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Nester's microbiology: a human perspective

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors:	Anderson, Denise G. (Author), Salm, Sarah (Author), Beins, Mira (Author), Nester, Eugene W. (Author)
Format:	Book
Language:	English
Published:	New York, NY McGraw Hill [2022]
Edition:	Tenth edition, international student edition
Subjects:	Medizinische Mikrobiologie Mikrobiologie
Links:	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032833118&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
Physical Description:	xxxi, 824, A-9, GI-30 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme
ISBN:	9781265062316 1265062315

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Record in the Search Index

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adam_text	Contents About the Authors iv Covalent Bonds 23 Hydrogen Bonds 24 Molarity 24 Chemical Reactions 25 Life and Death of Microorganisms 1 Humans and the Microbial World 1 2.3 Water, pH, and Buffers 26 A Glimpse of History 1 Water 26 pH of Aqueous Solutions 27 Buffers 27 Key Terms 1 1.1 The Dispute over Spontaneous Generation afr Jb: Early Experiments 2 Experiments of Pasteur 2 Experiments of Tyndall 2 The Golden Age of Microbiology 3 The Scientific Method 3 The Human Microbiome 5 Microorganisms in the Environment 6 Commercial Benefits of Microorganisms 6 Microbes as Research Tools 7 Microbes and Disease 7 1.3 Members of the Microbial World 10 Scientific Names 11 Bacteria 13 Archaea 14 Eukarya 14 Acellular Infectious Agents 15 FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 2.1: Right-Handed and Left-Handed Molecules 36 SUMMARY 41 REVIEW QUESTIONS 42 3 Cells and Methods to Observe Them 44 Key Terms 44 PROKARYOTIC CELL STRUCTURES AND THEIR FUNCTIONS FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 1.1: Every Rule Has an Exception 12 FOCUS ON THE FUTURE 1.1: Meet the Microbiomes! 17 SUMMARY 17 REVIEW QUESTIONS 18 The Molecules of Life 20 A Glimpse of History 20 3.1 The Cytoplasmic Steve Gschmeissner/Getty Images Membrane of Prokaryotic Cells 46 Structure of the Cytoplasmic Membrane 46 Permeability of the Cytoplasmic Membrane 46 The Role of the Cytoplasmic Membrane in Energy Transformation 47 Transport of Small Molecules Across the Cytoplasmic Membrane 48 Protein Secretion 49 3.2 The Cell Wall of Prokaryotic Cells 50 Key Terms 20 2.1 Elements and Atoms 21 Lisa Burgess/McGraw-Hill Education 2.2 Chemical Bonds and Reactions 23 Ions and Ionic Bonds 23 FOCUS ON A CASE 2.1 32 A Glimpse of History 44 FOCUS ON A CASE 1.1 9 Atomic Structure 21 The Role of Electrons 21 Isotopes 22 Carbohydrates 29 Lipids 30 Proteins 33 Nucleic Acids 38 INTERFOTO/Alamy, Stock Photo 1.2 Microbiology: A Human Perspective 5 2 2.4 Organic Molecules 28 Peptidoglycan 50 The Gram-Positive Cell Wall 50 The Gram-Negative Cell Wall 52 Antibacterial Substances That Target Peptidoglycan 54 Bacteria That Lack a Cell Wall 54 Cell Walls of Archaea 55 XX Contents 3.3 Structures Outside the Cell Wall of Prokaryotic Cells 56 Capsules and Slime Layers 56 Flagella 56 Pili 58 3.4 Internal Components of Prokaryotic Cells 59 Chromosome and Plasmids 59 Ribosomes 59 Cytoskeleton 60 Storage Granules 60 Protein-Based Compartments 60 Endospores 60 EUKARYOTIC CELL STRUCTURES AND THEIR FUNCTIONS 3.5 Cytoplasmic Membrane of Eukaryotic Cells 64 Structure and Function of the Cytoplasmic Membrane 64 Transfer of Molecules Across the Cytoplasmic Membrane 64 3.6 Protein Structures Within Eukaryotic Cells 66 Ribosomes 66 Cytoskeleton 66 Flagella and Cilia 67 3.7 Membrane-Bound Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells 68 Nucleus 68 Mitochondria 68 Chloroplasts 70 Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) 70 Golgi Apparatus 71 Lysosomes and Peroxisomes 71 METHODS TO OBSERVE CELLS 3.8 Microscopes 72 Principles of Light Microscopy: Bright-Field Microscopes 73 Light Microscopes That Increase Contrast 74 Light Microscopes That Detect Fluorescence 76 Electron Microscopes 77 Scanning Probe Microscopes 78 3.9 Preparing Specimens for Light Microscopy 81 Simple Staining 81 Differential Staining 82 Special Stains to Observe Cell Structures 84 Fluorescent Dyes and Tags 85 FOCUS ON A CASE 3.1 55 FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 3.1: Pathogens Hijacking Actin 67 SUMMARY 86 REVIEW QUESTIONS 88 4 Dynamics of Microbial Growth 90 A Glimpse of History 90 Key Terms 90 4.1 Principles of Microbial Growth 90 4.2 Microbial Growth in Nature 91 Lisa Burgess/McGraw-Hill Education Biofilms 92 Interactions of Mixed Microbial Communities 93 4.3 Microbial Growth in Laboratory Conditions 93 Obtaining a Pure Culture 94 The Growth Curve 95 Colony Growth 96 Continuous Culture 96 4.4 Environmentai Factors That Influence Microbial Growth 97 Temperature Requirements 97 Oxygen (02) Requirements 98 pH 99 Water Availability 99 4.5 Nutritional Factors That Influence Microbial Growth 100 Required Elements 100 Growth Factors 101 Energy Sources 101 Nutritional Diversity 101 4.6 Cultivating Microorganisms in the Laboratory 103 General Categories of Culture Media 103 Special Types of Culture Media 104 Providing Appropriate Atmospheric Conditions 105 Enrichment Cultures 106 4.7 Methods to Detect and Measure Microbial Growth 107 Direct Cell Counts 107 Viable Cell Counts 108 Measuring Biomass 110 Detecting Cell Products 112 FOCUS ON A CASE 4.1 102 FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 4.1: Can Microorganisms Live on Only Rocks and Water? 