,142, 200, 212, 215, 219, 221-7, 232, 234-9, 243, 251, 291, 255, 267,305,326,329,330-1, 348,365,369,378,390, 430,433, 469,475-6,485, 504-5,507, 520-1,535, 541,554, 557, 563, 579, 583, 603-4, 608, 673, 677, 704, 706, 711, 749, 754, 773, 775, 780, 809, 813-15, 849, 855, 875, 910, 916, 918-19, 933-4, 950-2, 983, 996-9,1009,1011,1021-2, 1028,1030-1,1034,1036 in Estonia 65-6,80, 350 metalanguage 923 state
language 79-90 Russkaja, Ju. N. 584 s Saami 3-7,10, 29-41, 44, 47-9, 54-6, 65, 71, 76, 82, 91-3, 100,103-239, 240, 242, 245,254, 256-7, 267-8, 370, 437, 530, 758, 847-8,
INDEX 858-66, 868-9,872, 874-7, 880-1, 883-5,889,892-7, 899-902, 905,907,909, 911,913-15,918-19,929, 938-9,946-7,950-3, 956-60,961-4,968-9, 973-5,978-9,981-2, 985, 987-8, 991,993, 995,997, 999,1003,1005,1013, 1017-20,1025,1028-9, 1033 Aanaar (Inari) Saami 30,69, 72-4,76,78,92,103-4, 111-12,147,170,172, 178-95,196, 203, 208, 212-13,227,849-51, 854, 860,864-6,869, 874,886, 909,914,947,985,987 Akkala (Babino) Saami 103, 111,196,219,223,239 “Central Saami” 130 East Saami 104,108,111-12, 205,219,237,856-7,890, 915,1028,1033 Kemi Saami 35,103,178 Kildin Saami 69, 73-4, 76-7, 93, 95, 97, 103-4, 111,196, 208, 219-39, 850-3, 854-6, 856-8, 895, 907,933,953,975,998, 1014,1021 Lule Saami 13,73, 75-6, 92, 103,111,113,118,130-47, 172,192, 213,849-51, 879-80,890,907,945-6, 948,1007 North Saami 9,12-13, 20-1, 24-5,48,73-6,92,103-8, 111-13,115,130-5,137-8, 140-1,143,147-77,178, 181-2, 187-9,192-3, 198-200, 202,208,212-14, 225,227-8, 232, 257, 849-50,852,854,859-66, 880-1,885-6,889,892, 894,896,902,907,911, 914-15, 920, 945,957-8, 961-3, 967-9,975,978, 982, 987-8, 990, 992-3, 985, 987-8,992, 998,1006, 1025,1029,1033 Pite Saami 73,76,103,111, 113,130-1,141,223,230, 868,878,911 Sea Saami 16,104, 196 Skolt Saami 17, 20, 73, 75-6, 91-3,100,103-4,106-7, 111-12,143,147,178,181, 183,193,196-220, 223, 225-8, 230,232, 236, 849-51, 854-5, 858-60, 865-6, 882,914, 924-5, 927-34,952-3, 955,958, 987,998,1000 South Saami 21-2,30,73, 75-6, 91-3,100,103-4, 106-8,110-12,113-29, 131-2,137,139,143,178, 183,188, 203, 213, 849-51, 854, 859,861, 895-6, 875, 895,905,907,910-11, 914-15, 918, 924, 927-31,
933,935,938-9,946, 950, 952, 957,959, 963, 965, 977-8,982,987,995,997, 1023,1033 Ter Saami 73-4, 76,103, 111,196, 208, 213, 219, 223, 228,231-2, 857 Urne Saami 73, 76,103,113, 115-17,126,130 West Saami 104,112, 890 SAE see Standard Average European Sal, Éva К. 583 Samoyed 3-7,9,12-18, 22-7, 28-32,44,47-9,53, 55-7, 103-4,109,476, 524, 530, 533, 659-843, 847-8, 851-3, 855,859, 862-3, 865-6,871-3, 875, 877, 882-3, 889-92, 894-7, 899-903,905, 908-11, 913-18, 920, 922, 924, 928-30, 943,945,950,963, 965, 967, 971-4, 976-9, 981-2,984,987,992, 994-5, 998,1002,1011-13, 1015-16,1018,1021-2, 1024-8 sandhi 117,134,257,262,273, 312,332-3,678,783-5,918 Scandinavian 36,92,105, 112-13,117,123,125,130, 132-4,145,149,172-3, 175,182, 252, 267, 283, 380,886,900,1007,1018, 1025,1029 Schmidt, Éva 97,526,583 school see education system secondary declension 276, 278, 296, 401, 889, 964 secondary predication 144, 193, 213, 234, 437, 440-3, 511, 722, 745, 892, 981 secondary stem 681-3, 688 secondary stress 106,117, 134,152-3,182,186,198, 201, 224, 243, 257, 275, 293, 312, 332, 352-3, 371, 376, 540, 567, 586, 760, 861,868-71,874-6 secondary topic 476,557, 560-1, 577,1027 Selkup 20, 23-4, 30,47-9, 52, 73,76, 82, 89, 95-6, 472, 523, 620, 659-73, 709-10, 777-816, 819, 824, 827-8, 840-1, 850-2, 859, 863, 871, 873, 875-7,896-7, 914, 917-18, 922-3, 924, 926-30,932-4, 959, 973, 975, 977-9, 981, 984, 987, 993-4,999,1001-2,1006, 1010,1012,1015,1020, 1027,1030,1032-3 semantic case see adverbial cases semelfactive verbs 482,704, 802-3; see also momentary Sengepov, A. N. 584 Setälä, E. N. 291, 861,914 Seto see
