Cambridge grammar of classical Greek:
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| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Cambridge ; New York ; Port Melbourne ; New Delhi ; Singapore
Cambridge University Press
2019
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| Subjects: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030279732&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Item Description: | Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke |
| Physical Description: | xlii, 811 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9780521198608 9780521127295 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Cambridge grammar of classical Greek |c Evert van Emde Boas (University of Oxford), Albert Rijksbaron (Universiteit van Amsterdam), Luuk Huitink (Universität Heidelberg), Mathieu de Bakker (Universiteit van Amsterdam) |
| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a Grammar of classical Greek |
| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a Classical Greek |
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| _version_ | 1819331444891189248 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Preface xxxi
On Cs and Gs: History and Aims of the Book xxxi
Conception and Development xxxi
Target Audience and Scope xxxii
Some Principles of Presentation xxxiii
Using CGCG: A Few Points of Guidance xxxiv
Acknowledgements xxxv
Abbreviations, Symbols, Editions xxxviii
Abbreviations Used in This Book xxxviii
Other Symbols xxxix
Texts and Translations of Examples xxxix
On Terminology xl
Problems and Principles xl
Verbal Terminology xli
Tenses, Aspects and Moods xli
On ‘First’ and ‘Second’ Aorists and Perfects xlii
PARTI: PHONOLOGY AND MORPHOLOGY 1 1
1 The Signs and Sounds of Classical Greek 3
Writing: the Alphabet, Accent and Breathing Marks, Punctuation 3
The Alphabet 3
Particulars 4
Accents and Breathings 4
Punctuation 5
Further Diacritical Signs 6
The Alphabet, Breathings, Accents, Punctuation: a Very Brief Historical Overview 6
Pronunciation: Vowels and Diphthongs 7
Vowels 7
Phonetic Details 8
Diphthongs 8
Short Diphthongs 9
Long Diphthongs 9
‘Spurious’ Diphthongs si and ou 10
Pronunciation: Consonants 10
List of Consonants 10
VI
Contents
Phonetic Details 11
Stops 11
Fricatives 12
Résonants 12
Geminates 13
Letters Representing Two Consonants 13
Elision, ‘Movable’ Consonants, Crasis, Hiatus 14
Elision 14
‘Movable Consonants 14
Crasis 15
Hiatus 16
Historical Developments: Introduction 16
Historical Developments: Ablaut (Vowel Gradation) 18
Introduction; Qualitative and Quantitative Ablaut 18
Some Typical Greek Ablaut Patterns 19
Historical Developments: Vowels 20
Attic-Ionic â r) 20
Contraction of Vowels 21
Contraction of a, s, r , o and co 21
Diphthongs 22
Summary Table of Contractions 22
Further Particulars and Exceptions 23
Long and Short: the Augment, Stem Formation, Compensatory Lengthening 24
Compensatory Lengthening 24
Summary Table 25
Shortening: Osthoffs Law 25
Quantitative Metathesis 27
Historical Developments: Consonants 27
Consonants at Word End 27
The Disappearance of p, y and a 28
Sound Changes Involving T/y 28
Sound Changes Involving u/p 29
Sound Changes Involving cr 30
Other Consonant Clusters: Vocalization of Resonants, Assimilation, Loss of
Consonants 30
Vocalization of Syllabic Resonants 30
Assimilation in Consonant Clusters 31
Loss of Consonants 33
Loss of Aspiration: Grassmann’s Law 34
2 Introduction to Nominal Forms 35
Basic Categories 35