103 FOCUS ON THE FUTURE 4.1: Seeing How the Other 99% Lives 113 SUMMARY 114 REVIEW QUESTIONS 115 Contents 5 XXI Allosteric Regulation 149 Enzyme Inhibition 150 Control of Microbial Growth 117 A Glimpse of History 117 6.3 The Central Metabolic Pathways 151 Key Terms 117 Glycolysis 152 Pentose Phosphate Pathway 152 Transition Step and Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) Cycle 152 5.1 Approaches to Control 117 Principles of Control 118 Situational Considerations 118 Arthur Tilley/Getty Images 6.4 Cellular Respiration 155 The Electron Transport Chain (ETC)—Generating a Proton Motive Force 155 ATP Synthase—Using the Proton Motive Force to Synthesize ATP 157 ATP Yield of Aerobic Respiration in Prokaryotes 159 5.2 Selecting an Antimicrobial Procedure 121 Types of Microbes 121 Number of Microbes 121 Environmental Conditions 122 Risk for Infection 122 Composition of the Item 122 6.5 Fermentation 160 5.3 Physical Methods Used to Destroy or Remove Microorganisms and Viruses 122 Moist Heat 122 Dry Heat 124 Filtration 124 Irradiation 125 High Pressure 126 6.6 Catabolism of Organic Compounds Other Than Glucose 162 Polysaccharides and Disaccharides 162 Lipids 163 Proteins 164 6.7 Chemolithotrophs 164 6.8 Photosynthesis 165 5.4 Chemical Methods Used to Destroy Microorganisms and Viruses 127 Selecting the Appropriate Germicidal Chemical 127 Categories of Germicidal Potency 128 Classes of Germicidal Chemicals 128 5.5 Preservation of Perishable Products 132 Chemical Preservatives 132 Low-Temperature Storage 132 Reducing the Available Water 132 Light-Dependent Reactions 165 Light-Independent Reactions 167 6.9 Carbon Fixation 168 Calvin Cycle 168 6.10 Anabolic Pathways—Synthesizing Subunits from Precursor Molecules 169 Lipid Synthesis 170 Amino Acid Synthesis 170 Nucleotide Synthesis 171 FOCUS ON A CASE 5.1 120 FOCUS ON THE FUTURE 5.1: Too Much of a Good Thing? 133 FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 6.1: Mining with Microbes 165 SUMMARY 134 FOCUS ON THE FUTURE 6.1: Fueling the Future 171 REVIEW QUESTIONS 135 G FOCUS ON A CASE 6.1 162 SUMMARY 172 Microbial Metabolism: Fueling Cell Growth 137 A Glimpse of History 137 7 Key Terms 137 6.1 Overview of Microbial Metabolism 138 Energy 138 Components of Metabolic Pathways 140 Precursor Metabolites 143 Catabolism 144 REVIEW QUESTIONS 173 The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to Protein 175 A Glimpse of History 175 Key Terms 175 Comstock/PunchStock 7.1 Overview 176 Characteristics of DNA 176 Characteristics of RNA і 77 Regulating Gene Expression 178 6.2 Enzymes 147 Mechanisms and Consequences of Enzyme Action 147 Cofactors 147 Environmental Factors That Influence Enzyme Activity 148 7.2 DNA Replication 179 7.3 Gene Expression in Bacteria 182 xxii Contents HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER AS A MECHANISM OF GENETIC CHANGE Transcription 182 Translation 184 7.4 Differences Between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Gene Expression 189 8.6 Overview of Horizontal Gene Transfer 215 8.7 Bacterial Transformation 216 Competence 217 The Process of Natural Transformation 218 7.5 Sensing and Responding to Environmental Fluctuations 191 Signal Transduction 191 Natural Selection 192 8.8 Transduction 220 8.9 Conjugation 221 7.6 Bacterial Gene Regulation 193 Plasmid Transfer 221 Chromosome Transfer 222 F Donors 223 Mechanisms to Control Transcription 194 The lac Operon as a Model 196 7.7 Eukaryotic Gene Regulation 198 8.10 Genome Variability 225 7.8 Genomics 199 Mobile Genetic Elements (MGEs) 225 Analyzing a Prokaryotic DNA Sequence 199 Metagenomics 200 8.11 Bacterial Defenses Against Invading DNA 228 Restriction-Modification Systems 228 CRISPR Systems 228 FOCUS ON A CASE 7.1 192 FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 7.1: RNA: The First Macromolecule? 190 FOCUS ON THE FUTURE 7.1: Gems In the Genomes? 