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Excavations at Wixoe roman small town, Suffolk:

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Atkins, Rob 1968- (Author)
Other Authors:	Clarke, Rachel 1968- (Editor), Biddulph, Edward (Contributor)
Format:	Book
Language:	English
Published:	Bar Hill Oxford Archaeology East 2018
Series:	East Anglian Archaeology 164
Subjects:	Funde Römerzeit Ausgrabung Wixoe
Links:	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030579835&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
Physical Description:	x, 224 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten
ISBN:	9781907588105 1907588108

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245	1	0	\|a Excavations at Wixoe roman small town, Suffolk \|c by Rob Atkins and Rachel Clarke ; with contributions by Edward Biddulph [und 16 weiteren] ; illustrations by Séverine Bézi [und 4 weiteren] ; Photographs by Frances Chaloner and James Fairbairn ; edited by Rachel Clarke
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Record in the Search Index

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adam_text	Contents List of Figures v List of Tables vii Contributors viii Acknowledgements viii Abbreviations ix Summary/Resume/Zusammenfassung ix Chapter 1. Introduction I. General Background 1 II. Geology and Topography 1 III. Archaeological and Historical Background 1 IV. Evaluation and Excavation Programme, Strategy and Methodology 5 V. Research Aims 10 VI. Site Phasing and Other Matters 10 VII. Storage and Curation 11 Chapter 2. The Archaeological Sequence I. Period 1: Before the Roman Town 13 II. Period 2.1: The Town’s Foundation and Early Development (mid/late 1 st to early/mid 2nd centuries AD) 13 III. Period 2.2: Expansion: The Middle Roman Town (mid 2nd to early/mid 3rd centuries AD) 23 IV. Period 2.3: The Later Roman Town: A Period of Decline? (mid 3rd to mid/late 4th centuries AD) 46 V. Period 2.4: The Town’s Final Years (late 4th to early 5th centuries AD) 61 VI. Late Iron Age and Roman Settlements in the Town’s Northern Hinterland (WIX021, WTL010 and BYG030) 63 Chapter 3. The Finds I. Coins, by Nina Crummy 73 II. Metalwork, by Christine Howard-Davis 79 III. Metalworking Debris, by Peter Boardman 91 IV. Glass, by Stephen Wadeson 95 V. Romano-British Pottery, by Alice Lyons, with contributions by Kay Hartley, Gwladys Monteil, Val Rigby, Roger Tomlin, Stephen Wadeson and David Williams 95 VI. Ceramic Building Material, by Rob Atkins and Dan Stansbie 145 VII. Fired Clay, by Carole Fletcher and Rob Atkins 146 VIII. Mortar and Opus Signinum, by Rob Atkins 146 IX. Wall Plaster, by Rob Atkins 147 X. Miscellaneous Objects, by Christine Howard-Davis 147 XI. Stone Objects, by Ruth Shaffrey 147 XII. Worked Bone and Antler, by Christine Howard-Davis 150 Chapter 4. The Zooarchaeological and Botanical Evidence I. Human Skeletal Remains, by Zoe Ui Choileain 156 II. Animal Bone, by Chris Faine 157 III. Charred Plant Macrofossils and Other Remains, by Rachel Fosberry 167 IV. Mollusca, by Rachel Fosberry 175 Chapter 5. Discussion and Conclusions I. Suffolk’s Roman Small Towns 177 II. Roman Wixoe 177 III. The Town’s Changing Character 184 IV. The Hinterland 192 V. Conclusions 197 Appendices Appendix 1: Wixoe (WIX022) Catalogue of Roman Coins, by Nina Crummy 198 Appendix 2: Notes on the Roman Pottery from Minor Sites, by Edward Biddulph and Alice Lyons 203 Appendix 3: Roman Pottery Fabrics, by Alice Lyons 205 Appendix 4: Roman Pottery Forms, by Alice Lyons 207 Bibliography 209 Index, by Sue Vaughan 220 List of Figures Fig. 1.1 Location of the pipeline, showing Wixoe Roman town site (WIX022) in relation to nearby Roman roads, burials, possible buildings and finds spots as understood before the excavations 2 