South Estonian shamans (shamanism) 24,34, 57, 523, 671, 781 Shoksha 392,1012,1014 Siberia 16, 23, 26, 31, 46, 48-9, 54-5, 57, 64, 73, 75, 82, 89, 91, 96, 471, 473, 476, 487, 523-5, 533, 535, 563, 580, 583, 611, 659-60, 676, 709-10, 754, 777, 780-2, 816-17, 819, 834-5, 842, 847-8, 909, 920, 922, 933, 948, 996-7, 1006-7,1010,1013,1015, 1017, 1018-21,1026, 1028,1031-2,1034 similative 153,165,169-70,191, 668,670,703,731-2,738, 769,923,966,990-1,1008 singulative 553, 802-3,806 Sirelius, U, T. 583 Sjögren, A. J. 291,380 Skolt Saami see Saami: Skolt Saami Slavic 29-30, 33, 36-40,45, 50-2, 59, 241, 251-3, 291, 369, 376, 378-9, 305,430, 524,530-1, 534-5, 656, 848, 891, 900, 908-9, 934, 960,1017 Slovakia 63, 636 Slovenia 63, 636 South Estonian 7, 14, 68, 73, 241,367-79,854,856-8, 874-5,906,918,920,1013-14 endangerment and revitalization 68,75 literacy 63, 65, 76-7, 93, 367-9 South Saami see Saami: South Saami Soyot 48,659,842 spatial nouns see relational nouns speculative mood 667-8, 731-3, 767, 769, 915,917, 923 Sprachbund 49, 54, 475-6, 481, 523,848, 921, 947-8, 991 Stammbaum see taxonomy Standard Average European (SAE) 125,126,143,266, 350,363-4, 532, 534-5, 588, 745, 900, 914, 979, 991, 996-7,1007,1016 Steinitz, Wolfgang 97, 563, 568,581,583, 585,587-8, 591, 595, 597, 599-600, 602-3, 607, 620, 672 stem alternation see allomorphic variation stod see broken tone Strahlenberg, Philippjohann von 432,819-20 strengthening (gradation) 155,170, 860-1, 864 stress group 106, 200, 224, 868,871, 874-6 subglottal pulse 153,156,182 subitive 211, 228, 231, 620 subjective conjugation 613, 616,
618, 623, 628; see also objective conjugation subjectless clauses 251,263, 266,289,304,325,343,387, 389-90,426,519,556,655, 772,883,953,958, 972,988, 994-5,1028,1036 1113
INDEX subjunctive 227,356,546,549, 551, 558, 664-5, 690-1, 795, 798, 805, 914-17, 929, 947 sublative case 642, 968,990 subordinate clauses 80,112, 127,194, 266,305, 412-14, 452, 455, 466, 468,519, 575, 577,595, 601-2,628, 916, 929-30, 937, 954, subordinate moods 414,455, 916, 940,1000 substrate 28, 29, 32,34-5, 38-9,41-4, 46,48-9,50-4, 57,104, 240-1, 252, 330, 712 superessive 641-2,881 superillative 479 superlative 12,108,118, 120-1,125-6,137-8, 142-3,164,185,187,191, 193, 207, 227, 246,260, 278, 298,315,335,355, 384-5,422, 445-6,494, 513, 530, 545,591-2, 616, 641, 670, 793,919 superprobabilitive 691-2, 915, 917, 922 supine in East Finnish and Viena Karelian (participle form used in analytic tenses) 283 in Finnic (MA-“infinitive”) 248,262,317,320-1,328, 340-3,357-8; see also infinitive in Saami (purposive converb) 138 in Samoyedic 696-7,700, 702, 706, 770 suppletion 109,123,162,189, 224, 227,246,294,337, 494, 529, 644, 653, 687, 701, 722, 916, 918 suprasegmental palatalization 198-9,202, 205, 223,854-5, 858 Sweden 34-5, 38, 64, 68,70, 91-2,103, 111, 113,115, 130-3,146-7,175, 