Contents
Vll
Building Blocks: Stems and Endings 35
Declensions and Endings 36
Declensions 36
Table of Endings 38
3 The Article 39
4 Nouns 40
First-Declension Nouns 40
Stems, Types and Gender of First-Declension Nouns 40
Feminine Nouns in -rj, -a or -a 40
Masculine Nouns in -r s or -as 42
Further Notes and Exceptions 43
Second-Declension Nouns 43
Stems, Types and Gender of Second-Declension Nouns 43
Masculine (and Feminine) Nouns in -os or -ous 44
Neuter Nouns in -ov or -ouv 45
Further Notes and Exceptions 45
Third-Declension Nouns 46
Stems, Types and Gender of Third-Declension Nouns 46
Stems in a Labial Stop (tt, (3, 9) or Velar Stop (k, y, x) 48
Stems in a Dental Stop (t, 6, 0, except vt) 49
Stems in vt 50
Stems in v 51
Stems in a Liquid (A or p) 52
Stems in (e)p, with Three Ablaut Grades (Type iraTtp, avqp) 53
Stems in a (Neuter Nouns in -os, Names in -rts) 54
Stems in i/e(y) (Type iroAts) 56
Stems in u (Type io-yus) or in uMp) (Type irfjxus) 57
Stems in r|u/r](f) (Type (3acnAsus) 58
Zsus, vaus, pous 59
Further Notes and Exceptions 60
Conspectus of Noun Types 61 5 *
5 Adjectives and Participles 63
First-and-Second-Declension Adjectives and Participles 63
Of Three Endings (-os, -ov) 63
Adjectives 63
Participles 64
Of Three Endings, with Contraction (-ous, -ouv) 64
Of Two Endings (-os, -ov or -ous, -ouv) 65
Vlll
Contents
Further Particulars 67
Mixed-Declension Adjectives 68
First-and-Third-Declension Adjectives and Participles 69
Of Three Endings, Stems in vt (-cov, -ouaa, -ov and iras, Tracra, -rrav) 69
Adjectives 69
Participles 70
Of Three Endings, Perfect Active Participles in -cbs, -uTa, -¿s 72
Of Three Endings, Stems in u/ep (-us, -sia, -u) 73
Of Three Endings, Stems in v (-as, -aiva, -av) 74
Of Three Endings, Stems in svt (-eis, -ecrcra, -sv) 74
Third-Declension Adjectives 75
Of Two Endings, Stems in ov (-cov, -ov) 75
Of Two Endings, Stems in cr (-rjs, -ss) 76
Further Particulars 77
Adjectives Formed with Dental-Stem Nouns 77
Adjectives of One Ending 77
Comparison of Adjectives 77
Introduction 77
Comparatives in --repos and Superlatives in -Taros 78
Comparatives in -(i)cov and Superlatives in -icrros 80
6 Adverbs 83
Formation of Adverbs 83
Introduction 83
Manner Adverbs in -cos 83
Adverbs Based on Other Case-Forms 84
Specific Formations of Adverbs Indicating Space 86
Adverbs Deriving from Prepositions/Prepositional Phrases 87
Comparison of Adverbs 87 7
7 Pronouns 89
Personal Pronouns 89
Reflexive Pronouns 90
The Reciprocal Pronoun 91
The Possessive ‘Pronoun5 92
auTO$ 92
Demonstrative Pronouns 93
66s 93
outos 94
eksivos 94
Further Particulars 95
Contents
ix
Other Demonstratives 95
Deictic Iota 95
Relative Pronouns 96
os and oaTts 96
Other Relative Pronouns 96
Interrogative and Indefinite Pronouns 97
TÍS, TÍ; Tts, Tl 97
Other Interrogative Pronouns 97
Seemingly Similar Forms of ocutos, ó ccútós, sccutou and outos 98
8 Correlative Pronouns and Adverbs 99
The System of Correlative Pronouns and Adjectives 99
The System of Correlative Adverbs 100
9 Numerals 101
List of Numerals 101
Declension of Numerals 102
Further Particulars 103
10 The Dual: Nominal Forms 105
Endings 105
Forms 105
The Article 105
Nouns and Adjectives/Participles 106
Pronouns 106 11
11 Introduction to Verb Forms 108
Summary of the Greek Verbal System 108
Basic Categories and Elements 110
Categories of the Verb 110
Finite versus Non-finite Verb Forms 110
Categories Pertaining to All Verb Forms: Tense-Aspect and Voice 110
Categories Pertaining Only to Finite Verb Forms 111