Fig. 1.2 Wixoe Roman town excavation (Site WIX022) overlying geophysical survey, with cropmark evidence and location of evaluation trenches 6 Fig. 1.3 Wixoe Roman town excavation (Site WIX022) overlying geophysical survey interpretation (after Baldwin 2009, fig. 3a, with additions) and cropmarks, showing known buildings and burials 7 Fig. 2.1 Period 2.1 : Early Roman phase plan 12 Fig. 2.2 Period 2.1 : Area 1, with detail plan of dog burial 1397 14 Fig. 2.3 Period 2.1: Pit Group 1 and Period 2.2 Pit Group 4, Area 1 16 Fig. 2.4 Period 2.1: Area la and Area 2 (southern part) 18 Fig. 2.5 Period 2.1: Area 2 (central part) 20 Fig. 2.6 Period 2.1: Building 1 (Phase 1) 21 Fig. 2.7 Period 2.1: Building 1 (Phase 2) 22 v Fig. 2.8 Period 2.2: Middle Roman phase plan 24 Fig. 3.9 Copper alloy statuette 86 Fig. 2.9 Period 2.2: Area 1 25 Fig. 3.10 Personal and domestic ironwork: various 88 Fig. 2.10 Period 2.2: Pit Group 2, Area 1 27 Fig. 3.11 Domestic ironwork: blades 89 Fig. 2.11 Period 2.2: Kiln/oven 1633, Area 1 29 Fig. 3.12 Iron tools 89 Fig. 2.12 Period 2.2: Pit 1047/1081 (Pit Group 7, Fig. 3.13 Structural ironwork 90 Area 1) 31 Fig. 3.14 Lead objects 92 Fig. 2.13 Period 2.2: Possible latrine pit 1245 Fig. 3.15 Romano-British pottery: Amphora 106 (Pit Group 7, Area 1) 32 Fig. 3.16 Romano-British pottery: Beakers 107 Fig. 2.14 Period 2.2: Areas la and 2 (southern part) 34 Fig. 3.17 Romano-British pottery: Cups/ Fig. 2.15 Period 2.2: Pits 1899, 1964, 1966 and Bowls/Vase 108 ditch 1968 (Enclosure 2, Area 2) 36 Fig. 3.18 Romano-British pottery: Dishes 109 Fig. 2.16 Period 2.2: Area 2 (northern part) 38 Fig. 3.19 Romano-British pottery: Flagons 110 Fig. 2.17 Period 2.2: Building 1 (Phases 3 and 4), Fig. 3.20 Romano-British pottery: Grey ware Area 2 39 stamps 111 Fig. 2.18 Period 2.2: Building 1: Sections across Fig. 3.21 Romano-British pottery: Jars 112 post-pits 40 Fig. 3.22 Romano-British pottery: Jars 113 Fig. 2.19 Period 2.2: Building 3, Area 2 42 Fig. 3.23 Romano-British pottery: Lid 113 Fig. 2.20 Period 2.2: Building 3. Selected sections 43 Fig. 3.24 Romano-British pottery: Latest Roman 113 Fig. 2.21 Period 2.2: Building 5, Area 2 44 Fig. 3.25 Romano-British pottery: Storage jars 114 Fig. 2.22 Period 2.2: Pit 2248 and burial 2258, Fig. 3.26 Romano-British pottery: Killed vessel 114 Area 2 45 Fig. 3.27 Romano-British pottery: Drilled neck 115 Fig. 2.23 Periods 2.3-2.4: Late Roman phase plan 47 Fig. 3.28 Romano-British pottery: Post-firing base Fig. 2.24 Period 2.3: Areas la and 2 (southern part) 48 holes 115 Fig. 2.25 Period 2.3: Town ditch (Area 2) 49 Fig. 3.29 Romano-British pottery: Trimmed 116 Fig. 2.26 Period 2.3: Burial 1393 (Area 2) 50 Fig. 3.30 Romano-British pottery: Counters 116 Fig. 2.27 Periods 2.3---2.4: Area 1, showing Fig. 3.31 Romano-British pottery: Graffiti 117 Building 7 and ‘dark earth’ layers 52 Fig. 3.32 Romano-British pottery: Pre-fired incised Fig. 2.28 Period 2.3: Building 7 and associated name 117 features (Area 1) 53 Fig. 3.33 Romano-British pottery: Mortaria 119 Fig. 2.29 Period 2.3: Kiln/fumace 1337 (Area 1) 55 Fig. 3.34 Romano-British pottery: Mortaria 120 Fig. 2.30 Period 2.3: Area 2 (northern part) 58 Fig. 3.35 Romano-British pottery: Stamped and Fig. 2.31 Period 2.3: Road 3 (Area 2) 59 repaired mortaria 122 Fig. 2.32 Period 2.3: Building 1 (Phase 5), Area 2 60 Fig. 3.36 Chronological distribution of decorated Fig. 2.33 Site WIX021: Farmsteads 1 and 2 in and stamped samian ware 125 relation to cropmark features, Roman Fig. 3.37 Samian functional categories represented pottery from fieldwalking and in each phase 128 magnetometer survey 62 Fig. 3.38 Romano-British pottery: Decorated Fig. 2.34 Site WIX021: Plan of southern part of Samian 130 Farmstead 1 63 Fig. 3.39 Romano-British pottery: