Quantum communication networks:
This book provides a tutorial on quantum communication networks. The authors discuss current paradigm shifts in communication networks that are needed to add computing and storage to the simple transport ideas of prevailing networks. They show how these ‘softwarized’ solutions break new grounds to r...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Cham
Springer
[2021]
|
| Series: | Foundations in signal processing, communications and networking
Volume 23 |
| Subjects: | |
| Summary: | This book provides a tutorial on quantum communication networks. The authors discuss current paradigm shifts in communication networks that are needed to add computing and storage to the simple transport ideas of prevailing networks. They show how these ‘softwarized’ solutions break new grounds to reduce latency and increase resilience. The authors discuss how even though these solutions have inherent problems due to introduced computing latency and energy consumption, the problems can be solved by hybrid classical-quantum communication networks. The book brings together quantum networking, quantum information theory, quantum computing, and quantum simulation |
| Item Description: | This book provides a tutorial on quantum communication networks. The authors discuss current paradigm shifts in communication networks that are needed to add computing and storage to the simple transport ideas of prevailing networks. They show how these ‘softwarized’ solutions break new grounds to reduce latency and increase resilience. The authors discuss how even though these solutions have inherent problems due to introduced computing latency and energy consumption, the problems can be solved by hybrid classical-quantum communication networks. The book brings together quantum networking, quantum information theory, quantum computing, and quantum simulation.- Provides a complete tutorial in quantum communication networks,- Links together quantum networking, quantum information theory, quantum computing, and quantum simulation,- Shows how the problems of computing latency and energy consumption can be addressed by hybrid classical-quantum communication networks Introduction.- Fundamental Background.- Quantum Computing and Programming.- Quantum Information Theory.- Quantum Error Correction.- Quantum Communication Networks- Quantum Communication Networks: Design and Simulation.- Quantum Communication Networks: Final Considerations and Use Cases. |
| Physical Description: | xvi, 228 Seiten Illustrationen 535 grams |
| ISBN: | 9783030629373 |
Staff View
MARC
| LEADER | 00000nam a2200000 cb4500 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | BV047144290 | ||
| 003 | DE-604 | ||
| 005 | 20231128 | ||
| 007 | t| | ||
| 008 | 210216s2021 xx a||| |||| 00||| eng d | ||
| 020 | |a 9783030629373 |9 978-3-030-62937-3 | ||
| 024 | 3 | |a 9783030629373 | |
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)1242728418 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV047144290 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rda | ||
| 041 | 0 | |a eng | |
| 049 | |a DE-29T |a DE-20 | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Bassoli, Riccardo |d ca. 20./21. Jh. |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1311503765 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Quantum communication networks |c Riccardo Bassoli, Holger Boche, Christian Deppe, Roberto Ferrara, Frank H.P. Fitzek, Gisbert Janssen, Sajad Saeedinaeeni |
| 264 | 1 | |a Cham |b Springer |c [2021] | |
| 300 | |a xvi, 228 Seiten |b Illustrationen |c 535 grams | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a Foundations in signal processing, communications and networking |v Volume 23 | |
| 500 | |a This book provides a tutorial on quantum communication networks. The authors discuss current paradigm shifts in communication networks that are needed to add computing and storage to the simple transport ideas of prevailing networks. They show how these ‘softwarized’ solutions break new grounds to reduce latency and increase resilience. The authors discuss how even though these solutions have inherent problems due to introduced computing latency and energy consumption, the problems can be solved by hybrid classical-quantum communication networks. The book brings together quantum networking, quantum information theory, quantum computing, and quantum simulation.- Provides a complete tutorial in quantum communication networks,- Links together quantum networking, quantum information theory, quantum computing, and quantum simulation,- Shows how the problems of computing latency and energy consumption can be addressed by hybrid classical-quantum communication networks | ||
| 500 | |a Introduction.- Fundamental Background.- Quantum Computing and Programming.- Quantum Information Theory.- Quantum Error Correction.- Quantum Communication Networks- Quantum Communication Networks: Design and Simulation.- Quantum Communication Networks: Final Considerations and Use Cases. | ||
| 520 | |a This book provides a tutorial on quantum communication networks. The authors discuss current paradigm shifts in communication networks that are needed to add computing and storage to the simple transport ideas of prevailing networks. They show how these ‘softwarized’ solutions break new grounds to reduce latency and increase resilience. The authors discuss how even though these solutions have inherent problems due to introduced computing latency and energy consumption, the problems can be solved by hybrid classical-quantum communication networks. The book brings together quantum networking, quantum information theory, quantum computing, and quantum simulation | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a bicssc | |