Categories Pertaining to Non-finite Verb Forms 112
Morphological Building Blocks: Stems, Endings, and Other Markings 112
Verb Stems and Tense-Aspect Stems 112
Endings 114
Thematic Vowels, Optative Suffixes, Participle Suffixes 114
Augments and Prepositional Prefixes 115
Thematic and Athematic Conjugations 115
Endings 116
X
Contents
Personal Endings 116
Tables of Endings 117
Subjunctives 119
Imperatives 120
Exceptions 120
Endings of Non-finite Forms 121
Infinitives 121
Participles and Verbal Adjectives 121
Augments and Reduplications 121
Formation of the Augment 121
With Stems Beginning with a Consonant 121
With Stems Beginning with a Vowel or Diphthong 122
Further Particulars 122
Formation of Reduplications 123
Two Types of Reduplication 123
Further Particulars 124
Reduplications Outside the Perfect 125
The Relative Position of Augments, Reduplications and Prefixes 125
Basic Rules 125
Further Particulars 127
12 The Present 128
Thematic (-co) and Athematic (-pi) Presents 128
The Thematic Present 129
Overview of Forms 129
Non-Contract and Contract Presents 130
Endings 131
Contract Presents 131
Simple Contraction Rules 131
Further Particulars 132
Thematic Present Stem Formation 134
Presents without Elaboration 134
Presents with an Original Yod 135
Presents with a Nasal Infix 137
Presents with the Suffix -(t)cjK- 137
Reduplicated Presents 137
The Athematic Present 138
Overview of Forms 138
Verbs in -vupi 138
Reduplicated Verbs 139
Root Presents 141
Contents
xi
Present Stems with a Long and Short Variant 142
Types of -jji Verb; Present Stem Formation 142
Verbs in -vu^i 142
Reduplicated Verbs 143
Root Presents 143
Endings 144
Thematic Forms 145
13 The Aorist: Active and Middle 147
Types of Aorist (Active and Middle) Stem 147
Sigmatic (and Pseudo-Sigmatic) Aorists 148
Overview of Forms 148
Sigma and Alpha 149
Endings 150
Stem Formation of Sigmatic Aorists 151
Verb Stems Ending in t, u or a Diphthong 151
Verb Stems Ending in s, a or o (or r| or co) 151
Verb Stems Ending in a Labial or Velar Stop 153
Verb Stems Ending in a Dental Stop 153
The Pseudo-Sigmatic Aorist - Verb Stems Ending in a Resonant 154
Thematic Aorists 155
Overview of Forms 155
Stems and Endings 156
‘Irregular5 Forms 157
The Most Common Thematic Aorists 158
Verbs with Vowel Variations between the Present and Aorist Stems 158
Other Differences between the Present and Aorist Stems 158
Suppletive Verbs 159
Root Aorists 160
Overview of Forms 160
Stems 161
Endings 162
5i5oojju, TiOppi and ippi 163
Overview of Forms 163
Stems 164
Endings 165
Verbs With More Than One Type of Aorist 166
14 The Aorist: Passive (Gip/rp) 168
Types of Aorist Passive Stem 168
Conjugation of Gp-Aorists and rpAorists 169
Xll
Contents
Overview of Forms 169
Endings 170
Or] -Aorist Stems 171
Formation of Or)-Aorist Stems 171
Verb Stems Ending in u or a Diphthong 171
Verb Stems Ending in Other Vowels 172
Verb Stems Ending in a Labial or Velar Stop 173
Verb Stems Ending in a Dental Stop 174
Verb Stems Ending in a Resonant 175
Suppletive Stems 176
Further Notes and Exceptions 176
T)-Aorist Stems 177
Formation of r]-Aorist Stems 177
Verbs without Vowel Differences between the Present and rj-Aorist Stem 177
Verbs with Vowel Differences between the Present and rpAorist Stems 178
15 The Future: Active and Middle 180
Types of Future Stem 180
Conjugation of the Future 180
Overview of Forms 180
Sigmatic Future 180
Attic Future 182
Endings 183
Sigmatic Future Stems 183
Stem Formation 183