Decorated Fig. 2.35 Site WIX021: Plan of middle part of Samian 131 Farmstead 1 64 Fig. 3.40 Romano-British pottery: Decorated Fig. 2.36 Site W1X021: Plan of northern part of Samian 133 Farmstead 1 65 Fig. 3.41 Romano-British pottery. Decorated Fig. 2.37 Site WIX021: Farmstead 2 67 Samian 134 Fig. 2.38 Site WTL010: Farmsteads 3a and 3b 68 Fig. 3.42 Romano-British pottery: Decorated Fig. 2.39 Site WTL010: Detail plan of Farmsteads Samian 135 3 a and 3b 69 Fig. 3.43 Romano-British pottery: Decorated Fig. 2.40 Site BYG030: Fannstead 4 71 Samian 137 Fig. 3.44 Romano-British pottery: Decorated Fig. 3.1 Wixoe coin loss plotted against Reece’s Samian 138 British mean, compared with data from Fig. 3.45 Romano-British pottery: Decorated selected sites 76 Samian 139 Fig. 3.2 Wixoe coin loss in percentage form, Fig. 3.46 Romano-British pottery: Decorated compared with data from selected sites 77 Samian 140 Fig. 3.3 Copper alloy items of personal adornment: Fig. 3.47 Romano-British pottery: Decorated brooches and pins 78 Samian 141 Fig. 3.4 Copper alloy items of personal adornment: Fig. 3.48 Romano-British pottery: Stamped Samian 142 bangles/bracelets and ?buckle plate 80 Fig. 3.49 Miscellaneous objects 148 Fig. 3.5 Copper alloy objects associated with Fig. 3.50 Worked stone items 149 hygiene and grooming 82 Fig. 3.51 Worked bone hairpins 152 Fig. 3.6 Copper alloy domestic objects: needles 83 Fig. 3.52 Worked bone items 154 Fig. 3.7 Copper alloy domestic objects: vessels Fig. 3.53 Miscellaneous worked antler and bone and studs 84 items 155 Fig. 3.8 Copper alloy items associated with Fig. 4.1 Domestic mammal distribution by site transport 86 period (NISP) 159 VI Fig. 4.2 Domestic mammal distribution by site Fig. 4.15 period (MNI) 159 Fig. 4.3 Species distribution compared with Fig. 4.16 contemporary sites (Early Roman) 160 Fig. 4.4 Species distribution compared with Fig. 4.17 contemporary sites (Middle Roman) 160 Fig. 4.5 Species distribution compared with contemporary sites (Late Roman) 160 Fig. 5.1 Fig. 4.6 Body part distribution for Early Roman Fig. 4.7 cattle (Period 2.1) 161 Mandibular wear stage for the cattle assemblage 162 Fig. 5.2 Fig. 4.8 Body part distribution for Middle Roman cattle (Period 2.2) 162 Fig. 5.3 Fig. 4.9 Epiphyseal fusion data for Middle Roman cattle (Period 2.2) 163 Fig. 5.4 Fig. 4.10 Size of cattle homcore 163 Fig. 4.11 Body part distribution for Late Roman Fig. 5.5 cattle (Periods 2.3-2.4) 164 Fig. 4.12 Epiphyseal fusion data for Late Roman Fig. 5.6 cattle (Periods 2.3---2.4) 164 Fig. 4.13 Body part distribution for Early Roman sheep (Period 2.1) 164 Fig. 5.7 Fig. 4.14 Mandibular wear stage for Early and Late Roman sheep (Periods 2.1 and 2.3-2.4) 165 Body part distribution for Middle Roman sheep (Period 2.2) 165 Mandibular wear stage for Middle Roman sheep (Period 2.3) 166 Body part distribution for Late Roman sheep (Periods 2.3-2.4) 166 Wixoe in relation to surrounding Roman small towns and major settlements, set against the known contemporary road network 176 Wixoe Roman town in relation to the revised road network and its setting 179 Interpretation of Early Roman Wixoe, showing revised road layout (Period 2.1) 180 Interpretation of Middle Roman Wixoe (Period 2.2) 182 Interpretation of Late Roman Wixoe (Period 2.3) 183 Comparative plans of Roman post-built structures in relation to those found at Wixoe 187 Wixoe Roman town in its wider setting, using a 10km radius to represent its hinterland (with HER sites) 189 List of Tables Table 1.1 Suffolk HER (SHER) Roman sites within and adjacent to Wixoe Roman town, on eastern bank of River Stour 3 Table 1.2 Essex HER (EHER) Roman sites within and adjacent to Wixoe Roman town, on western bank of River Stour 4 Table 3.1 Numbers of coins from the excavation