200 FOCUS ON A CASE 8.1 227 FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 8.1: The Biological Function of DNA: A Discovery Ahead of Its Time 219 SUMMARY 200 FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 8.2: Bacteria Can Conjugate with REVIEW QUESTIONS 201 Plants: A Natural Case of Genetic Engineering 224 8 Bacterial Genetics 203 SUMMARY 229 REVIEW QUESTIONS 231 A Glimpse of History 203 9 Key Terms 203 8.1 Genetic Change in Bacteria 203 Biotechnology 232 A Glimpse of History 232 Key Terms 232 MUTATION AS A MECHANISM OF GENETIC CHANGE Dr. Gopal Murti/Sclence Source 8.2 Spontaneous Mutations 205 Base Substitution 205 Deletion or Addition of Nucleotides 206 Transposons (Jumping Genes) 206 8.3 Induced Mutations 207 Chemical Mutagens 207 Transposition 208 Radiation 208 8.4 Repair of Damaged DNA 209 Repair of Errors in Nucleotide Incorporation 210 Repair of Damaged Nucleobases 210 Repair of Thymine Dimers 210 SOS Repair 211 8.5 Mutant Selection 212 Direct Selection 212 Indirect Selection 212 Screening for Possible Carcinogens 214 9.1 Fundamental Tools Used Biotechnology 234 Restriction Enzymes 234 Reverse Transcriptase 235 DNA Gel Electrophoresis 236 9.2 Molecular Cloning 237 The Cloning Process—A Simplified View 237 Applications of Molecular Cloning 237 Creating a DNA Library—A Detailed View of the Cloning Process 237 9.3 CRISPR-Cas Technologies 240 Applications of CRISPR-Cas Technologies 240 9.4 DNA Sequencing 241 Applications of DNA Sequencing 242 High-Throughput Sequencing Methods 242 RNA-Seq (RNA Sequencing) 243 9.5 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 243 Applications of PCR 243 The PCR Method 244 Contents 9.6 Probe Technologies 249 Colony Blotting 249 Fluorescence In Situ Flybridization (FISH) 250 DNA Microarrays 250 xxiii FOCUS ON A CASE 10.1 268 FOCUS ON THE FUTURE 10.1: Pushing the Limits of MALDI-TOF MS 271 SUMMARY 272 REVIEW QUESTIONS 273 9.7 Concerns Regarding Biotechnology 251 FOCUS ON A CASE 9.1 248 FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 9.1: The COVID-19 Response֊The Power of Biotechnology 244 FOCUS ON THE FUTURE 9.1: Precision Medicine 252 SUMMARY 252 REVIEW QUESTIONS 253 The Microbial World 10 Identifying and Classifying Microorganisms 255 A Glimpse of History 255 11 The Diversity of Bacteria and Archaea 274 A Glimpse of History 274 Key Terms 274 METABOLIC DIVERSITY 11.1 Anaerobic Chemotrophs 275 Heather Davies/Science Photo Library/ Getty Images Anaerobic Chemolithotrophs 275 Anaerobic Chemoorganotrophs—Anaerobic Respiration 276 Anaerobic Chemoorganotrophs—Fermentation 276 11.2 Anoxygenic Phototrophs 277 Purple Bacteria 278 Green Bacteria 278 Other Anoxygenic Phototrophs 279 Key Terms 255 11.3 Oxygenic Phototrophs 279 10.1 Principles of Taxonomy 256 Strategies Used to Identify Diane Keough/Moment/Getty Images Microorganisms 256 Strategies Used to Classify Microorganisms 256 Nomenclature 257 10.2 Identification Methods Based on Phenotype 259 Microscopic Morphology 259 Culture Characteristics 260 Metabolic Capabilities 260 Serological Characteristics 262 Protein Profile 262 10.3 Identification Methods Based on Genotype 264 Detecting Specific Nucleotide Sequences 264 Sequencing Ribosomal RNA Genes 264 Whole Genome Sequencing 265 10.4 Characterizing Strain Differences 266 Biochemical Typing 266 Serological Typing 266 Whole Genome Sequencing 266 Phage Typing 267 Antibiograms 267 10.5 Classifying Microorganisms 269 Sequence Analysis of Ribosomal Components 269 DNA-DNA Hybridization (DDH) 270 Sequence Analysis of Genomes 270 G + C Content 270 Phenotypic Methods 271 Cyanobacteria 279 11.4 Aerobic Chemolithotrophs 280 Sulfur-Oxidizing Bacteria 281 Nitrifiers 281 Hydrogen-Oxidizing Bacteria 282 11.5 Aerobic Chemoorganotrophs 282 Obligate Aerobes 282 Facultative Anaerobes 284 ECQPHYSIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY 11.6 Thriving in Terrestrial Environments 286 Bacteria That Form a Resting Stage 286 Bacteria That Associate with Plants 287 11.7 Thriving in Aquatic Environments 289 Sheathed Bacteria 289 Prosthecate Bacteria 289 Bacteria That Derive Nutrients from Other Organisms 290 Bacteria That Move by Unusual Mechanisms 291 Bacteria That Form Storage Granules 292 11.8 Animals as Habitats 293 Bacteria that Inhabit the Skin 293 Bacteria That Inhabit Mucous Membranes 294 Obligate Intracellular Parasites 296 11.9 Archaea That Thrive in Extreme Conditions 299 Extreme Halophiles 299 Extreme Thermophiles 300 FOCUS ON A CASE 11.1 294 xxiv Contents FOCUS ON THE FUTURE 11.1: Astrobiology: Searching for Life Beyond Earth 301 SUMMARY 301 13.3 The Roles of Bacteriophages in Horizontal Gene Transfer 339 REVIEW QUESTIONS 303 12 Lilamentous Phage Infections: M13 Phage as a Model 338 The Eukaryotic Members of the Microbial World 305 Generalized Transduction 339 Specialized Transduction 339 13.4 Methods Used to Study Bacteriophages 340 13.5 Animal Virus Replication 341 A Glimpse of History 305 Key Terms 305 12.1 Fungi 306 Characteristics of Fungi 307 Classification