Verb Stems Ending in i, u or a Diphthong 183
Verb Stems Ending in Other Vowels 184
Verb Stems Ending in a Labial Stop 185
Verb Stems Ending in a Velar Stop 186
Verb Stems Ending in a Dental Stop 187
Suppletive Verbs 187
Further Particulars 188
Attic Future Stems 188
Stem Formation 188
Verb Stems Ending in a Resonant 188
Verb Stems Ending in a Dental Stop 189
Other Attic Futures 190
Other Futures 191
Verbs with a Middle Future 191
Contents
Xlll
16 The Future: Passive (ör|-/ri-) 194
Types of Future Passive Stern 194
Conjugation of the Future Passive 195
Overview of Forms 195
Particulars 195
17 The Perfect (and Future Perfect): Introduction 197
Perfect (and Future Perfect) Stems 197
Types of Stem 197
Periphrastic Forms 198
18 The Perfect: Active 199
Types of Perfect Active Stem 199
K-Perfects, Aspirated Perfects, Stem Perfects: Conjugation 200
Overview of Forms 200
Endings, Periphrastic Forms 202
K-Perfects, Aspirated Perfects, Stem Perfects: Stems 203
Stem Formation 203
Verb Stems Ending in i, u or a Diphthong 203
Verb Stems Ending in Other Vowels 203
Verb Stems Ending in a Dental Stop 204
Verb Stems Ending in a Resonant 205
The Aspirated Perfect - Verb Stems Ending in a Labial or Velar Stop 205
Stem Perfects 206
Irregular Stem Perfects: eoiKa, ai coOa, o!6a 208
Further Particulars 208
Mixed Perfects (5e5on a, ecrrr|Ka, tsOvtjkcx and ßeßrjKcx) 209
Overview of Forms 209
Particulars 210
19 The Perfect: Middle-Passive 212
The Perfect Middle-Passive Stem 212
Conjugation of the Perfect Middle-Passive 212
Overview of Forms 212
Endings 214
Overview of Middle-Passive Perfect Stem Changes Before Different Endings 215
Perfect Middle-Passive Stems 215
Stem Formation 215
Verb Stems Ending in t, u or a Diphthong 215
Verb Stems Ending in Other Vowels 216
Verb Stems Ending in a Labial Stop 217
xiv
Contents
Verb Stems Ending in a Velar Stop 218
Verb Stems Ending in a Dental Stop 219
Verb Stems Ending in a Resonant 219
Further Notes and Exceptions 221
20 The Future Perfect 222
Formation of the Future Perfect 222
General 222
Future Perfect Active: Particulars 222
Future Perfect Middle-Passive: Particulars 223
21 The Dual: Verb Forms 224
Endings 224
Examples of Dual Forms 225
22 Principal Parts 228
Regular Principal Parts 228
Principal Parts with Peculiarities 230
23 Word Formation 260
Introduction 260
Nominal Word Formation 261
Nominal Word Formation by Means of Derivation 261
Some Terminology Concerning Nouns 261
List of Derivational Suffixes 262
Nominal Word Formation by Means of Composition 269
Compound Adjectives with Nominal/ Adverbial Element + Nominal Element 269
Compound Forms with Verbal Element + Nominal Element 270
Compound Forms with Nominal/Adverbial Element + Verbal Element 271
Verbal Word Formation 272
Denominative Verbs Formed with *-yco 272
Verbs Formed with *-yco from Nominal Stems Ending in a Vowel 272
Verbs Formed with *-yco from Nominal Stems Ending in a Consonant 274
Compound Verbs 275
Denominative Compound Verbs from Compound Nouns/Adjectives 276
Compound Verbs Formed by Prefxxation 276
24 Accentuation 277
Introduction 277
General Rules of Accentuation 278
Possible Positions of the Accent; ‘Long’ and ‘Short’ Syllables 278
Contents
xv
The Rule of Limitation 279
The crcoTfipa-Rule 280
Contraction 280
Recessive, Persistent, and Mobile Accentuation 281
Finite Verbs: Recessive Accentuation 282
Non-Finite Verb Forms: Participles and Infinitives 284
Nominal Forms: Nouns, Adjectives, Pronouns, Numerals 286
General Rules 286