and from metal-detector searches 73 Table 3.2 Denarii from Wixoe Table 3.3 Composition of denarius hoards (complete examples only) closing with Marcus Aurelius 74 Table 3.4 Chronological distribution of ironwork from the site 87 Table 3.5 Nails quantified by site period 90 Table 3.6 Roman pottery by site period 96 Table 3.7 Roman pottery by feature type 96 Table 3.8 Roman pottery fabric families, listed in descending order of weight (%) 97 Table 3.9 Pottery from Period 2.1: functional profile 97 Table 3.10 Period 2.1: pottery listed in descending order of weight (%) 98 Table 3.11 Pottery from Period 2.2: functional profile 100 Table 3.12 Period 2.2: pottery listed in descending order of weight (%) 101 Table 3.13 Pottery from Period 2.3: functional profile 102 Table 3.14 Period 2.3: pottery listed in descending order of weight (%) 103 Table 3.15 Period 2.4: Pottery from dark earth layers, Area 1, Period 2.4 105 Table 3.16 The mortaria, presented in descending order of weight (%) 118 Table 3.17 Samian fabrics represented in each phase 123 Table 3.18 Samian fabrics represented in each area 124 Table 3.19 South Gaulish samian forms (MNV) 125 Table 3.20 Les Martres-de-Veyre samian forms (MNV) 126 Table 3.21 Lezoux samian forms (MNV) 126 Table 3.22 East Gaulish samian forms (MNV) 127 Table 3.23 Proportion of samian functional categories in each phase 127 Table 3.24 Repaired samian vessels represented in each phase 128 Table 3.25 Samian forms selected for repair in each phase 129 Table 3.26 Fabrics through time: the 20 most common fabric families listed in descending order of representation by weight (g) 144 Table 3.27 Ceramic building material by area 145 Table 3.28 Ceramic building material by period 145 Table 3.29 Fired clay by area 146 Table 3.30 Fired clay by period 146 Table 3.31 Worked bone hairpin types present, following Crummy 1983; Greep 1995 151 Table 4.1 Human age categories 156 Table 4.2 The inhumations 156 Table 4.3 Species distribution for the assemblage (NISP) 158 Table 4.4 Species distribution for the assemblage (MNI) 158 Table 4.5 Plant macrofossils and other remains from Area 1 169 vii Table 4.6 Table 4.7 Table 5.1 Table 5.2 Table 5.3 Plant macrofossils and other remains from Area 2 171 Mollusca (hand-collected), by weight (kg) 175 Potential small towns in neighbourhood ofWixoe 178 Number of Roman sites within 10km of Great Chesterford and Wixoe 194 Roman settlements/farmsteads, villas and burials recorded by Essex and Suffolk HERs within 10km of Wixoe 195 Table A2.1 Roman pottery from Farmsteads 1 and 2 (WIX021) 203 Table A2.2 Pottery from Farmstead 3 (WTL010) 204 Table A2.3 Roman pottery from Farmstead 4 (BYG030) 204 Table A3.1 Samian fabrics listed by factory 206 Contributors Rob Atkins Project Officer, formerly OA East Séverine Bézie Illustrator, OA East Edward Biddulph Roman pottery specialist, OA South Peter Boardman Formerly metalworking debris specialist, OA East Frances Chaloner Formerly illustrator, OA East Nina Crummy Freelance finds specialist Rachel Clarke Post-excavation editor, OA East Chris Faine Formerly faunal remains specialist, OAEast James Fairbairn Project Officer/photographer, OA East Carole Fletcher Finds supervisor/specialist, OA East Rachel Fosberry Project Officer/Archaeobotanist, OA East Gillian Greer Illustrator, OA East Rosalind Hall Trainee illustrator Kay Hartley Freelance mortaria specialist Christine Howard-Davis Finds specialist, OA North Alice Lyons Roman pottery specialist, OA East Gwladys Monteil Freelance samian pottery specialist Yal Rigby Freelance pottery stamp specialist Ruth Shaffrey Worked stone specialist, OA South Dan Stansbie Formerly ceramic building materials specialist, OA South Roger Tomlin Freelance graffiti specialist Zoë Ui Choileâin Human