Warsaw Ghetto police: the Jewish Order Service during the Nazi occupation
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| 520 | 3 | |a Establishment of the Jewish Order Service -- Organization and the objectives of the Service -- Violence and corruption in the exercise of daily duties -- Police in the eyes of the ghetto population: interpretation of violence -- Police officers' voices -- Response to violence: regulation of the activity of the Jewish Order Service -- Spring -- Umschlagplatz -- After resettlement -- The courts | |
| 520 | 3 | |a "Focuses on the history of the Jewish Order Service (known as the Jewish Police) in the Warsaw Ghetto, 1940-1943 and its perception among ghetto inhabitants"-- | |
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| adam_text | Contents List of Illustrations Acknowledgments Abbreviations vii ix xi Map of the Warsaw Ghetto in November 1940 Introduction xiii 1 1. Establishment of the Jewish Order Service 4 2. Organization and Objectives of the Service 33 3. Violence and Corruption in the Exercise of Daily Duties 49 4. Police in the Eyes of the Ghetto Population 76 5. Policemen s Voices 89 6. Response to Violence 102 7. Spring 1942 111 8. Umschlagplatz 121 9. After Resettlement 139 10. The Courts 147 Conclusion 155
CONTENTS Appendix 1. Sanitation Instructions for Precinct Patrolmen 159 Appendix 2. Official Instructionfor the Order Senice Notes 161 179 Bibliography 215 Name Index 223 Subject Index 227
IN WARSAW GHETTO POLICE, Katarzyna Person shines a spotlight on the lawyers, engineers, young yeshiva graduates, and sons of connected businessmen who, in the autumn of 1940, joined the newly formed Jewish Order Service. Person tracks the everyday life of policemen as their involvement with the horrors of ghetto life gradually increased. Facing and engaging with brutality, corruption, and the degradation and humiliation of their own people, these po licemen found it virtually impossible to exercise individual agency. While some saw the Jewish police as fellow victims, others viewed them as a threat more dangerous than the German occu pation authorities; both were held responsible for the destruction of a historically important and thriving community. Person emphasizes the complexity of the situation, the policemen’s place in the network of social life in the ghetto, and the difficulty behind the choices that they made. By placing the actions of the Jewish Order Service in historical context, she explores both the decisions that its members were forced to make and the consequences of those actions. Featuring testimonies of members of the Jewish Order Service and of others who could see them as they themselves could not, Warsaw Ghetto Police brings these impossible situations to life. It also demonstrates how a community chooses to remember those whose allegiances did not seem clear.
Bibliography Archival Collections Archiwum Akt Nowych, Warsaw Archiwum Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej, Warsaw Archiwum Państwowe w Warszawie, Warsaw Jewish Historical Institute Archive, Warsaw Ghetto Fighters House Archive, Lohamei Hagetaot, Israel Landesarchiv Nordrhein-Westfalen, Abteilung Westfalen, Münster Muzeum Historii Żydów Polskich Archive, Warsaw Staatsarchiv der Hansestadt Hamburg, Hamburg United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Archive, Washington, DC USC Shoah Foundation Visual History Archive, Los Angeles Yad Vashem Archive, Jerusalem YIVO Archive, New York Newspapers and Periodicals Biuletyn (Warsaw Ghetto) Dos Fraye Vort (Warsaw Ghetto) Dror (Warsaw Ghetto) El-Al (Warsaw Ghetto) Gazeta Policyjna Państwowa (Warsaw) Gazeta Żydowska (Warsaw Ghetto) Kurier Pobki (Warsaw) Na Posterunku (Warsaw) Nasz Przegląd (Warsaw) Nasz Przegląd Ilustrowany: Dodatek specjalny do “Naszego Przeglądu” (Warsaw) Nowy Kurier Warszawski (Warsaw) Wiadomości ARG (Warsaw Ghetto) Nowy Kurier Warszawski (Warsaw) Der Oyfbroyz (Warsaw Ghetto) Polska Zbrojna (Warsaw) Przegląd Policyjny (Warsaw) Wiadomośd Pobkie (London) Żagiew (Warsaw Ghetto) Yedies (Warsaw Ghetto) Yugnt Shtime (Warsaw Ghetto) 215