| 650 | 4 | |a bicssc | |
| 650 | 4 | |a bicssc | |
| 650 | 4 | |a bisacsh | |
| 650 | 4 | |a bisacsh | |
| 650 | 4 | |a bisacsh | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Electrical engineering | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Data encryption (Computer science) | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Quantum computers | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Quantum physics | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Engineering | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Informationstheorie |0 (DE-588)4026927-9 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Quantencomputer |0 (DE-588)4533372-5 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Quanteninformatik |0 (DE-588)4705961-8 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Quantenkommunikation |0 (DE-588)4596977-2 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 653 | |a Hardcover, Softcover / Technik/Elektronik, Elektrotechnik, Nachrichtentechnik | ||
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Quanteninformatik |0 (DE-588)4705961-8 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Quantencomputer |0 (DE-588)4533372-5 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 2 | |a Quantenkommunikation |0 (DE-588)4596977-2 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 3 | |a Informationstheorie |0 (DE-588)4026927-9 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Boche, Holger |d 1966- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)120680912 |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Deppe, Christian |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)118380296X |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Ferrara, Roberto |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Fitzek, Frank H. P. |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1050350170 |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Janssen, Gisbert |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Saeedinaeeni, Sajad |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 776 | 0 | 8 | |i Erscheint auch als |n Online-Ausgabe |z 978-3-030-62938-0 |
| 830 | 0 | |a Foundations in signal processing, communications and networking |v Volume 23 |w (DE-604)BV024620867 |9 23 | |
| 943 | 1 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032550146 | |
Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1822603470874607616 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | |
| any_adam_object | |
| author | Bassoli, Riccardo ca. 20./21. Jh Boche, Holger 1966- Deppe, Christian Ferrara, Roberto Fitzek, Frank H. P. Janssen, Gisbert Saeedinaeeni, Sajad |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1311503765 (DE-588)120680912 (DE-588)118380296X (DE-588)1050350170 |
| author_facet | Bassoli, Riccardo ca. 20./21. Jh Boche, Holger 1966- Deppe, Christian Ferrara, Roberto Fitzek, Frank H. P. Janssen, Gisbert Saeedinaeeni, Sajad |
| author_role | aut aut aut aut aut aut aut |
| author_sort | Bassoli, Riccardo ca. 20./21. Jh |
| author_variant | r b rb h b hb c d cd r f rf f h p f fhp fhpf g j gj s s ss |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV047144290 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1242728418 (DE-599)BVBBV047144290 |
| format | Book |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>00000nam a2200000 cb4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV047144290</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20231128</controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t|</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">210216s2021 xx a||| |||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9783030629373</subfield><subfield code="9">978-3-030-62937-3</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="024" ind1="3" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9783030629373</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)1242728418</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV047144290</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rda</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-29T</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-20</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Bassoli, Riccardo</subfield><subfield code="d">ca. 20./21. Jh.</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)1311503765</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Quantum communication networks</subfield><subfield code="c">Riccardo Bassoli, Holger Boche, Christian Deppe, Roberto Ferrara, Frank H.P. Fitzek, Gisbert Janssen, Sajad Saeedinaeeni</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Cham</subfield><subfield code="b">Springer</subfield><subfield code="c">[2021]</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">xvi, 228 Seiten</subfield><subfield code="b">Illustrationen</subfield><subfield code="c">535 grams</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="490" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Foundations in signal processing, communications and networking</subfield><subfield code="v">Volume 23</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">This book provides a tutorial on quantum communication networks. The authors discuss current paradigm shifts in communication networks that are needed to add computing and storage to the simple transport ideas of prevailing networks. They show how these ‘softwarized’ solutions break new grounds to reduce latency and increase resilience. The authors discuss how even though these solutions have inherent problems due to introduced computing latency and energy consumption, the problems can be solved by hybrid classical-quantum communication networks. The book brings together quantum networking, quantum information theory, quantum computing, and quantum simulation.