of Fungi 309 Steve Gschmeissner/ Science Photo Groups of Medically Library/Getty Images Important Fungi 310 Economic Importance of Fungi 311 Symbiotic Relationships of Fungi 312 12.2 Protozoa 313 Characteristics of Protozoa 313 Groups of Medically Significant Protozoa 314 Other Protozoan Groups 315 12.3 Algae 318 Attachment 341 Entry and Uncoating 341 Synthesis of Viral Proteins and Replication of the Genome 342 Assembly (Maturation) 345 Release 346 13.6 Categories of Animal Virus Infections 347 Acute Infections 347 Persistent Infections 347 13.7 Viruses and Human Tumors 349 Cancer-Causing Viruses 349 Cancer-Fighting Viruses 350 13.8 Cultivating and Quantitating Animal Viruses 351 Characteristics of Algae 318 Types of Algae 319 Exceptions to the Rule 320 Cultivating Animal Viruses 351 Quantitating Animal Viruses 352 13.9 Plant Viruses 353 12.4 Multicellular Parasites: Helminths 321 Life Cycles and Transmission of Helminths 321 Roundworms (Nematodes) 322 Tapeworms (Cestodes) 322 Flukes (Trematodes) 324 13.10 Other Infectious Agents: Viroids and Prions 354 Viroids 354 Prions 354 FOCUS ON A CASE 13.1 346 FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 13.1 : Microbe Mimicker 335 12.5 Arthropods 325 FOCUS ON THE FUTURE 13.1: The Potential of Phage Therapy 356 FOCUS ON A CASE 12.1 317 FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 12.1 : What Causes River SUMMARY 357 REVIEW QUESTIONS 358 Blindness? 322 SUMMARY 326 REVIEW QUESTIONS 327 13 Viruses, Viroids, and Prions 329 Microorganisms and Humans 14 The Innate Immune Response A Glimpse of History 329 360 Key Terms 329 A Glimpse of History 360 13.1 General Characteristics of Viruses 330 Viral Structure 330 Viral Taxonomy 330 Key Terms 360 Source: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)/CDC 13.2 Bacteriophages 335 Lytic Phage Infections: T4 Phage as a Model 335 Temperate Phage Infections: Lambda Phage as a Model 337 14.1 Overview of the Innate Immune Defenses 361 14.2 First-Line Defenses 362 Physical Barriers 363 Antimicrobial Substances 363 Normal Microbiota (Flora) 364 Science Photo Library/Alamy Stock Photo Contents 14.3 The Cells of the Immune System 364 xxv 15.3 The Т-Cell Response: Cell-Mediated Immunity 396 Granulocytes 365 Mononuclear Phagocytes 366 Dendritic Cells 367 Lymphocytes 367 General Characteristics of T Cells 396 Activation of T Cells 397 Effector Functions of Tc (CD8) Cells 398 Effector Functions of TH (CD4) Cells 399 14.4 Cell Communication 368 15.4 The В-Cell Response: Humoral Immunity 402 Surface Receptors 368 Cytokines 368 Adhesion Molecules 368 General Characteristics of В cells 402 В-Cell Activation 402 Characteristics of Antibodies 402 Evolution of the Humoral Response to Т-Dependent Antigens 404 The Response to Т-Independent Antigens 407 14.5 Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) 369 Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) That Monitor a Cell’s Surroundings 370 Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) That Monitor Material Ingested by a Cell 370 Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) That Monitor a Cell’s Cytoplasm 371 An Outcome of Cytoplasmic Pattern Recognition: The Interferon Response 371 15.5 Lymphocyte Development 408 Generation of Diversity 408 Negative Selection of Self-Reactive В Cells 408 Positive and Negative Selection of Self-Reactive T Cells 408 15.6 Natural Killer (NK) Cells 409 14.6 The Complement System 372 Complement System Activation 373 Effector Functions of the Complement System 374 Regulation of the Complement System 374 FOCUS ON A CASE 15.1 410 FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 15.1: What Flavors Are Your Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Molecules? 401 SUMMARY 411 14.7 Phagocytosis 375 The Process of Phagocytosis 375 Characteristics of Macrophages 376 Characteristics of Neutrophils 377 14.8 The Inflammatory Response 377 The Inflammatory Process 378 Damaging Effects of Inflammation 378 Cell Death and the Inflammatory Response 380 14.9 Fever 380 REVIEW QUESTIONS 413 16 Host-Microbe Interactions 415 A Glimpse of History 415 Key Terms 415 MICROBES, HEALTH, AND DISEASE 1 6.1 The Anatomical Barriers as Ecosystems 416 FOCUS ON A CASE 14.1 381 FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 14.1 : For Schistosoma, the Inflammatory Response Delivers 380 NIAID, NIH, Rocky Mountain Laboratories 16.2 The Human Microbiome 416 Composition of the Microbiome 4 J 7 Beneficial Roles of the Human Microbiome 417 SUMMARY 382 REVIEW QUESTIONS 383 16.3 Principles of Infectious Disease 418 15 The Adaptive Immune Response 385 A Glimpse of History 385 16.4 Determining the Cause of an Infectious Disease 420 Key Terms 385 Koch’s Postulates 420 Molecular Koch’s Postulates 421 15.1 Overview of the Adaptive Immune Response 