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Name Index Page numbers followed by letterƒrefer to figures. Adler, Stanisław: on bonding ofJewish Order Service members, 98; on corruption ofjewish Order Service, 60, 82, 85, 92; on formation ofjewish Order Service, 7, 16, 18; on Gancwajch, 30; memoirs of, 152, 213nl6; in postwar era, 152; on roundups, Jewish policemen s participation in, 97; on Sienna Street, 94; and Statute ofjewish Order Service, 33; survival of, 146; on Szeryński, 100; work for Jewish Order Service, 16, 21, 33; on Zundelewicz, 12 Ajzenberg, J., 16 Aleksiun, Natalia, 128 Alter, M., 19 Arendt, Hannah, 154 Auerbach, Rachela, 23, 78, 105, 111, 116 Auerswald, Heinz, 14, 26, 57, 95, 183n53; and executions of policemen, 120; roundups ordered by, 116, 117; Szerynski s arrest and, 113 Balaban, Mejer, 19,184ո69 Bańkowska, Aleksandra, 210n79 Bauman, Janina, 131, 134-35 Ber, Gustaw, 197ПІ16 Berenson, Leon, 10, 11, 16, 23, 113, 182n33, 198n2 Berenstein, Tatiana, 62 Berensztajn, Srul, 23 Berland, Marian, 145 Biebów, Hans, 151 Birenbaum, Halina, 127 Blaupapier, Ignacy, 70, 71, 72 Blumstein, Moszek, 57 Brandt, Karl, 26, 27; and deportation operations, 121, 140; deputy of, 26, 49; and Lejkin, 114, 121; and Szeryński, 112, 122 Brendel, Jakub, 37-38 Brewda, Alina, 143, 211n22 Browning, Christopher, 152, 153,156 Brzeziński, Mieczysław, 125, 134, 141 Bursztyn, Mojsze, 19, 184ո70 Buyko, Bolesław, 12, 183ո40 Can, Wolf, 194ո47 Czapliński, Marceli, 16, 122, 135, 140 Czapliński, Stanisław, 11fi 16; attack on, 140; during deportations, 122, 135; leadership change and, 121, 207n6 Czerniaków, Adam, 2f, 4, 7f, 179nl; on Central
Lockup, 66-70; on corruption, 49; deportation plans and, 121; on executions of policemen, 119, 120; on Gestapo protegés, 28; and Händel, 14; irregularities in Jewish Order Service and, 106,107; and Jewish Order Service, establishment of, 4, 6, 8, 9; on Labor Battalion ofjewish Council, 5; on labor camps, 195n76; on Lejkin, 113-14; at military-style ceremonies, 85£ 100; and Passenstein, 65; after pogrom of April 17, 1942, 112; on police kitchens, 108; and recruitment for Jewish Order Service, 20, 82; and responsibilities ofjewish Order Service, 46; on Roma deported to Warsaw ghetto, 69; on smuggling operations, 57; suicide of, 122, 124, 143, 151, 179Ш; suspension of policemen by, 107; and Szeryński, 10, 11, 12-13, 17, 26, 109, 112-13, 205ПІ0; on Szeryński and Blue Police, 85; on the Thirteen, 29; weekend getaway of, 14 Dąb, Mieczysław, 24, 186nl02 Dajelbaum, Zygmunt, 195n74 David, Janina, 132, 143 223
224 NAME INDEX Dobrin (Drobin), Berthold, 22, 185ո87, 205nl7 Dudziński, 100 Dymiński, Leon, 39, 203ո40 Edelman, Marek, 186nl02. See also Dąb, Mieczysław Ehrlich, Józef, 19, 27-28, 122 Engel, David, 141 Engelking, Barbara, 99,104,185n89 Engelman, Yehuda, 24 Epsztąjn, Jakub, 24 Epsztein, Tadeusz, 210n79 Ernest, Stefan, 82-83, 112 Fajcyn, Zygmunt, 25, 25f, 187ПІ09 Finder, Gabriel, 148 First, Israel, 14, 141 Fischer, Ludwig, б, 180ПІ2 Fiszbaum, Motek, 73 Fleischman, Albin, 38, 190Ш8 Fogel, Mojżesz, 109 Frank, Hans, 5, 6, 180n9, 180Ш1 Furstenberg, Jerzy, 141, 208n20 Gac, Luba, 73 Gancwajch, Abraham, ЗО, 31, 188ПІ32, 189ПІ48 Garbarmi, Alexandra, 83 Gepner, Abraham, 22,185n87 Goldman, Szymon, 196n78 Goldstein (Goldsztejn), Mieczysław, 103, 203n4, 203ПІ2 Goldsztejn, Nikodem, 203n4 Gombiriski, Stanisław: on attitudes toward Jewish Order Service, 76; on Berenson, 10; on deportations, 121,124,149; drafts of memoir of, 152; on Händel, 14; on offices ofjewish Order Service, 35; on policemen in labor camps, 63; in postwar era, 149, 151; on recruitment for Jewish Order Service, 17, 33, 184n61; on roundups of children, 117-18; Szeryriski and, 16, 144; on Umschlagplatz, 134; after Warsaw Uprising, 146; work at Jewish Order Service, 16, 21, 23 Górny,Jechiel, 119,120, 141, 146, 155 Gorodecka, Chana, 70 Grabowski, Jan, 104 Gran, Wiera, 188ПІЗЗ Grüss, Noe, 153 Grzybowski, Arie, 24, 186ո99 Gulbas, Eta, 196ո89 Hahn, Ludwig, 202ո26 Halber, Maurycy, 49 Händel, Marian, 14,15/, 183n51; adjutant of, 141, 208ո20; in postwar era, 213nl3; and recruitment for Jewish Order Service, 19, 22; role in Jewish