- Provides a complete tutorial in quantum communication networks,- Links together quantum networking, quantum information theory, quantum computing, and quantum simulation,- Shows how the problems of computing latency and energy consumption can be addressed by hybrid classical-quantum communication networks</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Introduction.- Fundamental Background.- Quantum Computing and Programming.- Quantum Information Theory.- Quantum Error Correction.- Quantum Communication Networks- Quantum Communication Networks: Design and Simulation.- Quantum Communication Networks: Final Considerations and Use Cases.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">This book provides a tutorial on quantum communication networks. The authors discuss current paradigm shifts in communication networks that are needed to add computing and storage to the simple transport ideas of prevailing networks. They show how these ‘softwarized’ solutions break new grounds to reduce latency and increase resilience. The authors discuss how even though these solutions have inherent problems due to introduced computing latency and energy consumption, the problems can be solved by hybrid classical-quantum communication networks. The book brings together quantum networking, quantum information theory, quantum computing, and quantum simulation</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">bicssc</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">bicssc</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">bicssc</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">bisacsh</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">bisacsh</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">bisacsh</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Electrical engineering</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Data encryption (Computer science)</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Quantum computers</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Quantum physics</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Engineering</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Informationstheorie</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4026927-9</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Quantencomputer</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4533372-5</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Quanteninformatik</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4705961-8</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Quantenkommunikation</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4596977-2</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Hardcover, Softcover / Technik/Elektronik, Elektrotechnik, Nachrichtentechnik</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Quanteninformatik</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4705961-8</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Quantencomputer</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4533372-5</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Quantenkommunikation</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4596977-2</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="3"><subfield code="a">Informationstheorie</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4026927-9</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Boche, Holger</subfield><subfield code="d">1966-</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)120680912</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Deppe, Christian</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)118380296X</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Ferrara, Roberto</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Fitzek, Frank H. P.</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)1050350170</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Janssen, Gisbert</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Saeedinaeeni, Sajad</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="776" ind1="0" ind2="8"><subfield code="i">Erscheint auch als</subfield><subfield code="n">Online-Ausgabe</subfield><subfield code="z">978-3-030-62938-0</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="830" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Foundations in signal processing, communications and networking</subfield><subfield code="v">Volume 23</subfield><subfield code="w">(DE-604)BV024620867</subfield><subfield code="9">23</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="943" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032550146</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
| id | DE-604.BV047144290 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2025-01-29T17:01:59Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783030629373 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032550146 |
| oclc_num | 1242728418 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-29T DE-20 |
| owner_facet | DE-29T DE-20 |
| physical | xvi, 228 Seiten Illustrationen 535 grams |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publishDateSearch | 2021 |
| publishDateSort | 2021 |
| publisher | Springer |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Foundations in signal processing, communications and networking |
| series2 | Foundations in signal processing, communications and networking |
