The burden of nationality: Dutch citizenship policies towards German nationals in the aftermath of the Second World War (1944-1967)
Gespeichert in:
| Beteilige Person: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Hochschulschrift/Dissertation Buch |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
VU University Press
[2020]
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| Schlagwörter: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033019452&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Abstract: | On 20 October 1944, anticipating the end of the Second World War, the Dutch government-in-exile in London promulgated het Besluit Vijandelijk Vermogen ('the Decree on Enemy Property'). The Decree classed al nationals of Germany, Italy and Japan as enemies of the state, or vijandelijke onderdanen ('enemy citizens'), and entitled the Dutch State to confiscate all assets belonging to enemy citizens within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Thousands of German civilians who resided and worked in the Netherlands were stripped of their assets, regardless of their place of residence or political allegiance and without any Dutch compensation. Some were arrested, imprisoned or expelled, whereas others left the Netherlands of their own accord. Even German Jewish refugees, who had been deprived of their German citizenship by the Nazis, were treated as enemy citizens. Many tried to appeal their status of enemy citizen by submitting a request for an ontvijandingsverklaring ('declaration of de-enemisation'), with the hope of gaining their rights and assets back.0Offering a multi-faceted overview of the history of German enemy citizens by highlighting the different actors, stakeholders and institutions that defined, implemented or challenged the Decree on Enemy Property, 'The Burden of Nationality' sheds light on a forgotten page in the book of Dutch post-war history |
| Beschreibung: | Author's name on cover: Marieke Oprel Originally presented as the author's thesis (doctoral) -- Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, 2020 |
| Umfang: | 430 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten, Porträts (teilweise farbig) 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9789086598083 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The burden of nationality |b Dutch citizenship policies towards German nationals in the aftermath of the Second World War (1944-1967) |c Maria Ottelina Oprel |
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| 500 | |a Author's name on cover: Marieke Oprel | ||
| 500 | |a Originally presented as the author's thesis (doctoral) -- Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, 2020 | ||
| 502 | |b Dissertation |c Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam |d 2020 |g geht aus einer Dissertation hervor | ||
| 505 | 8 | |a ch. 1. Introduction -- ch. 2. Along and against the archival grain -- ch. 3. Categorising enemy citizens -- ch. 4. The spectre of being German -- ch. 5. Conflicts and controversies of confiscation and compensation -- ch. 6. Essentially contested : (Dutch) citizenship | |
| 520 | 3 | |a On 20 October 1944, anticipating the end of the Second World War, the Dutch government-in-exile in London promulgated het Besluit Vijandelijk Vermogen ('the Decree on Enemy Property'). The Decree classed al nationals of Germany, Italy and Japan as enemies of the state, or vijandelijke onderdanen ('enemy citizens'), and entitled the Dutch State to confiscate all assets belonging to enemy citizens within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Thousands of German civilians who resided and worked in the Netherlands were stripped of their assets, regardless of their place of residence or political allegiance and without any Dutch compensation. Some were arrested, imprisoned or expelled, whereas others left the Netherlands of their own accord. Even German Jewish refugees, who had been deprived of their German citizenship by the Nazis, were treated as enemy citizens. Many tried to appeal their status of enemy citizen by submitting a request for an ontvijandingsverklaring ('declaration of de-enemisation'), with the hope of gaining their rights and assets back.0Offering a multi-faceted overview of the history of German enemy citizens by highlighting the different actors, stakeholders and institutions that defined, implemented or challenged the Decree on Enemy Property, 'The Burden of Nationality' sheds light on a forgotten page in the book of Dutch post-war history | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819265914247315456 |
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| adam_text | Table of contents CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................... 13 Introduction...............................................................................................15 Research questions and objectives................................................................ 18 1.1 Defining citizenship........................................................................ 21 The legal status of German citizens..................................................... 21 Citizenship as analytical tool............................................................. 24 Acts of citizenship ............................................................................. 27 1.2 Dutch restitution and expropriation legislation: Decree E-133........................................................................................31 Defining the enemy in E-133................................................................ 35 Reparations......................................................................................... 37 Anti-German policies in neighbouring countries ............................... 39 1.3 Marginalised minority.....................................................................44 State of the Art.................................................................................... 46 Legal historiography...........................................................................47 1.4 Unhinging the national frame .........................................................50 Citizenship between empire and nation