Order Service, 35, 36, 113; rumors about, 27 Heller, Zelig, 28, 188ПІ28 Here (Hertz), JózefJerzy, 190nl8, 203nl2 Heydrich, Reinhard, 5-6,180Ш0 Hilberg, Raul, 150,153, 154, 157 Hirszfeld, Ludwik, 197ПІ11 Höfle, Hermann, 121, 206nl Hofinan (SS Hauptsmrmfuhrer), 121 Holckener, Stanislaw, 210n4 Huberband, Shimon, 111 Hurwicz, Izaak, 70 Hurwicz, Sylwia, 70 Jakubowicz, Boruch, 201ո7 Janczewska, Marta, 36 Jaszuriski, Józef, 26,187ПІ10 Jof, Alfred, 59 Kac, Herman, 144 Kacenelson, Icchak, 138 Kanał, Israel, 24, 133, 186Ш01 Kapłan, Chaim, 128, 191n47 Kapłański (member of HeHalutz), 129, 209Ո45 Kaselberg, Bajía (Bella), 197ПІ21 Kasman, Salomon, 130 Kataszek, Szymon, 48, 192n61 Katz, Jakub, 57 Keselberg, Bajía (Bella), 197ПІ21 Kijek, Kamil, 81 Kleczkowski, Wacław, 39,100 Kligerman, Rywka, 73 Klimenko, Mikołaj, 200n45 Kobryner, Edward, 9, 26, 181n24 Kohn, Moryc, 28, 188Ш28 Kon, Menachem Mendel, 72-73 Korczak, Janusz, 47, 127 Kosman, Salomon, 125 Kozielewski, Marian, 12,180nl4,183n40 Kriiger, Friedrich-Wilhelm, 6 Krzemiński, S., 200n46 Kubliński, Edmund, 97 Kupczykier, Leopold, 9,12, 35,18ІП23 Kwiek, Janusz, 69 Landau, Eliezer, 58-59 Landau, Henryk, 190nl8
NAME INDEX Landau, Ludwik, 61, 64 Lederman, Rafał, 38, 100 Leist, Ludwig, 4, 14, 179nl Lejkin, Jakub: as acting commander ofJewish Order Service, 113-14, 121; assassination of, 140; in chain of command, 100, 140, 207n6; and deportation operations, 120, 121, 122, 124; efficiency in carrying out roundups, 114; grave of, 21ІПІ6; life numbers distributed by, 135, 210n70; reputation for violence, 101 Leociak, Jacek, 152, 185n89 Levi, Primo, 156 Lewi-Kurowska, Maria, 211n24 Lewin, Abraham, 78; on brutality ofjewish policemen, 125, 127, 128, 206n34; on policemen committing suicide, 129; on policemen taken to Umschlagplatz, 135 Lewin, Mendel, 57 Lewiński, Jerzy, 21, 92, 149, 150-51, 185n84; postwar testimony of, 207nll, 207ПІЗ Lewinson, Julian, 26, 187nl09 Lewkowicz (Lindenfeld s deputy), 70 Libionka, Dariusz, 88 Lichtenbaum, Mieczysław, 122 Lindenfeld, Leopold, 70, 94, 209n45 Litvak, Olga, 66 Lubliner, Stefan, 11 Luksenberg, Abram, 24 Makower, Henryk, 26,187ПІ09; on deportations, 125, 134, 136; after deportations, 144; on labor camps, 64; on leadership change, 207n6; on life numbers, distribution of, 210n68; on Szerynski’s suicide, 143 Margules, Fajga, 73 Mende, Gerhard, 26, 49, 140 Mendelsohn, Ezra, 80 Michelson, Mr., 61 Mickiewicz, Adam, 81, 199n21 Millet, Zygmunt, 16, 19,106, 198n7, 201n6, 203Ш2 Moniak, Karol, 100 Murmelstein, Benjamin, 46 Nadel, Henryk, 190nl8 Najberg, Leon, 123 Nowogródzki, Henryk, 103, 203n4, 203nl2; postwar trial of, 149, 212n32 Nusbaum, Szaja, 24 225 Ohlenbusch, Wilhelm, ЗО, 188nl34 Opoczyński, Peretz, 53 Ostrowska, Salomea, 60, 97 Pajkus, Josek, 73
Pankiewicz, Tadeusz, 202ո36 Passenstein, Marek, 56, 64, 65, 193Ո27 Pasztejn, Sala, 73 Peczenik, Karol, 149, 190nl8 Pelzhausen, Walter, 152 Perechodnik, Calei, 80-81, 132, 139, 152, 213nl9 Perle, Yehoshua, 133, 134, 137, 138 Piżyc, Leon, 91, 144, 145 Podolska, Aldona, 214ո30 Prussak, Józef, 58, 102 Przymusiński, Franciszek, 6, 85-86, 18ІПІ4 Puterman, Irena, 146 Puterman, Samuel, 52, 131, 135, 145-46, 152, 193ПІ5 Reich-Ranicki, Marcel, 80 Rejder, Ignacy, 26, 186Ш08 Reszczyński, Aleksander, 6, 12, 100, 180ПІ4 Ringelblum, Emanuel, 5, 23, 157, 179n5; on attacks on policemen, 142; on Blue Police, 86; on brutality ofjewish Order Service, 59, 125, 128, 137, 138; on closing of Warsaw Ghetto, 5; on corruption of Jewish Order Service, 31, 49, 71, 193n9; during deportations, 129; on disciplining of policemen, 105; on executions at Central Lockup, 74; on executions of policemen, 145; on exploitation ofjewish masses, 110; on Jewish Underground after deportations, 140; on Oneg Shabbat, 77; and Passenstein, 64, 193n27; on policemen’s claims of innocence, 150; on roundups, Jewish Order Service s participation in, 97, 208n29; sources of information for, 78 Rode, Józef, 36, 190nl7, 190Ш8 Rodkiewicz, Władysław, 39, 100 Rose, Fryderyk, 70, 197Ш04 Rotholc, Szapsel, 56, 148, 149, 151, 152 Różański, Eliasz, 140 Rozenberg, Dwojra, 73 Rozensztat (lawyer), 16 Rozin, Aron, 197nll6 Różycki, Stanisław, 50-51, 83 Rudniariski, Izaak, 70, 197ПІ03, 209n45