240-1, 254, 256, 350 Swedish 43-5, 37, 45, 60-1, 63-5, 92,113,115-16, 130-5,146-7,149,151, 172,178, 251, 256, 263, 1114 267-8, 365, 897, 970, 975, 991,998,1029 syncope 9-10, 276, 293,354, 616, 714, 876 syncretism case syncretism 14,119, 137,186, 225, 233, 296, 384,476, 479, 510,716, 825-6, 838, 882 in verb inflection 122,139, 188, 408 of person marking 385,547, 895-6, 902 Szeklers 59,524 Szekler script 59, 94 T Taigi 659,671,817 Tatar (also: Siberian Tatar) 39-43,45-7,51-4, 76, 82-3, 85, 87-9,91,392,
422, 430, 432-3, 445-7, 461, 469, 471,475-6, 482-5, 507-8,518, 520, 563, 579-81, 603, 659, 780, 813, 819, 875, 911-13,916, 920-2,999,1020 Tatarstan 41,46-7, 51, 83, 85, 87-8,471, 507 taxonomy 3-4, 26,31-2,37-8, 57, 241, 253, 523, 659-60, 673,818 temporal case 642,879 tense/lax vowels 477, 782-3, 872 Ter Saami see Saami: Ter Saami Terescenko, N. Μ. 688,711, 754, 755, 756,1026 Terëskin, N. I. 584, 609 Terjukhan 41 terminative case 245, 278-9, 297, 353-4,362, 372, 377, 478-80,491-3, 510, 512, 642, 879, 881, 889-90, 893, 939 Toivonen, Y. H. 52,583, 609, 630 Tokharian 48,55 tone (intonation) 127,134, 147, 234, 382-4, 452, 502, 554, 597,604, 625, 639, 650, 785, 823, 857, 868-70, 873-4, 878,1021 topic 18-19, 214, 224,236, 265, 303,361,377,388, 424,476, 484, 512, 546-7, 550,554, 556-7, 560-2, 571, 574, 576-7, 604-5, 622-4, 647, 649-50, 656, 688, 725, 744, 749-51, 764, 771, 788, 795, 807, 809, 811, 879, 901, 933, 953-6, 958, 960, 971-3, 976-8, 1017,1018-24,1026-5 toponyms 28-9,34-5,38, 41, 43-4, 46, 49, 52-4, 82, 476, 673, 887 Tornedalians see Meänkieli translative case 15,160,245, 251,259,278-9,297, 314-15,334-6,354,358, 371,374,377-8,384,386, 399-405,415,418,530, 542-3,545,552,554,568-9, 613-14,639, 642,669,786, 788,791,800,809,881,885, 892,902, 965,983, 985-6, 990; see also essivetranslative case translative-resultative case 729 translative (change-of-state) verbs 111,211,360,388, 419,462, 482, 770, 835, 995 Transylvania 59-60, 63, 636 triphthong 274-5, 277,309, 331,382-3, 872 Tugarinov, A.Ja. 817,819-20 Tundra Enets/Nenets see Enets/Nenets Tungusic 48-9,52-3,56, 669, 672,754,
774, 998,1020; see also Evenki Turkic 30,40-3, 48-9, 50-1, 54,88, 432,482, 485, 531-2, 656, 672, 813, 817-18, 821, 901, 908, 911, 918, 921, 946, 948, 959-60, 969, 978, 997-9,1009, 1016,1017,1020,1024 u Udmurt 18-19, 21, 30, 41-6, 70-1, 73, 75-6, 78, 79-80, 85-8, 90, 91, 95-6, 99, 467, 471-486, 507-22, 706, 847, 849-51, 855, 858, 870-1, 875-7, 881,883, 890, 892, 896, 898-901, 905, 910-13, 916, 918-22, 924, 927-30, 932-5, 938-40, 942-3, 945-9, 950-3, 955-60, 961, 964-6, 975, 979, 982, 985, 987, 994, 998-1003,1005, 1007,1009-10,1014, 1020-2,1030,1033 Ugric 4,16, 22, 24-5, 27-8, 31-2, 44-52,54, 56-7,109, 472,476, 524-36, 546,552, 563, 613, 620, 624, 827, 848, 869-70, 881, 895-6, 899, 901, 903, 908, 910, 913, 916, 918-19, 950, 962, 964, 972, 985,1013,1018, 1026,1034 Ume Saami see Saami: Ume Saami Umlaut see metaphony UPA see Finno-Ugric Transcription V Vasil’ev, Valerian (Üpymarij) 469 Veps 34, 37, 59, 93, 71, 73, 76, 79, 82-3, 87, 91, 93, 95-6, 237, 240-7, 249, 263, 273, 277, 284, 291-307,356, 476, 847,849-50, 852-3, 859, 861,868,872, 880-1, 888-90, 893, 895, 897, 902, 905-6, 910, 917, 919, 926, 932, 950-3, 957-8, 964, 968-9, 987, 994 verbal noun see action nouns Verner’s Law 243,861 Verte, L. A. 584-5,607 Veski,J. V. 61-2 vicinal (proximal) local cases 245,295-7,442, 492-3, 888-9, 965 Viena Karelian 72, 240, 273 Vjatic 40 vocative 279,445, 901-2, 918 voicing 5, 60,154,181,185, 199, 274, 293-5, 370, 382, 398, 473,476,489, 509, 640, 661, 758, 860, 864 Vojvodina 636 Volga Bulgarians see Bulgar Volga-Kama region/language area 44,475-6,481,848, 907-9, 911-13, 920-3, 946,