386 Cell-Mediated Immunity 388 Humoral Immunity 389 The Nature of Antigens 389 The Lymphatic System 391 The Big Picture Summary 392 Pathogenicity 418 Characteristics of Infectious Disease 419 Science Photo Library/Getty images 15.2 Clonal Selection and Expansion of Lymphocytes 394 MECHANISMS OF PATHOGENESIS 16.5 Establishing Infection 422 Adherence 422 Colonization 422 Delivering Effector Proteins to Host Cells 423 xxvi Contents 16.6 Invasion—Breaching the Anatomical Barriers 423 17.5 Common Types of Immunoassays 453 Penetrating the Skin 423 Penetrating Mucous Membranes 423 Immunoassays That Use Labeled Antibodies 454 Immunoassays That Involve Visible Antigen-Antibody Aggregates 457 16.7 Avoiding the Host Defenses 424 Hiding Within a Host Cell 424 Avoiding Destruction by Phagocytes 425 Avoiding Killing by Complement System Proteins 426 Avoiding Recognition by Antibodies 427 FOCUS ON A CASE 17.1 453 FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 17.1: Obtaining Monoclonal Antibodies 449 SUMMARY 461 REVIEW QUESTIONS 462 16.8 Damage to the Host 427 Exotoxins 427 Endotoxin and Other Bacterial Cell Wall Components 430 Damaging Effects of the Immune Response 432 16.9 Mechanisms of Viral Pathogenesis 433 Binding to Host Cells and Invasion 433 AvoidinaJđbune Responses 433 Damage tcWfe Host 434 18 A Glimpse of History 464 Key Terms 464 18.1 Hypersensitivities 464 Type I Hypersensitivities: Immediate IgE-Mediated 465 ¡bubutu/Shutterstock Type II Hypersensitivities: Cytotoxic 468 Type III Hypersensitivities: Immune Complex֊Mediated 470 Type IV Hypersensitivities: Delayed-Type Cell-Mediated 471 16.10 Mechanisms of Eukaryotic Pathogenesis 434 Fungi 434 Protozoa and Helminths 435 FOCUS ON A CASE 16.1 429 FOCUS ON THE FUTURE 16.1: The Potential of Probiotics 435 18.2 Autoimmune Disease 473 Systemic Autoimmune Diseases 474 Organ-Specific Autoimmune Diseases 474 SUMMARY 436 REVIEW QUESTIONS 437 17 Immunological Disorders 464 18.3 Immunodeficiency Disorders 476 Applications of Immune Responses 439 Primary Immunodeficiencies 476 Secondary Immunodeficiencies 477 A Glimpse of History 439 FOCUS ON A CASE 18.1 476 Key Terms 439 FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 18.1: The Fetus as an Allograft 473 IMMUNIZATION AND IMMUNOTHERAPY 17.1 Principles of Immunization 440 SUMMARY 478 REVIEW QUESTIONS 479 Kevin Horan/The image Bank/Getty Images Active Immunity 440 Passive Immunity 440 17.2 Vaccines and Immunization Procedures 441 Attenuated Vaccines 441 Inactivated Vaccines 442 The Importance of Vaccines 443 An Example of Vaccination Strategy— The Campaign to Eliminate Poliomyelitis 444 17.3 Immunotherapies 446 Immunotherapies for Cancer 446 Immunotherapies for Immunological Disorders 449 Immunotherapies for Infectious Diseases 450 IMMUNOLOGICAL TESTING 17.4 Principles of Immunoassays 451 Quantifying Antigen-Antibody Reactions 452 Obtaining Known Antibodies 452 19 Epidemiology 481 A Glimpse of History 481 Key Terms 481 19.1 Basic Concepts of Epidemiology 482 19.2 Chain of Infection 483 Source: CDC/James Gathany Reservoirs of Infection 483 Portals of Exit 484 Disease Transmission 484 Portals of Entry 487 19.3 Factors That Influence the Epidemiology of Disease 487 The Dose 488 The Incubation Period 488 The Host Population 488 The Environment 488 Contents 19.4 Epidemiological Studies 4ՏՑ 20.4 Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing 516 Descriptive Studies 489 Analytical Studies 490 Experimental Studies 491 Conventional Disc Diffusion Method 516 Minimum Inhibitory and Minimum Bactericidal Concentrations (MIC and MBC) 517 Commercial Modifications of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing 518 19.5 Infectious Disease Surveillance 491 National Disease Surveillance Network 493 Worldwide Disease Surveillance 494 Reduction and Eradication of Disease 494 20.5 Resistance to Antimicrobial Medications 519 Mechanisms of Acquired Resistance 519 Acquisition of Resistance 521 Examples of Emerging Resistance 521 Preventing Resistance 523 19.6 Emerging Infectious Diseases 495 19.7 Healthcare-Associated Infections 496 Reservoirs of Infectious Agents in Healthcare Settings 496 Transmission of Infectious Agents in Healthcare Settings 498 Preventing Healthcare-Associated Infections 498 20.6 Mechanisms of Action of Antiviral Medications 526 Prevent Viral Entry 526 Interfere with Viral Uncoating 526 Interfere with Nucleic Acid Synthesis 527 Prevent Genome Integration 527 Prevent Assembly and Release of Viral Particles 527 FOCUS ON A CASE 19.1 492 FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 19.1: Standard Precautions-Protecting Patients and Healthcare Personnel 499 FOCUS ON THE FUTURE 19.1: Maintaining Vigilance Against Bioterrorism 500 20.7 Mechanisms of Action of Antifungal Medications 529 Interfere with