Subject Index Page numbers followed by letter ƒ refer to figures. alcohol consumption, Jewish Order Service and, 82, 85, 98, 99, 132, 142, 202n36 Anti-aircraft Defense Department, Jewish Order Service, 35, 36-37,38if Anti-epidemic Company, Jewish Order Service, 20, 43, 5If 126/ antisemitism: in interwar Poland, impact on Jewish intelligentsia, 22,23, 80; in postwar Poland, and perceptions ofJewish Order Service, 147, 154 assimilation, Jewish Order Service as symbol of, 11, 76, 78-81 Auschwitz extermination camp, 12, 183n40, 186Ո99,21ІП22 Austria, Jewish displaced persons (DP) camps in, 149 Bełżec (Belzee) death camp, 111 Blue Police (Polish Blue Police), 5; activities in Warsaw Ghetto, 44, 52; and Central Lockup, 68, 70; corruption of, 21, 44, 85-87; and disinfection operations, 52, 53; and Jewish Order Service, 6-7, 11-12, 21, 27, 29, 36, 39, 44, 84-87, 88; Jewish Order Service compared to, 4; looting by, 128, 145; official instructions of, 33; Orpo and, 6, 27; and smuggling operations, 57, 85-86 children, in Warsaw Ghetto: abandoned and orphaned, 47, 123, 127; beggars, roundups of, 117-18, 123-24; deportations of, 123-24, 127, 132-33, 135, 137, 138; imprisoned in Central Lockup, 68, 69f 72-73; smugglers, 60, 72 Chłodna Street, Warsaw Ghetto, xiii; deportations from, 124; high-ranking officers living on, 94; Jewish Order Service precinct at, 190nl8; sentry post at, 64 i Ciepła Street, Warsaw Ghetto, xiii; disinfection of apartment buildings on, 52 iclass struggle, Jewish Order Service presented as part of, 154 i corruption: of Blue Police, 21, 44, 85-87; ofjewish Order
Service, 50-57, 61, 63, 66, 71, 81, 82-83, 90, 91, 92-93, 98, 105, 107-8, 128-29, 155; of Labor Battalion, 49 Cracow Ghetto: alcohol consumption in, 202n36; Gestapo informers in, 27; Jewish Order Service jail in, 196n83; Ordnungsdienst in, 18ІПІ9; postwar trials of policemen from, 148 (death penalty: for former Thirteen leaders, 31; for Jews found outside Warsaw Ghetto, 87, 192Ո47; for smuggling, 57, 119 Central Lockup (Gęsia prison), Warsaw Ghetto, xiii, 44, 66-70, 67f, children in, 68, 69f, 72-73; deportations of prisoners from, 123; dissolution of, 144; executions at, 73-75, 97; female guards in, 70, 71J; head of, 94; Jewish Order Service members in, 120; labor-camp roundups at, 116; women in, 70, 72, 73, 74 Chełmno (Kulmhof) death camp, 111 deportations, from Warsaw Ghetto: “the Cauldron” during, 133-35; exemptions from, 207Ш5; first (Operation Reinhard), 101, 121-38,141, 143; ofjewish Order Service members/families, 135, 145; resistance to, 132-33; role ofjewish Order Service during, 121-38, 141,143, 144,148, 149, 155, 156; second (“January action ), 143-44 227
228 SUBJECT INDEX Dobry Wieczór (newspaper), 10 Drewnica, labor camp in, 65, 195n74 Dzielna Street, Warsaw Ghetto, xiii; deportations from, 206n34; execution of Jewish policemen at, 212Д32; police block at, 131 Dzika Street, Warsaw Ghetto, xiii; deportations from, 123, 124, 137 HeHalutz (Zionist organization), 129 Honor Court of the Central Committee of Jews in Poland, 147-48, 153 Elektoralna Street, Warsaw Ghetto, xiii; high-ranking officers living on, 94 Jewish Cemetery gate, Warsaw Ghetto, Galicia District, expulsion ofJews from, 111 Garwolin, 64 Gazeta Żydowska (newspaper): on Central Lockup, 67, 70; crime section of, 88; on insignia of power, 84; justifications for policemen’s behavior in, 50, 59, 95-96; on labor camps, 61, 63; on police kitchens, 108; as propaganda tool, 8, 30, 35-36, 109; on resistance, 87; on role ofJewish Order Service, 37, 38, 45, 53, 58, 79, 118; on staffing ofJewish Order Service, 11,17, 18, 20, 103 German authorities: and Jewish Order Service, 6, 26-28, 47, 52, 81, 94-95, 96, 110, 153; and Judenrat (Jewish Council), 46, 153. See aho Gestapo; Orpo Germany, Jewish displaced persons (DP) camps in, 149 Gęsia Street, Warsaw Ghetto, xiii; deportations from, 123, 124; headquarters ofJewish Order Service at, 140; Jewish Order Service precinct at, 190nl8. See abo Central Lockup Gestapo: and Jewish Order Service, 27, 81, 145-46; and Operation Reinhard, 112, 122; and the Thirteen, 30, 31 Gestapo informers: in Jewish Order Service, 27-28, 31, 32, 60,122, 144-45; in Warsaw Ghetto, 8, 14, 27-28 Ghetto Fighters House Archives, 152, 210n4 Gmina (Judenrat)