948,1006-7,1009-11, 1013-14, 1016-17,1025, 1028-9,1031,1034
INDEX Vöro see South Estonian Votic 37-8,73,76-7,94,240-2, 245-6,249,305,308-10, 330-49,854-5,857,862,864, 875,892,895,906,915-16, 918,924,927-30,932,934, 963,968-9,975,976,982, 984,987,1025 vowel harmony 5, 8-11, 56, 117,135, 242-3, 256-7, 264, 275-6, 280, 283, 292, 295,312,314,333,335, 351, 369-70,372,376, 382, 396,398-9,435-6,441, 447,450,456,476, 527, 539, 608, 612, 639-41, 644, 660, 662, 679, 681, 759-60, 783, 818, 824, 868-9, 879 vowel centre 104 vowel quantity see quantity vowel reduction see reduced vowels W West(ern) Uralic 32,35,37, 240, 872, 874, 877,894, 933,943, 956,1003,1007, 1013-14,1017,1025-6 White Sea Karelian see Viena Karelian Witsen, Nicolaes 432, 711, 781 X Xvataj-Muxa, K. F. 584 Y Yakut 48 Yeniseian languages 48, 672; see also Ket, Yugh Yiddish 254 Yugh 673 Yukaghir 26-7, 29, 48, 754, 1019,1026 Yurats 48, 674 Z zero, alternation with 11,186, 258, 313,332-3, 353, 568, 613, 783-4, 823 zero anaphora see pro-drop zero copula 126, 622, 649, 837, 987 zero marking 18,126,365,492,515, 517,543,582,672,738,894, 896,918,984,988,1019, 1022 zero person/zero-subject construction see subjectless clauses Zsirai, Miklos 583 1115 |
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| id | DE-604.BV047876963 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2025-02-17T15:01:51Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780198767664 |
| language | English |
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| series2 | Oxford guides to the world's languages |
| spelling | The Oxford guide to the Uralic languages edited by Marianne Bakró-Nagy, Johanna Laasko, and Elena Skribnik Guide to the Uralic languages Uralic languages First Edition Oxford Oxford University Press 2022 lv, 1115 Seiten, 6 ungezählte Seiten Karten Karten (teilweise farbig) txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Oxford guides to the world's languages This volume offers the most comprehensive and wide-ranging treatment available today of the Uralic language family, a group of languages spoken in northern Eurasia. While there is a long history of research into these languages, much of it has been conducted within several disparate national traditions; studies of certain languages and topics are somewhat limited and in many cases outdated. The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages brings together leading scholars andjunior researchers to offer a comprehensive and up-to-date account of the internal relations and diversity of the Uralic language family, including the outlines of its historical development, and the contacts between Uralic and other languages of Eurasia. The book is divided into three parts. Part I presents the origins and development of the Uralic languages: the initial chapters examine reconstructed Proto-Uralic and its divergence, while later chapters provide surveys of the history and