Cytoplasmic Membrane Synthesis and Function 529 Interfere with Cell Wall Synthesis 529 Interfere with Cell Division 530 Interfere with Nucleic Acid Synthesis 530 Interfere with Protein Synthesis 530 SUMMARY 501 REVIEW QUESTIONS 502 20 .Antimicrobial Medications 504 A Glimpse of History 504 Key Terms 504 20.1 History and Development of Antimicrobial Medications 504 Discovery of Antimicrobial Source: James Gathany/CDC Medications 505 Discovery of Antibiotics 505 Development of New Antimicrobial Medications 505 20.2 Characteristics of Antimicrobial Medications 507 Selective Toxicity 507 Antimicrobial Action 507 Spectrum of Activity 507 Effects of Antimicrobial Combinations 507 Tissue Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion of the Medication 507 Adverse Effects 508 Resistance to Antimicrobials 508 xxvii 20.8 Mechanisms of Action of Antiprotozoan and Antihelminthic Medications 531 FOCUS ON A CASE 20.1 525 FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 20.1: Using Diffusion Tests to Measure the Concentration of an Antimicrobial Medication in Blood or Other Body Fluids 519 FOCUS ON THE FUTURE 20.1: The Race to Develop COVID-19 Treatments 532 SUMMARY 533 REVIEW QUESTIONS 534 Infectious Diseases 21 Respiratory System Infections 536 A Glimpse of History 536 20.3 Mechanisms of Action of Antibacterial Medications 508 Inhibit Cell Wall Synthesis 509 Inhibit Protein Synthesis 512 Inhibit Nucleic Acid Synthesis 513 Interfere with Metabolic Pathways 514 Interfere with Cell Membrane Integrity 514 Effective Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis 514 Key Terms 536 21.1 Anatomy, Physiology, and Ecology of the Respiratory System 536 The Upper Respiratory Tract 537 The Lower Respiratory Tract 539 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention xxviii Contents UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS Impetigo 590 Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever 591 Cutaneous Anthrax 593 21.2 Bacterial Infections of the Upper Respiratory System 540 Pink Eye, Earache, and Sinus Infections 540 Streptococcal Pharyngitis (“Strep Throat”) 541 Post-Streptococcal Sequelae 544 Diphtheria 545 22.3 Viral Diseases of the Skin 594 Varicella (Chickenpox) 595 Rubeola (Measles) 597 Rubella (German Measles) 600 Other Viral Rashes of Childhood 601 Warts 603 21.3 Virai Infections of the Upper Respiratory System 548 The Common Cold 548 Adenovirus Respiratory Tract Infections 549 22.4 Fungal Diseases of the Skin 603 Superficial Cutaneous Mycoses 603 Other Fungal Diseases 604 LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS FOCUS ON PNEUMONIA 551 FOCUS ON A CASE 22.1 600 21.4 Bacterial Infections of the Lower Respiratory System 552 Pneumococcal Pneumonia 552 Klebsiella Pneumonia 553 Mycoplasmal Pneumonia (“Walking Pneumonia”) 554 Pertussis (“Whooping Cough”) 555 Tuberculosis (“ТВ”) 557 Legionnaires’ Disease (Legionella Pneumonia) 561 Inhalation Anthrax 563 21.5 Vira! Infections of the Lower Respiratory System 565 Influenza (“Flu”) 565 Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Infections 568 Coronavirus Infections: COVID-19, SARS, and MERS 569 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome 572 21.6 Fungal Infections of the Lower Respiratory System 573 Coccidioidomycosis (“Valley Fever”) 574 Histoplasmosis (“Spelunker’s Disease”) 575 Pneumocystis Pneumonia (PCP) 576 FOCUS ON A CASE 21.1 546 FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 22.1: A Global Lesson in Microbiology: The COVID-19 Pandemic 571 DISEASES IN REVIEW 21.1: Respiratory System Diseases 578 Shade 598 DISEASES IN REVIEW 22.1: Common Bacterial, Viral, and Fungal Skin Diseases 606 SUMMARY 607 REVIEW QUESTIONS 607 23 Wound Infections 609 A Glimpse of History 609 Key Terms 609 23.1 Anatomy, Physiology, and Ecology of Wounds 609 Wound Abscesses 611 vGarry Watson/Sciena ли 23.2 Common Bacterial Infections of Wounds 612 Staphylococcal Wound Infections 612 Group A Streptococcal “Flesh-Eating Disease” 613 Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections 614 23.3 Diseases Due to Anaerobic Bacterial Wound Infections 617 Tetanus (“Lockjaw”) 617 Clostridial Myonecrosis (“Gas Gangrene”) 619 23.4 Bacterial Infections of Bite Wounds 622 SUMMARY 579 Human Bites 622 Pasteurella múltoddá Bite Wound Infections 623 Bartonellosis (“Cat Scratch Disease”) 624 Other Bacterial Bite Wound Infections 625 REVIEW QUESTIONS 580 22 Skin Infections 582 23.5 Fungal Wound Infections 625 A Glimpse of History 582 Key Terms 582 Sporotrichosis (“Rose Gardener’s Disease”) 625 22.1 Anatomy, Physiology, and Ecology of the Skin 582 22.2 Bacterial Diseases of the Skin 584 FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 22.1: The Ghost of Smallpox: An Evil FOCUS ON A CASE 23.1 622 FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 