company, 36, 92, 94, 123, 144, 176; functionaries of, 37fi headquarters of, 190ПІ8 Grzybowska Street, Warsaw Ghetto, xiii; gate on comer with Żelazna Street, 2fi Gmina Precinct s headquarters at, 190nl8; Judenrat building at, 35, 85f, 100 Grzybowski Square, Warsaw Ghetto: gate at, 157/; high-ranking officers living on, 94 Israel, trials of policemen and prisonerfunctionaries in, 153 Italy, Jewish displaced persons (DP) camps in, 149 55ƒ Jewish Council, Warsaw. See Judenrat Jewish Emergency Service, 31-32, 32/ 189Ш50, 208ПІ8 Jewish Fighting Organization, resistance by, 133,140-41 Jewish Military Union, 141 Jewish Order Service, Warsaw: alienation from community, 81-83, 87, 132, 136-37, 157; Anti-aircraft Defense Department of, 35, 36-37, 38/; Anti epidemic Company of, 20, 43, 51f 126f; antisemitism in postwar Poland and perceptions of, 147, 154; apartment block of, during deportations, 131-32, 134; attempts to improve, 102-9; auxiliary activities of, 7, 47-48, 112, 143, 145; Blue Police and, 6-7,11-12, 21, 27, 29, 36, 39, 44, 84-87, 88; bonding factors for, 98-100; and Central Lockup, 68, 70, 74-75, 97; compared to Blue Police, 4; compared to German soldiers, 1; corruption of, 50-57, 61, 63, 66, 71, 81, 82-83, 90, 91, 92-93, 98, 105, 107-8, 128-29, 155; defiance of orders by, 97, 129-30; during deportations, 121-38, 141, 143, 144, 148, 149, 155, 156; after deportations, 139-40, 144; deportations of members /families of, 135, 145; disciplinary problems in, 102-3; disinfection operations by, 51-54, 61, 89; doctors in, 25-26, 25f 131, 187ПІ09; drinking culture in, 82, 85, 98,
99, 132, 142, 202n36; earliest research on, 153-54; elite vs. rank-and-file members of, 90-91, 93-94; equipment of members, 34-35, 84; fire brigade of, 37-38; gates guarded by, 42, 54-55, 55f, 96, 119; German authorities and, 6, 26-28, 47, 52, 81, 94-95, 96, 110, 153; Gestapo collaborators in, 27-28, 31, 32, 60, 122, 144-45; Gmina (Judenrat) company of, 34-36, 37/ 64, 144; hatred of, 89-90, 95, 98, 120, 136-37,
SUBJECT INDEX 143, 146; headquarters of, 35, 140; Hospital Sentinel Unit of, 37; instructions for, 33-34, 57-58, 159-77; internal structure of, 34-36; Jewish population’s views on, 76-83, 98, 120; Judenrat and, 7, 8, 12-14, 17, 19, 23, 26, 36, 46, 84, 108-9; labor-camp roundups by, 61-63, 66, 97, 115, 116-17; lawyers in, 14, 16, 22-23; Lejkin as acting commander of, 113-14; limited power of, 8, 100; looting by, 52, 128-29, 137; messengers in, 19, 21; military-style ceremonies of, 41, 99-100; as model for other security formations, 8; moral collapse of, 74-75, 77, 78, 82-83, 97-98, 100, 106; motivation for joining, 19, 20, 21, 90, 156-58; no assignment policemen in, 21-22; officers of, selection of, 14-16; Order and Disciplinary Section of, 103-5, 104J; origins of, 4-7; pauperization of members, 91-92; Polish language used by, 18; portrayal outside of ghetto, 88; postwar trials of members of 90, 147-52, 157; presented as part of class struggle, 154; privileges for, 108, 143; propaganda tool of 8, 35-36, 109; Qualification Commission of, 31, 107; rationalization of activities of 89-90, 150-51, 155; records of wartime experiences of members of, 145, 152-53; recruitment of members, 1, 14-24, 81; resistance against, 115-16, 132-33, 140-43, 144; salaries for members of 91, 106, 107; sanitary platoons in, 43; sanitation instructions for, 159-60; SEPOR, 35, 107-8, 108/ 201n7, 208ПІ8; smuggling operations and, 24, 42-43, 55-57, 76, 82, 91, 92, 98, 105-6, 108; supporting staff of, 24-25; as symbol of assimilation, 11, 76, 78-81; Szeryriski as head of 9, 10, 11-12, 14, 25; tasks of,
1, 29, 30, 39-48, 112, 114-15; Thirteen members incorporated into, 20, 31; training of recruits, 38-39; underground Jewish press on, 83-84, 87-88; as victims, 57, 96, 118-20, 143, 145; violence of, 57-61, 66, 73, 83, 90, 95-96, 98, 99, 101, 137-38, 155; work as factory guards, 143, 144; work in labor camps, 63-65 Jewish underground: on Jewish policemen’s role in deportations, 137; resistance by, 133, 140-43,144. See ako underground Jewish press 229 Judenrat (Jewish Council), Warsaw: chairman of 4; deportations and, 133; Disciplinary Section of, 103, 104; German authorities demands on, 46, 153; Gestapo protégés in, 28; ghetto residents’ dislike of 109; and Jewish Order Service, 7, 8, 12-14, 17, 19, 23, 26, 36, 46, 84, 108-9; Labor Battalion of 4-5, 14, 46, 49, 63 Karmelicka Street, Warsaw Ghetto: management of apartment houses on, 29; police block at, 131 Kielce pogrom, 152 Końskowola, labor