Mobile Accentuation of Some Third-Declension Nouns 287
Some Rules for the Placement of Base Accents on Nominal Forms 288
Enclitics and Proclitics 289
Introduction 289
Accentuation of Enclitics and Proclitics 291
Elision and Crasis 292
25 Ionic and Other Dialects 293
Introduction 293
Ionic Literary Prose 295
Phonology 295
Morphology: Nominal Forms 297
First Declension 297
Second Declension 297
Third Declension 298
The Article, Adjectives 300
Pronouns 300
Morphology: Verbal Forms 301
Thematic Conjugations 301
Athematic Conjugations 302
Further Points on Verbal Morphology 303
Further Particulars 304
The ‘Doric5 ä in Choral Lyric 304
PART II: SYNTAX 305
26 Introduction to Simple Sentences 307
The Sentence Core 307
Predicate, Subject, Object, Complement 307
Omission’ of the Subject and Other Constituents 309
Linking Verb, Predicative Complement 310
Omission of a Linking Verb: Nominal Sentences 312
XVI
Contents
Optional Constituents 313
Adverbial Modifiers and Other Optional Constituents 313
Noun Phrases 315
Elements of the Noun Phrase 315
Types of Modifier 316
Types of Head 317
Pronominal and Adnominal Use of Pronouns, Quantifiers and Cardinal
Numerals 318
Apposition 319
Predicative Modifiers 319
Elements Interrupting or Outside the Syntax of a Sentence 320
Parentheses 320
Elements ‘Outside the Syntax of a Sentence 321
27 Agreement 322
Subject - Finite Verb 322
Basic Rule 322
Exceptions 322
Head - Modifier (in Noun Phrases); Predicative Modifiers
and Complements 324
Basic Rule 324
Exceptions 324
Antecedent - Relative Pronoun 325
Basic Rule 325
Exceptions 325
Apposition 326
28 The Article 328
Meaning of the Definite Article 328
Basic Meaning 328
Reasons for Identifiability of a Referent 328
Relative Position of Article, Head and Modifiers in a Noun Phrase 331
Attributive and Predicative Position 331
Attributive Genitives 332
Demonstrative and Possessive Pronouns 333
aÙTÔs 334
Quantifiers 334
Adjectives Determining Position (pscros, ocKpos, Ictxcxtoç etc.) 334
The Article as Substantivizer 335
Pronominal Uses of the Article 337
Contents
xvi i
29 Pronouns and Quantifiers 339
Personal Pronouns 339
Contrastive and Non-Contrastive Personal Pronouns 339
First and Second Person 339
Third Person 340
auTÓs 341
As Third-Person Personal Pronoun 341
As an Adjective, Expressing Identicalness: The Same 342
As an Adjective, Emphatic Use: Self 343
Summary of the Uses of ocútós 344
Reflexive Pronouns and Other Reflexive Expressions 345
Introduction; Pronouns Used as Reflexives; Direct and Indirect Reflexives 345
Pronouns Used as Direct and Indirect Reflexives 346
Direct Reflexivity 346
Indirect Reflexivity 347
Further Particulars 348
Possessive Pronouns and Other Expressions of Possession 349
Introduction; Pronouns Used as Possessives 349
Pronouns Used in Different Constructions 349
First and Second Person 349
Third Person 350
Further Particulars 351
Reciprocal Pronouns 351
Demonstrative Pronouns 352
Pronominal and Adnominal Use; Pointing Outside or Inside the Text 352
General Differences between 65e, outos and IksTvos 352
Further Particulars 354
Indefinite Pronouns 356
Interrogative Pronouns 357
Relative Pronouns 357
Quantifiers 358
Tras 358
oAos 358
|ióvos 358
aAAos and STepos 359
30 Cases 360
Functions, Meanings and Labels 360
Nominative 361
As Obligatory Constituent with Verbs 361
Other Uses 362
xviii Contents
Accusative 362
As Obligatory Constituent (to Complement Verbs) 362
Internal Object 364
As an Optional Constituent (Adverbial Modifier) 365