| spelling | Bassoli, Riccardo ca. 20./21. Jh. Verfasser (DE-588)1311503765 aut Quantum communication networks Riccardo Bassoli, Holger Boche, Christian Deppe, Roberto Ferrara, Frank H.P. Fitzek, Gisbert Janssen, Sajad Saeedinaeeni Cham Springer [2021] xvi, 228 Seiten Illustrationen 535 grams txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Foundations in signal processing, communications and networking Volume 23 This book provides a tutorial on quantum communication networks. The authors discuss current paradigm shifts in communication networks that are needed to add computing and storage to the simple transport ideas of prevailing networks. They show how these ‘softwarized’ solutions break new grounds to reduce latency and increase resilience. The authors discuss how even though these solutions have inherent problems due to introduced computing latency and energy consumption, the problems can be solved by hybrid classical-quantum communication networks. The book brings together quantum networking, quantum information theory, quantum computing, and quantum simulation.- Provides a complete tutorial in quantum communication networks,- Links together quantum networking, quantum information theory, quantum computing, and quantum simulation,- Shows how the problems of computing latency and energy consumption can be addressed by hybrid classical-quantum communication networks Introduction.- Fundamental Background.- Quantum Computing and Programming.- Quantum Information Theory.- Quantum Error Correction.- Quantum Communication Networks- Quantum Communication Networks: Design and Simulation.- Quantum Communication Networks: Final Considerations and Use Cases. This book provides a tutorial on quantum communication networks. The authors discuss current paradigm shifts in communication networks that are needed to add computing and storage to the simple transport ideas of prevailing networks. They show how these ‘softwarized’ solutions break new grounds to reduce latency and increase resilience. The authors discuss how even though these solutions have inherent problems due to introduced computing latency and energy consumption, the problems can be solved by hybrid classical-quantum communication networks. The book brings together quantum networking, quantum information theory, quantum computing, and quantum simulation bicssc bisacsh Electrical engineering Data encryption (Computer science) Quantum computers Quantum physics Engineering Informationstheorie (DE-588)4026927-9 gnd rswk-swf Quantencomputer (DE-588)4533372-5 gnd rswk-swf Quanteninformatik (DE-588)4705961-8 gnd rswk-swf Quantenkommunikation (DE-588)4596977-2 gnd rswk-swf Hardcover, Softcover / Technik/Elektronik, Elektrotechnik, Nachrichtentechnik Quanteninformatik (DE-588)4705961-8 s Quantencomputer (DE-588)4533372-5 s Quantenkommunikation (DE-588)4596977-2 s Informationstheorie (DE-588)4026927-9 s DE-604 Boche, Holger 1966- Verfasser (DE-588)120680912 aut Deppe, Christian Verfasser (DE-588)118380296X aut Ferrara, Roberto Verfasser aut Fitzek, Frank H. P. Verfasser (DE-588)1050350170 aut Janssen, Gisbert Verfasser aut Saeedinaeeni, Sajad Verfasser aut Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-3-030-62938-0 Foundations in signal processing, communications and networking Volume 23 (DE-604)BV024620867 23 |
| spellingShingle | Bassoli, Riccardo ca. 20./21. Jh Boche, Holger 1966- Deppe, Christian Ferrara, Roberto Fitzek, Frank H. P. Janssen, Gisbert Saeedinaeeni, Sajad Quantum communication networks Foundations in signal processing, communications and networking bicssc bisacsh Electrical engineering Data encryption (Computer science) Quantum computers Quantum physics Engineering Informationstheorie (DE-588)4026927-9 gnd Quantencomputer (DE-588)4533372-5 gnd Quanteninformatik (DE-588)4705961-8 gnd Quantenkommunikation (DE-588)4596977-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4026927-9 (DE-588)4533372-5 (DE-588)4705961-8 (DE-588)4596977-2 |
| title | Quantum communication networks |
| title_auth | Quantum communication networks |
| title_exact_search | Quantum communication networks |
| title_full | Quantum communication networks Riccardo Bassoli, Holger Boche, Christian Deppe, Roberto Ferrara, Frank H.P. Fitzek, Gisbert Janssen, Sajad Saeedinaeeni |
| title_fullStr | Quantum communication networks Riccardo Bassoli, Holger Boche, Christian Deppe, Roberto Ferrara, Frank H.P. Fitzek, Gisbert Janssen, Sajad Saeedinaeeni |
| title_full_unstemmed | Quantum communication networks Riccardo Bassoli, Holger Boche, Christian Deppe, Roberto Ferrara, Frank H.P. Fitzek, Gisbert Janssen, Sajad Saeedinaeeni |
| title_short | Quantum communication networks |
| title_sort | quantum communication networks |
| topic | bicssc bisacsh Electrical engineering Data encryption (Computer science) Quantum computers Quantum physics Engineering Informationstheorie (DE-588)4026927-9 gnd Quantencomputer (DE-588)4533372-5 gnd Quanteninformatik (DE-588)4705961-8 gnd Quantenkommunikation (DE-588)4596977-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | bicssc bisacsh Electrical engineering Data encryption (Computer science) Quantum computers Quantum physics Engineering Informationstheorie Quantencomputer Quanteninformatik Quantenkommunikation |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV024620867 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT bassoliriccardo quantumcommunicationnetworks AT bocheholger quantumcommunicationnetworks AT deppechristian quantumcommunicationnetworks AT ferrararoberto quantumcommunicationnetworks AT fitzekfrankhp quantumcommunicationnetworks AT janssengisbert quantumcommunicationnetworks AT saeedinaeenisajad quantumcommunicationnetworks |