...............................................51 1.5 Sources and methodology................ 55 NBI archives........................................................................................ 55 CABR archives ................................................................................... 57 Additional archives ........................................................................... 59 Checking the evidence........................................................................ 60 Language and translatability.............................................................. 62 Intersectional analysis.........................................................................63 Interviews ........................................................................................... 65 1.6 Outline of the study......................................................................... 67
6 TA B LE OF C O N TE N TS CHAPTER 2 ALONG AND AGAINST THE ARCHIVAL GRAIN 71 Introduction............................................................................................ 73 2.1 The implementation of the Decree on Enemy Property.............. 76 The first set of instructions..................................................................77 Open to interpretation........................................................................ 79 2.2 The de-enemisation procedure........................................................81 Rights for the rightful......................................................................... 82 Explanation or justification?...............................................................84 2.3 Tracing the paper trail..................................................................... 86 Disorder and diversity....................................................................... 88 The symbolics of the NBI.................................................................... 90 2.4 Criteria for inclusion and exclusion...............................................94 Published guidelines...........................................................................96 The end of the state of war.................................................................. 99 2.5 An evaluation of bureaucracy........................................................ 100 Who is judging?................................................................................ 101
Output............................................................................................... 102 Numbers and figures..........................................................................104 2.6 Archival allure................................................................................. 107 CHAPTER 3 CATEGORISING ENEMY CITIZENS ш Introduction............................................................................................113 3.1 Along the lines of nationality......................................................... 114 3.2 Austrians as Germans?................................................................... 119 Never a stranger, long the enemy....................................................... 120 (No) Preferential treatment............................................................... 121 Flirting with the wrong party............................................................ 123 3.3 Reichs-, Ausland- (n)or Volksdeutsche........................................ 124 Sudeten Germans ...............................................................................125 Danzig Germans................................................................................ 127 3.4 Jewish refugees.............................................................................. 129 Burden of proof.................................................................................. .131 Custody conflicts.............................................................................. 133 Diplomatic
urgency........................................................................... 134 3.5 Enemies by alliance: Italian and Japanese enemy citizens........ 136
CHAPTER 4 THE SPECTRE OF BEING GERMAN 165 Introduction.............................................................................................. 167 4.1 Friedrich Assmann........................................................................... 169 ‘As a Dutch citizen, not a German national’......................................... 170 Member of the Schutzgruppe............................................................. 172 Neighbour dispute.............................................................................. 173 De-enemised, but nevertheless affected............................................... 176 4.2 Franz Joseph Brand .......................................................................... 178 From butler to entrepreneur................................................................ 180 Acts or accusations ............................................................................... 181 War interrupts and corrupts lives .........................................................184 4.3 Erna Burghoff-Heitink and the BIM.............................................. 186 A diligent and hardworking woman.................................................... 187 Confiscation of the BIM........................................................................189 Struggle for power................................................................................ 193 Transnational (hi)story......................................................................... 195 4.4 Hans
Fischer........................................................................................ 197 Caught between churches and states....................................................199 Underpressure...................................................................................... 201 Reunion, reconstruction and reconciliation........................................203 4.5 Hermann Lahn................................................................................. 206 An example for Dutch citizens.............................................................206 7 TA B LE OF C O N TEN TS Italian ice-cream ................................................................................... 137 Exceptions don’t make rules................................................................ 138 3.6 Dutch (-born) enemy citizens............................................................141 Enemy by marriage...............................................................................142 3.7 Classified by gender...........................................................................144 German passport, Dutch by heart?.......................................................145 Money matters......................................................................................146 3.8 Ordered by occupation......................................................................148 iNuns and monks .................................................................................. 148 Domestic workers.................................................................................150