23.1: Infection Caused by a Human Source: Janice Carr/CDC Acne Vulgaris 584 Hair Follicle Infections 586 Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome 589 “Bite” 624 DISEASES IN REVIEW 23.1: Wound Infections 627 SUMMARY 628 REVIEW QUESTIONS 628 e Contents 24Digestive System Infections 630 25 Blood and Lymphatic Infections 672 A Glimpse of History 630 A Glimpse of History 672 Key Terms 630 Key Terms 672 24.1 Anatomy, Physiology, and Ecology of the Digestive System 631 25.1 Anatomy, Physiology, and Ecology of the Blood and Lymphatic Systems 673 The Upper Digestive System 632 The Lower Digestive System The Heart 673 Blood Vessels 673 Lymphatics (Lymphatic Vessels) 673 Spleen 674 UPPER DIGESTIVE SYSTEM INFECTIONS 24.2 Bacterial Diseases of the Upper Digestive System 634 Dental Caries 635 Periodontal Disease 636 Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis 637 Helicobacter pylori Gastritis 639 25.2 Bacterial Diseases of the Blood and Lymphatic Systems 674 Infective Endocarditis 674 Sepsis and Septic Shock 675 Plague (“Black Death”) 676 Lyme Disease 678 Vibrio vulnificus Infection 682 Tularemia (“Rabbit Fever” or “Deer Fly Fever”) 683 Brucellosis (“Undulant Fever” or “Bang’s Disease”) 684 24.3 Viral Diseases of the Upper Digestive System 641 Oral Herpes (Cold Sores) 641 Mumps 642 LOWER DIGESTIVE SYSTEM INFECTIONS 25.3 Viral Diseases of the Blood and Lymphatic Systems 686 FOCUS ON DIARRHEAL DISEASES 644 Infectious Mononucleosis (“Mono” or “Kissing Disease”) 686 Ebola Disease (EBOD) and Marburg Disease (MARD) 688 Yellow Fever 689 Dengue and Severe Dengue 690 Chikungunya 691 Zika Virus Disease 692 24.4 Bacterial Diseases of the Lower Digestive System 644 Cholera 645 Shigellosis 647 Escherichia coli Gastroenteritis 648 Salmonella Gastroenteritis 650 Enteric Fever (Typhoid and Paratyphoid) 652 Campylobacteriosis 653 Ciostridioides (Clostridium) difficile Infection (CDI) 654 24.5 Viral Diseases of the Lower Digestive SystemIntestinal Tract 656 Rotavirus Gastroenteritis 656 Norovirus Gastroenteritis 656 24.6 Viral Diseases of the Lower Digestive System—Liver 658 Hepatitis A 658 Hepatitis В 659 Hepatitis C 661 24.7 Protozoan Diseases of the Lower Digestive System 662 Giardiasis 662 Cryptosporidiosis (“Crypto”) 663 Cyclosporiasis 665 Amebiasis 666 xxix 25.4 Protozoan Diseases of the Blood and Lymphatic Systems 694 Malaria 694 FOCUS ON A CASE 25.1 692 DISEASES IN REVIEW 25.1: Blood and Lymphatic Infections 699 SUMMARY 700 REVIEW QUESTIONS 701 26 Nervous System Infections 703 A Glimpse of History 703 Key Terms 703 26.1 Anatomy, Physiology, and Ecology of the Nervous System 703 Science Picture Co/Getty Images CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INFECTIONS FOCUS ON A CASE 24.1 640 DISEASES IN REVIEW 24.1: Digestive System Diseases 668 SUMMARY 669 REVIEW QUESTIONS 670 FOCUS ON MENINGITIS 706 26.2 Bacterial Diseases of the Central Nervous System 706 Pneumococcal Meningitis 707 xxx Contents Meningococcal Meningitis 708 Haemophilus influenzae Meningitis 709 Neonatal Meningitis 710 Listeriosis 711 SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS FOCUS ON SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS 748 27.4 Bacterial STIs 748 Chlamydial Infections 748 Gonorrhea 751 Mycoplasma genitalium Infections 753 Syphilis 755 Chancroid 758 26.3 Viral Diseases of the Centra! Nervous System 713 Viral Meningitis 713 West Nile and Other Types of Viral Encephalitis 714 Poliomyelitis 715 Rabies 718 27.5 Viral STIs 760 26.4 Fungal Diseases of the Central Nervous System 721 Genital Herpes 760 Human Papillomavirus STIs: Genital Warts and Cervical Cancer 761 HIV/AIDS 763 Cryptococcal Meningoencephalitis 721 26.5 Protozoan Diseases of the Central Nervous System 723 African Trypanosomiasis (“African Sleeping Sickness”) 723 Toxoplasmosis 724 Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM) 726 26.6 Diseases Caused by Prions 727 Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies in Humans 728 27.6 Protozoan STIs 771 Trichomoniasis (“Trich”) 771 FOCUS ON A CASE 27.1 742 FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 27.1: Conquering Syphilis 759 FOCUS ON THE FUTURE 27.1: Getting Control of Sexually Transmitted Infections 772 DISEASES IN REVIEW 27.1: Genitourinary Infections 773 SUMMARY 774 PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INFECTIONS REVIEW QUESTIONS 775 26.7 Bacterial Diseases of the Peripheral Nervous System 729 Hansen’s Disease (Leprosy) 729 Botulism 731 Applied Microbiology 28 FOCUS ON A CASE 26.1 711 Microbial Ecology 777 FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 26.1: Rabies Survivors! 