Apposition to a Sentence 366
Genitive 367
As Obligatory Constituent (to Complement Verbs/Adjectives) 367
Verbs Taking the Genitive 367
Genitive of Comparison 370
Attributive Genitives as Object, Predicative Complement, or Prepositional
Complement 370
As Modifier in a Noun Phrase: the Attributive Genitive 371
As an Optional Constituent (Adverbial Modifier) 373
Dative 374
As Obligatory Constituent (to Complement Verbs/Adjectives) 374
As Indirect Object 374
With Other Verbs and Adjectives 376
Dative of the Possessor 377
As an Optional Constituent (Adverbial Modifier) 377
Referring to Things or Abstract Entities 377
Referring to Persons 379
With Expressions of Comparison 380
Vocative 380
Cases and the Expression of Time and Space 381
31 Prepositions 383
Introduction 383
Common Uses of the Prepositions 384
Proper Prepositions 384
Improper Prepositions 396
32 Comparison 398
Meaning of Comparatives and Superlatives 398
Comparison 399
Constructions of Comparison that Follow a Comparative or Superlative 399
Constructions of Comparison that Express Identicalness, Similarity or Equality:
o auTos, ojaoios and laos 402
33 The Verb: Tense and Aspect 404
Basic Notions and Terminology 404
Tense 404
Contents
xix
Aspect 405
Grammatical Aspect 405
Lexical Aspect 408
Factors Influencing Interpretation 409
Tense and Aspect Combined: The Indicative in Main Clauses 409
Basic Values of the Indicative; Narrative and Non-Narrative Text 409
The Seven Indicatives of Greek: Basic Values 409
Narrative and Non-Narrative Text 411
Present Indicative 412
Basic Uses 412
Specific Interpretations 412
Imperfect 415
Basic Uses 415
Specific Interpretations 416
Aorist Indicative 417
Basic Uses 417
Specific Interpretations 417
Non-Past Uses of the Aorist 419
Perfect Indicative 420
Basic Uses; Active versus Passive 420
Specific Interpretations 421
Pluperfect 423
Basic Uses 423
Specific Interpretations 425
Future Indicative 425
Future Perfect Indicative 427
The Alternation of Tenses in Narrative Text 427
Aorist versus Imperfect (and Pluperfect) 427
Special Uses of the Imperfect in Narrative 428
Historical Present 430
Aspect Outside the Indicative in Main Clauses 432
Aspect and Relative Tense 432
Further Interpretations; Exceptions 433
Aspectual Interpretation in Temporally Fixed Contexts 435
34 The Verb: Mood 438
Introduction to Moods 438
Indicative in Main Clauses 439
Subjunctive in Main Clauses 439
Hortatory and Prohibitive Subjunctive (in Commands/Requests) 439
Deliberative Subjunctive (in Questions) 440
XX
Contents
Further Particulars 440
Optative in Main Clauses 441
Potential Optative with av (in Statements/Questions) 441
Cupitive Optative (in Wishes) 442
‘Modal (Secondary) Indicative in Main Clauses 442
In Statements/Questions 442
In Unrealizable Wishes 444
Imperative 445
Overview of the Uses of Moods in Main Clauses 446
35 The Verb: Voice 447
Introduction 447
Basic Terminology 447
Voice: Active and Middle-Passive Meanings 447
Active, Middle and Passive Forms 448
Verbs with and without an Object; Causative Verbs 449
The Morphology of Voice 450
Voice Distinctions in the Different Tense Stems 450
Verbs with Only One Voice; Verbs Switching Voice between Tense Stems 451
Middle-Passive Meanings 452
Indirect-Reflexive Meaning 452
Direct-Reflexive Meaning 453
Passive Meaning 454
Change-of-State Verbs 456
Change of Physical State or Position 456
(Change of) Mental State 458
Middle-Only Verbs and Passive-Only Verbs 459
Indirect-Reflexive Meaning 459