Farmers ................................................................................................. 154 Mineworkers.........................................................................................156 3.9 Blue blood and noble estates............................................................159 3.10 Cementing the enemy categories, defining membership............161
8 TA B LE OF CO NTENTS 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 The world belongs to everybody.........................................................209 A story with no family name.............................................................211 From self-employed businessman to Beauftragter and Bevollmächtiger des Heeres Kraftfahrwesen................................212 Desertion or resistance?........................................................................214 The past is not a foreign country........................................................ 217 Carla Tophoff...................................................................................... 219 Be widowed by a German .....................................................................220 From naturalisation to de-enemisation............................................... 221 It’s all about the money........................................................................ 224 Wim Vahrenhorst...............................................................................226 Dutch from birth to deportation..........................................................228 Arrest and internment in camp Marienbosch..................................... 230 The first years in Germany....................................................................233 Football and identity............................................................................236 Ruth and Edith Weil.......................................................................... 238 Persecuted, deported, (de-)enemised
................................................... 240 Fighting bureaucracy........................................................................... 242 Entschädigung and Wiedergutmachung............................................ 243 Germans in the overseas colonies....................................................245 Kingdom at war.................................................................................... 246 Reconstructing history.........................................................................248 Geographical challenges...................................................................... 249 (Post-) colonial dimension ............................................................... 251 Acts of citizenship.............................................................................. 253 CHAPTER 5 CONFLICTS AND CONTROVERSIES ON CONFISCATION AND COMPENSATION 257 Introduction.............................................................................................. 259 5.1 The genesis of Decree E-133.............................................................. 260 5.2 A contentious issue (1): legal magazines.........................................266 Confiscation at the cost of individuals?............................................... 268 Membership and Liability.....................................................................271 5.3 A contentious issue (2): parliamentary debates.............................274 Dutch-born women.............................................................................. 276 ‘Een
lijdensgeschiedenis’.................................................................... 278 Towards the end of the state of war..................................................... 279
TABLE OF CONTENTS Actors for whom?........................................................................................................... 2829 The final outcome.............................................................................. 284 5.4 Wiedergutmachung, but not for everyone................................... 286 Between rights and reparations...........................................................288 German property or Dutch heritage: Schiermonnikoog.....................291 German property or Dutch heritage: Huis Doom.............................. 292 5.5 A growing sphere of international justice.................................... 294 Violation of human rights?.................................................................. 295 Transitional justice?.............................................................................296 The Age of Human Rights................................................................... 298 CHAPTER 6 ESSENTIALLY CONTESTED: (DUTCH) CITIZENSHIP 301 Introduction................................................................................................303 6.1 Re-integration of Dutch Nazi sympathisers and collaborators...............................................................................305 Extraordinary jus tice........................................................................... 306 Citizenship, loyalty and patriotism ..................................................... 307 Becoming Dutch (again).......................................................................308 A double