camp in, 63, 65 Kovno (Kaunas) Ghetto, Jewish police in, 214n31; studies of 154, 214n31 Krochmalna Street, Warsaw Ghetto, xiii; Blue Police administration at, 39; comer with Wałków Street, 40f, Directorate of Jewish Order Service at, 35; disinfection operation at, 52, 114 Krosno, Pustków labor camp near, 65 Kulmhof (Chełmno) death camp, 111 Labor Battalion, of Warsaw Judenrat, 4-5, 46; corruption in, 49; Gestapo informers in, 14; transfer of members to Jewish Order Service, 14, 63, 102 labor camps: doctors in, 64; Gazeta Żydowska reports on, 61, 63; membership in Jewish Order Service to avoid, 19, 20, 21; resistance to roundups for, 115-16; roundups for, 61-63, 66, 97, 115, 116-17;
Warsaw Ghetto policemen in, 63-65, 144 Leszno Street, Warsaw Ghetto, xiii; bathhouse at, 52; children held at, 117; deportations from, 124; deportees at, 60; Jewish Order Service precinct at, 190nl8; Konarski school at, 96; meat factory at, 22; prison at, 62; quarantine facility at, 97, 124; the Thirteen at, 8, 29 Łódź (Litzmannstadt), Jewish Order Service recruits from, 1, 26, 30 Łódź Ghetto, 180n7; administrator of, postwar trial of, 151; expulsion ofJews from, 111; Gestapo informers in, 27; Jewish Council in, 39; Jewish criminal police in, 45 Łowicz: refugees from, 60; Roma arrested in, 69
230 SUBJECT INDEX Lubeckiego Street, Warsaw Ghetto: Blue Police precinct at, 39; deportations from, 135, 208Ո24 Lublin: expulsion ofJews from, 111; Szeryński in, 9, 12,16 L viv Ghetto, 192n61 Majdanek death camp: deportations to, 135, 18ІП23; doctors at, 187Ш09, 21ІП22 Miła Street, Warsaw Ghetto, xiii; deportations from, 124 Mława Ghetto, Jewish policemen hung in, 119 Muranowska Street, Warsaw Ghetto, deportations from, 124, 207ШЗ Mylna Street, Warsaw Ghetto, deportations from, 127 Nalewki Street, Warsaw Ghetto, xiii; detention center for children at, 68; gate at, 145; payment demanded from house committee at, 59 Neged Hazarem (newspaper), 78 Niska Street, Warsaw Ghetto, xiii; Blue Police precinct at, 39 Nowolipie Street, Warsaw Ghetto, xiii; execution ofJewish policeman near, 119; management of apartment houses on, 29 Nowolipki Street, Warsaw Ghetto, xiii; attacks on former policemen on, 141; Blue Police precinct at, 39; grocery store at, 22; police block at, 131, 133, 136 Nowy Kurier Warszawski (newspaper), 88 Nowy Zjazd Street, Warsaw Ghetto, deportations from, 127 Nuremberg trials, 153 Ogrodowa Street, Warsaw Ghetto, xiii; deportations from, 125; Directorate of Jewish Order Service at, 35, 121, 149, 156, 210Ո69; during the Cauldron,” 135 Oneg Shabbat, 77, 140, 143 Operation Reinhard, 121-38; the Cauldron in, 133-35; preparations for, 112-20; resistance to, 132-33 Oranienburg, deportations to, 146 Orla Street, Warsaw Ghetto, xiii; corpses left at, 112; management of apartment houses on, 29 orphanages, deportations from, 123, 127 Orpo (German Order Police): and Blue
Police, 6, 27; and disinfection operations, 52; gates guarded by, 42; and Jewish Order Service, 6, 26-27, 47, 52, 96 Osowa Camp, mass execution in, 196n79 Ostrowska Street, Warsaw Ghetto, deportations from, 135 Otwock, as weekend getaway, 14 Otwock Ghetto, 8; confessions ofjewish policeman from, 80, 132, 139, 152 Ożarów, transit camp in, 146 Pawiak Prison, Warsaw, 68; Central Lockup compared to, 68; execution ofjewish policemen in, 96, 212n32; Szeryński in, 113 Polish Blue Police. See Blue Police Polish language: rising popularity among Jews, 81; used by Jewish Order Service, 18 Polish State Police, 6 Polish Underground: on abuses committed by Jewish Order Service, 86, 88; cooperation with, in Jewish policemen s testimonies, 151; on executions in Warsaw Ghetto, 144-45 Ponary, massacre of Vilnius Jews in, 111 Praga neighborhood, Warsaw: Jewish policemen working in, 135, 144; labor camp in, 144, 21ІП24 Prosta Street, Warsaw Ghetto, xiii; Directorate ofjewish Order Service at, 35 Pruszków, transit camp in, 146 Pustków labor camp, Jewish policemen in, 65 Radogoszcz Prison, trial of commander of, 152 Radom Ghetto, Gestapo informers in, 27, 31 reconstruction, postwar, survivors ofjewish Order Service during, 147-52 reftigee shelters, in Warsaw Ghetto, 45, 60; deportations from, 123, 124, 137; labor-camp roundups in, 62,115; police activities in, 114-15 resistance: to deportations, 132-33; after deportations, 140-43, 144; to labor-camp roundups, 115-16 Ringelblum Archive. See Underground Archive of the Warsaw Ghetto Roma, in Warsaw Ghetto, 69-70