Reciprocal Meaning 459
Change-of-State; Mental State 460
Other Middle-Only and Passive-Only Verbs 460
Further Particulars 461
Middle Future Forms with Passive Meaning 461
‘Synonymous9 Active and Middle Verbs 462
Overviews 462
Overview of the Middle-Passive Meanings and Forms of Some Important Types of
Verbs 462
(Active) Verbs which Take an Object/Complement 462
Verbs Whose Middle-Passive May Have a Direct-Reflexive Meaning 463
Verbs Whose Middle-Passive May Have a Change-of-State Meaning 463
Overview of the Meanings Expressed by Aorist and Future Conjugations 464
Contents
xxi
36 Impersonal Constructions 465
Introduction 465
Quasi-Impersonal Verbs and Constructions 466
Verbs 466
Neuter Adjectives; Nouns 467
Proper Impersonal Verbs and Constructions 468
Weather and Time Expressions 468
Impersonal Passives and the Impersonal Use of Verbal Adjectives in -tsov 469
Proper Impersonal Verbs with a (Dative and) Genitive 470
37 Verbal Adjectives 471
Types of Verbal Adjectives 471
Adjectives in -tsos, -teoc, -tsov 471
As Predicative Complement 471
Impersonal Use 472
Adjectives in -tôç, -tt|, -tôv 473
38 Questions, Directives, Wishes, Exclamations 474
Introduction: Sentence Types and Communicative Functions 474
Questions 476
Introduction: Basic Terminology 476
Yes/No-Questions and Alternative Questions 476
Specifying Questions 478
The Use of Moods in Questions 479
Further Particulars 479
Is That a Question? - ‘Non-Standard’ Communicative Functions of the
Interrogative Sentence Type 479
Answers 480
Directives 481
Basic Constructions 481
Difference between Present-Stem and Aorist-Stem Imperatives/Subjunctives 483
Other Expressions Used as Directives; Differences between These Expressions 484
Wishes 486
Realizable and Unrealizable Wishes 486
Difference between Present-Stem and Aorist-Stem Forms 487
Exclamations 488
Introduction: Basic Terminology 488
Exclamations of Degree 488
Nominal Exclamations 489
The Exclamatory Infinitive 490
XXII
Contents
39 Introduction to Complex Sentences 491
Definitions; Functions of Subordinate Clauses 491
Types of Subordinate Constructions 492
40 Introduction to Finite Subordinate Clauses 494
Subordinators 494
Functions and Types of Finite Subordinate Clauses 494
Moods in Subordinate Clauses 495
Subordinate Clauses Which Use the Same Moods as Independent Sentences 495
Subordinate Clauses with Required Moods 496
Moods and the Use of av in Temporal, Conditional and Relative Clauses 496
Sequence of Moods; the Oblique Optative 499
Attraction of Mood 501
41 Indirect Statements 502
Introduction: Indirect Speech 502
Direct versus Indirect Speech 502
Types of Indirect Speech 503
Indirect Statements 504
Verbs Introducing Indirect Statements 504
Subordinators Introducing Indirect Statements 504
Tense and Mood in oti/cos-Clauses 505
In Primary Sequence 505
In Historic Sequence 506
With Verbs of Speaking 506
With Verbs of Perception, Knowledge and Emotion 511
The Continuation of Indirect Speech 512
Subordinate Clauses in Indirect Speech 513 42
42 Indirect Questions and Indirect Exclamations 517
Indirect Questions 517
Introduction: Direct versus Indirect Questions 517
Verbs Introducing Indirect Questions 517
Subordinators Introducing Indirect Questions 518
Yes/No Questions and Alternative Questions 518
Specifying Questions 518
The Use of Moods in Indirect Questions 519
Indirect Exclamations 520
Introduction: Direct versus Indirect Exclamations 520
Verbs Introducing Indirect Exclamations 520
Construction of Indirect Exclamations 520