codification of the three Uralic nation-state languages (Hungarian, Finnish, and Estonian) and the Uralic minority languages from Baltic Europe to Siberia. This part also explores questions of endangerment, revitalization, and language policy. The chapters inPart II offer individual structural overviews of the Uralic languages, including a number of understudied minority languages for which no detailed description in English has previously been available. The final part of the book provides cross-Uralic comparative and typological case studies of a rangeof issues in phonology, morphology, syntax, and the lexicon. The chapters explore a number of topics, such as information structure and clause combining, that have traditionally received very little attention in Uralic studies. The volume will be an essential reference for students and researchers specializing in the Uralic languages and for typologists and comparative linguists more broadly. bicssc / Grammar, syntax & morphology bicssc / Phonetics, phonology bicssc / Semantics, discourse analysis, etc bicssc / Sociolinguistics Uralische Sprachen (DE-588)4062084-0 gnd rswk-swf Uralische Sprachen (DE-588)4062084-0 s DE-604 Bakró-Nagy, Marianne 1946- (DE-588)1157162525 edt Laakso, Johanna 1962- (DE-588)1219602434 edt Skribnik, Elena K. 1953- (DE-588)1158030207 edt Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-0-19-108028-9 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-0-19-182151-6 Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033259373&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033259373&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | The Oxford guide to the Uralic languages bicssc / Grammar, syntax & morphology bicssc / Phonetics, phonology bicssc / Semantics, discourse analysis, etc bicssc / Sociolinguistics Uralische Sprachen (DE-588)4062084-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4062084-0 |
| title | The Oxford guide to the Uralic languages |
| title_alt | Guide to the Uralic languages Uralic languages |
| title_auth | The Oxford guide to the Uralic languages |
| title_exact_search | The Oxford guide to the Uralic languages |
| title_full | The Oxford guide to the Uralic languages edited by Marianne Bakró-Nagy, Johanna Laasko, and Elena Skribnik |
| title_fullStr | The Oxford guide to the Uralic languages edited by Marianne Bakró-Nagy, Johanna Laasko, and Elena Skribnik |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Oxford guide to the Uralic languages edited by Marianne Bakró-Nagy, Johanna Laasko, and Elena Skribnik |
| title_short | The Oxford guide to the Uralic languages |
| title_sort | the oxford guide to the uralic languages |
| topic | bicssc / Grammar, syntax & morphology bicssc / Phonetics, phonology bicssc / Semantics, discourse analysis, etc bicssc / Sociolinguistics Uralische Sprachen (DE-588)4062084-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | bicssc / Grammar, syntax & morphology bicssc / Phonetics, phonology bicssc / Semantics, discourse analysis, etc bicssc / Sociolinguistics Uralische Sprachen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033259373&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033259373&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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