SUBJECT INDEX Russia, tsarist, Jews as forced conscripts in, 66 Rynkowa Street, Warsaw Ghetto, disinfection of apartment buildings on, 52 Sachsenhausen death camp, 146, 193Ш5 Sandomierz, Jewish policemen in, 141 SEPOR (Section of Material Assistance for Order Service Functionaries), 35, 107-8, 108J; application to, 20Ш7; and Jewish Emergency Service, 208Ш8 Sienna Street, Warsaw Ghetto, xiii; high-ranking officers living on, 94; incorporation into ghetto, 27 Silesia, 9 Śliska Street, Warsaw Ghetto, xiii; Blue Police precinct at, 39; deportations from, 127 smuggling: Blue Police and, 57, 85-86; children and, 60, 72; death penalty for, 57, 119; detention for, 72, 73; intensified fight against, prior to deportations, 119; Jewish Order Service and, 24, 42-43, 55-57, 76, 82, 91, 92, 98,105-6,108; the Thirteen and, 29 Sobibór, reports from, 117 Spokojna Street, Warsaw Ghetto, xiii; bathhouse at, 52 Szucha Avenue, Warsaw: Gestapo headquarters at, 30, 121; Gestapo lockup at, 112 the Thirteen, 8, 28-32; liquidation of, 20, 31 Treblinka extermination camp: construction of, 3, 128; deportations ofJews to, 3, 122, 135,139, 141; policeman families sent to, 135, 139; survivor of, 21ІПІ4 Twarda Street, Warsaw Ghetto, xiii; clinic at, 25; deportations from, 127; Jewish Order Service precinct at, 190ПІ8; synagogue at, 38 typhus epidemic, 43, 118; and deaths among policemen, 100, 118; disinfection operations to combat, 51-54, 91 Umschlagplatz, Warsaw Ghetto, xiii, 3; during deportations, 122,123,124, 127-28, 134,135; Jewish Order Service at, 125, 145, 156,212n30; rescues from, 129, 130, 132
Underground Archive of the Warsaw Ghetto (Ringelblum Archive), 41, 77; on 231 Blue Police, 86; on Central Lockup, 72; founder of, 5; on Jewish policemen in labor camps, 65; on labor-camp roundups, 116-17; on Lejkin, 114; on Operation Reinhard, 122, 126; photos from, 2f, 3 underground Jewish press: on Blue Police, 87; on Gestapo informers, 27-28; on Jewish Order Service, 59, 73, 76, 78, 83-84, 87-88 Vilna Ghetto, Jewish Order Service in, 189n5, 189Ո8 Waliców Street, Warsaw Ghetto, xiii; Blue Police precinct at, 39; comer with Krochmalna Street, 40if Wałowa Street, Warsaw Ghetto, shelter at, 70 Warsaw: Jewish Order Service recruits from, 1; Jews hiding in, 145^16; Ziemiańska café in, 10. See aho Warsaw Ghetto; speafic locations Warsaw Ghetto, xiii; abandoned and orphaned children in, 47, 123, 127; as if world of, 46; bars, cafés, and theaters in, 81, 99; Blue Police in, 39, 44; Central Lockup (Gęsia prison) in, xiii, 44, 66-70, 67f, 69f, 7 If, deportation operations in (first, Operation Reinhard), 101, 121-38, 141, 143; deportation operations in (second, January action ), 143-44; detention center for children in, 68, 69f, disease outbreaks in, 43, 118; disinfection operations in, 51-54, 61, 89, 91; first impressions of, 83; gates to, If, 42, 54, 55f 157/i German soldiers stationed in, 26; Gestapo informers in, 8, 14, 27-28, 60; Jewish cemetery in, xiii, 5; pogrom of April 17, 1942, in, 112; police block in, 131-32, 134; preparations for Operation Reinhard in, 112-20; propaganda film about, 118; refiigees and deportees in, 60, 114-15, 123; residual, after deportations,
139-40; Roma in, 69-70; roundups for labor camps in, 49, 61-63, 66, 97, 115, 116-17; roundups of child beggars in, 117-18, 123-24; sanitary conditions in, 43; sealing of, 5, 14, 39, 42; smuggling in, 55-57. See aho Central Lockup; Jewish Order Service; Judenrat; specific streets Warsaw Ghetto Uprising (1943), 145, 181Ո24, 185Ո87, 186Ш 01, 209n46 Warsaw Uprising (1944), 145^16
232 SUBJECT INDEX Wielka Pahka (newspaper), 88 Wilga, labor camp in, 64 Wolność Street, Warsaw Ghetto, xiii; deportations from, 127 Wołyńska Street, Warsaw Ghetto, xiii; collection point during deportations, YadVashem Archives, 152 134-35, 136 women: during deportations, 132,135, 138; as guards in Central Lockup, 70, 7If; imprisoned in Central Lockup, 70, 72, 73, 74; in Jewish Order Service, 144; during labor-camp roundups, 116; sexual abuse by police, 128, 206Ո34 Zamenhofa Street, Warsaw Ghetto: deportations from, 124; Directorate of Jewish Order Service at, 144; Jewish Order Service precinct at, 190nl8; police block at, 140 Zamość, expulsion ofJews from, 111 Żelazna Street, Warsaw Ghetto, xiii; Blue Police command at, 39; gate on comer with Grzybowska Street, If sentry post at comer with Chłodna Street, 64; SS Management Board (Befehlstelle) at, 122,140 Bayerisch« Staatsbibliothek München ч.