standard?................................................................................ 311 6.2 Immigrants from the (ex-)colonies..................................................313 Assimilation and integration: Overseas citizens from the East...........315 Legal and symbolic alienage: Overseas citizens from the West......... 319 Assimilation by acculturation?............................................................. 321 Physical ‘otherness’...............................................................................323 Citizenship as a mechanism of inclusion and exclusion.................... 326 6.3 Towards integration policy.............................................................. 329 A reluctant country of immigration.....................................................330 Assimilation, participation, integration..............................................332 ‘Good’, ‘typical’, ‘real’ Dutch................................................................. 335 Contradictions of the nation-state....................................................... 338 6.4 Conclusions and recommendations...............................................340
ю ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 345 TABLE OF C O N TEN TS BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................ 349 Literature.......................................................................................................349 Acts of Senate................................................................................................ 366 Acts of House of Representatives ..................................................................366 Newspapers................................................................................................... 366 Government Gazette..................................................................................... 367 Case law......................................................................................................... 367 ARCHIVES ................................................................................................... 368 WEBSITES ................................................................................................... 373 ABBREVIATIONS, ACRONYMS AND TRANSLATIONS 374 LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................... 378 SUMMARY ....................................................... 380 APPENDICES ............................................................................................. 387 Appendix 1: Decree on Enemy Property....................................................... 389 Appendix 2: Blank index card .......................................................................407 Appendix 3: Examples
of questionnaires .....................................................409 Appendix 4: Examples of declaration of de-enemisation............................ 425
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Oprel, Marieke 1990- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1214271650 |
| author_facet | Oprel, Marieke 1990- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Oprel, Marieke 1990- |
| author_variant | m o mo |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV047635151 |
| contents | ch. 1. Introduction -- ch. 2. Along and against the archival grain -- ch. 3. Categorising enemy citizens -- ch. 4. The spectre of being German -- ch. 5. Conflicts and controversies of confiscation and compensation -- ch. 6. Essentially contested : (Dutch) citizenship |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1291616670 (DE-599)BVBBV047635151 |
| era | Geschichte 1944-1967 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1944-1967 |
| format | Thesis Book |
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| indexdate | 2024-12-20T19:24:41Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789086598083 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033019452 |
| oclc_num | 1291616670 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 430 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten, Porträts (teilweise farbig) 24 cm |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20220118 DHB_BSB_FID |
| publishDate | 2020 |
| publishDateSearch | 2020 |
| publishDateSort | 2020 |
| publisher | VU University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spellingShingle | Oprel, Marieke 1990- The burden of nationality Dutch citizenship policies towards German nationals in the aftermath of the Second World War (1944-1967) ch. 1. Introduction -- ch. 2. Along and against the archival grain -- ch. 3. Categorising enemy citizens -- ch. 4. The spectre of being German -- ch. 5. Conflicts and controversies of confiscation and compensation -- ch. 6. Essentially contested : (Dutch) citizenship Deutsche (DE-588)4070334-4 gnd Staatsangehörigkeitsrecht (DE-588)4077775-3 gnd Staatsfeind (DE-588)4626785-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4070334-4 (DE-588)4077775-3 (DE-588)4626785-2 (DE-588)4042203-3 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | The burden of nationality Dutch citizenship policies towards German nationals in the aftermath of the Second World War (1944-1967) |
| title_auth | The burden of nationality Dutch citizenship policies towards German nationals in the aftermath of the Second World War (1944-1967) |
| title_exact_search | The burden of nationality Dutch citizenship policies towards German nationals in the aftermath of the Second World War (1944-1967) |
| title_full | The burden of nationality Dutch citizenship policies towards German nationals in the aftermath of the Second World War (1944-1967) Maria Ottelina Oprel |
| title_fullStr | The burden of nationality Dutch citizenship policies towards German nationals in the aftermath of the Second World War (1944-1967) Maria Ottelina Oprel |
| title_full_unstemmed | The burden of nationality Dutch citizenship policies towards German nationals in the aftermath of the Second World War (1944-1967) Maria Ottelina Oprel |
| title_short | The burden of nationality |
| title_sort | the burden of nationality dutch citizenship policies towards german nationals in the aftermath of the second world war 1944 1967 |
| title_sub | Dutch citizenship policies towards German nationals in the aftermath of the Second World War (1944-1967) |
| topic | Deutsche (DE-588)4070334-4 gnd Staatsangehörigkeitsrecht (DE-588)4077775-3 gnd Staatsfeind (DE-588)4626785-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Deutsche Staatsangehörigkeitsrecht Staatsfeind Niederlande Hochschulschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033019452&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT oprelmarieke theburdenofnationalitydutchcitizenshippoliciestowardsgermannationalsintheaftermathofthesecondworldwar19441967 |