skeletal remains specialist, OA East Stephen Wadeson Finds Supervisor/specialist, OA East Charlotte Walton Illustrator, OA East David Williams Freelance amphora specialist Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Essex and Suffolk Water for funding the project. Thanks are also extended to URS for commissioning the excavation and especially to Nick Finch who helped enormously with the smooth running of the project. Work was completed under the auspices of the main contractor, Farrans, who supplied both the machinery and the welfare facilities and were helpful throughout. James Drummond-Murray managed the project for OA East. The Written Scheme of Investigation was written by Nick Finch and Dr Jess Tipper of Suffolk County Council monitored the archaeological works. Mike Cuddeford generously provided details of the coins and objects metal detected within the area of the Roman town. Jude Plouviez kindly supplied details of the Pakenham excavation, viii
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geographic	Wixoe (DE-588)1171261640 gnd
geographic_facet	Wixoe
id	DE-604.BV045190696
illustrated	Illustrated
indexdate	2024-12-20T18:20:19Z
institution	BVB
isbn	9781907588105 1907588108
language	English
oai_aleph_id	oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-030579835
oclc_num	1048006592
open_access_boolean
owner	DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-12
owner_facet	DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-12
physical	x, 224 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten
psigel	gbd_4_1811
publishDate	2018
publishDateSearch	2018
publishDateSort	2018
publisher	Oxford Archaeology East
record_format	marc
series	East Anglian Archaeology
series2	East Anglian Archaeology
spellingShingle	Atkins, Rob 1968- Excavations at Wixoe roman small town, Suffolk East Anglian Archaeology Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd Römerzeit (DE-588)4076769-3 gnd Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4071507-3 (DE-588)4076769-3 (DE-588)4129464-6 (DE-588)1171261640
title	Excavations at Wixoe roman small town, Suffolk
title_auth	Excavations at Wixoe roman small town, Suffolk
title_exact_search	Excavations at Wixoe roman small town, Suffolk
title_full	Excavations at Wixoe roman small town, Suffolk by Rob Atkins and Rachel Clarke ; with contributions by Edward Biddulph [und 16 weiteren] ; illustrations by Séverine Bézi [und 4 weiteren] ; Photographs by Frances Chaloner and James Fairbairn ; edited by Rachel Clarke
title_fullStr	Excavations at Wixoe roman small town, Suffolk by Rob Atkins and Rachel Clarke ; with contributions by Edward Biddulph [und 16 weiteren] ; illustrations by Séverine Bézi [und 4 weiteren] ; Photographs by Frances Chaloner and James Fairbairn ; edited by Rachel Clarke
title_full_unstemmed	Excavations at Wixoe roman small town, Suffolk by Rob Atkins and Rachel Clarke ; with contributions by Edward Biddulph [und 16 weiteren] ; illustrations by Séverine Bézi [und 4 weiteren] ; Photographs by Frances Chaloner and James Fairbairn ; edited by Rachel Clarke
title_short	Excavations at Wixoe roman small town, Suffolk
title_sort	excavations at wixoe roman small town suffolk
topic	Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd Römerzeit (DE-588)4076769-3 gnd Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd
topic_facet	Funde Römerzeit Ausgrabung Wixoe
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030579835&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
volume_link	(DE-604)BV000905286
work_keys_str_mv	AT atkinsrob excavationsatwixoeromansmalltownsuffolk AT clarkerachel excavationsatwixoeromansmalltownsuffolk AT biddulphedward excavationsatwixoeromansmalltownsuffolk

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