721 DISEASES IN REVIEW 26.1: Nervous System Diseases 734 SUMMARY 735 Genitourinary Tract Infections 738 A Glimpse of History 738 Key Terms 738 27.1 Anatomy, Physiology, and Ecology of the Genitourinary System The Urinary System 738 The Genital System 739 Key Terms 777 28.1 Principles of Microbial Ecology 778 REVIEW QUESTIONS 736 27 A Glimpse of History 777 Nutrient Acquisition 778 Photo by Tim McCabe, USDA Natural Microbes in Low-Nutrient Resource Conservation Service Environments 778 Microbial Competition 779 Microorganisms and Environmental Changes 779 Microbial Communities 780 28.2 Studying Microbial Ecology 781 Science Photo Library - PASIEKA/Getty Images 27.2 Urinary Tract Infections 740 Bacterial Cystitis (“Bladder Infection”) 740 Leptospirosis 741 27.3 Genital System Diseases 744 Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) 745 Vulvovaginal Candidiasis (WC) 746 Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome 746 28.3 Aquatic Habitats 782 Marine Environments 782 Freshwater Environments 783 Specialized Aquatic Environments 783 28.4 Terrestrial Habitats 783 Characteristics of Soil 784 Microorganisms in Soil 784 28.5 Biogeochemical Cycling and Energy Flow 785 Carbon Cycle 785 Contents Nitrogen Cycle 786 Sulfur Cycle 788 Phosphorus Cycle and Other Cycles 788 Energy Sources for Ecosystems 789 28.6 Mutualistic Relationships Between Microorganisms and Eukaryotes 790 Mycorrhizas 790 Symbiotic Nitrogen-Fixers and Plants 790 Microorganisms and Herbivores 792 FOCUS ON A CASE 28.1 792 Food Microbiology 810 A Glimpse of History 810 Key Terms 810 30.1 Factors Influencing the Growth of Microorganisms in Foods 811 Intrinsic Factors 811 Extrinsic Factors 812 Images by Tang Ming Tung/Getty Images 30.2 Microorganisms in Food and Beverage Production 812 SUMMARY 793 REVIEW QUESTIONS 794 2?; 30 Tivironmental Microbiology: Treatment of Water, Wastes, and Polluted Habitats 796 Lactic Acid Fermentations by the Lactic Acid Bacteria 813 Alcoholic Fermentations by Yeast 815 Changes Due to Mold Growth 817 30.3 Food Spoilage 818 Common Spoilage Bacteria 818 Common Spoilage Fungi 818 A Glimpse of History 796 Key Terms 796 29.1 Microbiology of Wastewater Treatment 797 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) 797 30.4 Foodborne Illness 819 Foodborne Intoxication 819 Foodborne Infection 819 Robert Glusic/Getty Images Municipal Wastewater Treatment Methods 797 individual Wastewater Treatment Systems 800 29.2 Drinking Water Treatment and Testing 801 Water Treatment Processes 801 Water Testing 802 30.5 Food Preservation 822 FOCUS ON A CASE 30.1 821 FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 30.1: Botox for Beauty and Pain Relief 821 SUMMARY 823 REVIEW QUESTIONS 824 29.3 Microbiology of Solid Waste Treatment 805 Sanitary Landfills for Solid Waste Disposal 805 Municipal and Backyard Composting—Alternative to Landfills 805 29.4 Microbiology of Bioremediation 806 Pollutants 806 Strategies of Bioremediation 807 FOCUS ON A CASE 29.1 804 SUMMARY 808 REVIEW QUESTIONS 808 xxxi APPENDIX I Microbial Mathematics A-1 APPENDIX II Pronunciation Key for Bacterial, Fungal, Protozoan, and Viral Names A-2 APPENDIX III Metabolic Pathways A-4 APPENDIX IV Answers to Multiple Choice Questions A-7 APPENDIX V Microbial Terminology A-8 GLOSSARY/INDEX GI-1
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id	DE-604.BV047430637
illustrated	Illustrated
indexdate	2024-12-20T19:19:23Z
institution	BVB
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language	English
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physical	xxxi, 824, A-9, GI-30 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme
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spellingShingle	Anderson, Denise G. Salm, Sarah Beins, Mira Nester, Eugene W. Nester's microbiology a human perspective Medizinische Mikrobiologie (DE-588)4038264-3 gnd Mikrobiologie (DE-588)4316357-9 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4038264-3 (DE-588)4316357-9
title	Nester's microbiology a human perspective
title_alt	Microbiology
title_auth	Nester's microbiology a human perspective
title_exact_search	Nester's microbiology a human perspective
title_full	Nester's microbiology a human perspective Denise Anderson, Sarah Salm, Mira Beins, Eugene W. Nester
title_fullStr	Nester's microbiology a human perspective Denise Anderson, Sarah Salm, Mira Beins, Eugene W. Nester
title_full_unstemmed	Nester's microbiology a human perspective Denise Anderson, Sarah Salm, Mira Beins, Eugene W. Nester
title_short	Nester's microbiology
title_sort	nester s microbiology a human perspective
title_sub	a human perspective
topic	Medizinische Mikrobiologie (DE-588)4038264-3 gnd Mikrobiologie (DE-588)4316357-9 gnd
topic_facet	Medizinische Mikrobiologie Mikrobiologie
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032833118&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
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