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Person, Katarzyna ca. 20./21. Jh |
| author2 | Nowak-Soliński, Zygmunt |
| author2_role | trl |
| author2_variant | z n s zns |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1161951687 (DE-588)1236540689 |
| author_facet | Person, Katarzyna ca. 20./21. Jh Nowak-Soliński, Zygmunt |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Person, Katarzyna ca. 20./21. Jh |
| author_variant | k p kp |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV047257589 |
| callnumber-first | D - World History |
| callnumber-label | DS134 |
| callnumber-raw | DS134.64 |
| callnumber-search | DS134.64 |
| callnumber-sort | DS 3134.64 |
| callnumber-subject | DS - Asia |
| classification_rvk | NQ 4700 NQ 2760 NR 8785 NY 4770 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1246217265 (DE-599)KXP1699243433 |
| dewey-full | 940.53/180943841 |
| dewey-hundreds | 900 - History & geography |
| dewey-ones | 940 - History of Europe |
| dewey-raw | 940.53/180943841 |
| dewey-search | 940.53/180943841 |
| dewey-sort | 3940.53 9180943841 |
| dewey-tens | 940 - History of Europe |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1940-1943 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1940-1943 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Warschau (DE-588)4079048-4 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Warschau |
| id | DE-604.BV047257589 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T19:14:15Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781501754074 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032661529 |
| oclc_num | 1246217265 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-384 DE-12 DE-M352 DE-83 DE-521 |
| owner_facet | DE-384 DE-12 DE-M352 DE-83 DE-521 |
| physical | xii, 232 Seiten Illustrationen, 1 Karte |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20210723 DHB_BSB_FID DHB_IFZ |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publishDateSearch | 2021 |
| publishDateSort | 2021 |
| publisher | Cornell University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spellingShingle | Person, Katarzyna ca. 20./21. Jh Warsaw Ghetto police the Jewish Order Service during the Nazi occupation Alltag (DE-588)4001307-8 gnd Getto (DE-588)4157319-5 gnd Jüdischer Ordnungsdienst (DE-588)4577486-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4001307-8 (DE-588)4157319-5 (DE-588)4577486-9 (DE-588)4079048-4 |
| title | Warsaw Ghetto police the Jewish Order Service during the Nazi occupation |
| title_auth | Warsaw Ghetto police the Jewish Order Service during the Nazi occupation |
| title_exact_search | Warsaw Ghetto police the Jewish Order Service during the Nazi occupation |
| title_full | Warsaw Ghetto police the Jewish Order Service during the Nazi occupation Katarzyna Person ; translated by Zygmunt Nowak-Soliński |
| title_fullStr | Warsaw Ghetto police the Jewish Order Service during the Nazi occupation Katarzyna Person ; translated by Zygmunt Nowak-Soliński |
| title_full_unstemmed | Warsaw Ghetto police the Jewish Order Service during the Nazi occupation Katarzyna Person ; translated by Zygmunt Nowak-Soliński |
| title_short | Warsaw Ghetto police |
| title_sort | warsaw ghetto police the jewish order service during the nazi occupation |
| title_sub | the Jewish Order Service during the Nazi occupation |
| topic | Alltag (DE-588)4001307-8 gnd Getto (DE-588)4157319-5 gnd Jüdischer Ordnungsdienst (DE-588)4577486-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Alltag Getto Jüdischer Ordnungsdienst Warschau |
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| work_keys_str_mv | AT personkatarzyna warsawghettopolicethejewishorderserviceduringthenazioccupation AT nowaksolinskizygmunt warsawghettopolicethejewishorderserviceduringthenazioccupation |