Contents
XXlll
43 Fear Clauses 522
Introduction; Verbs of Fearing and Apprehension 522
Construction and Meaning of Fear Clauses 523
Fear for Possible Future Actions 523
Fear for (Uncertain) Present or Past Actions 524
Use of Fear Clauses to Express Disappointment 524
Independent Use of ^xr + Subjunctive 525
44 Effort Clauses 526
Introduction; Verbs of Effort, (Pre)caution and Contriving 526
Construction of Effort Clauses 526
Further Particulars 527
‘Interference between Fear and Effort Clauses 527
Independent Use of Shoos + Future Indicative 528
45 Purpose Clauses 529
Introduction 529
Construction of Purpose Clauses 529
46 Result Clauses 531
Introduction 531
Construction of Result Clauses 531
With the Moods of Independent Sentences 531
coots Introducing a New Sentence 532
With the Infinitive 533
47 Temporal Clauses 536
Introduction 536
Expressions of ‘Time When’ 536
Conjunctions Used in Temporal Clauses 536
Moods and Tenses Used in Temporal Clauses 537
‘Temporal Clauses with Causal Force 538
Temporal Clauses Referring to a Single Action in the Past 538
Temporal Clauses Referring to the Future 539
Temporal Clauses Referring to a Repeated or Habitual Action 540
ecos 542
rrpiv 543
Comparative Temporal Clauses (cos ote/cos ottote) 545
48 Causal Clauses 546
Introduction 546
xxiv Contents
Construction of Causal Clauses 546
oTi and Sioti 546
‘Temporal5 Conjunctions with Causal Force 547
£Trei/cbs Introducing a New Sentence 549
49 Conditional Clauses 550
Introduction 550
Neutral Conditions 551
Neutral Conditions with a Future Indicative in the Protasis 552
Prospective Conditions 552
Potential Conditions 553
Counterfactual Conditions 554
Habitual Conditions 555
Further Particulars 557
Mixed Conditionals 557
Concessive Clauses: si Kori and Kod si 558
Comparative Conditional Clauses: cos cbcrrrsp el and oocnrsp ca si as if 560
si/sav in case, in the hope that 560
e p co(te) on the condition that 561
Conditional Clauses in Indirect Discourse 561
Overview of Conditional Sentences (Basic Types) 562
50 Relative Clauses 563
Introduction 563
Relative Pronouns, Adjectives and Adverbs; Definite and Indefinite Relatives
Correlative Clauses 565
Digressive, Restrictive and Autonomous Relative Clauses 565
Antecedent, Agreement, Attraction and Connection 566
Basic Principles of Agreement 566
Relative Attraction 569
Inverse Relative Attraction 570
Incorporation of the Antecedent in the Relative Clause 570
Relative Connection 571
Moods and Tenses in Relative Clauses 571
In Digressive Clauses 571
In Restrictive Clauses 572
Further Particulars 574
Relative Clauses Expressing Cause, Purpose, or Result 574
Potential and Counterfactual Constructions in Restrictive Clauses 575
(Cor)relative Clauses with Relative Adjectives or Adverbs 576
With Relative Adjectives (oTos, ottoios, oaos, ottoctos) 576
563
Contents
XXV
With Relative Adverbs 577
Relative Adverbs of Place (and Time) 577
Relative Adverbs of Manner: Clauses of Comparison 578
51 The Infinitive 580
Introduction 580
Basic Properties 580
Overview of Uses: Dynamic and Declarative Infinitives, Articular Infinitives,
Other Uses 580
Without the Article: Dynamic and Declarative Infinitive 580
With the Article; Other Uses 582
The Dynamic Infinitive 583
Verbs Taking a Dynamic Infinitive 583
Expression of the Subject of Dynamic Infinitives 585
Negatives with Dynamic Infinitives 588
Tense and Aspect of Dynamic Infinitives 588
Further Particulars 589
Dynamic Infinitives Expressing Purpose or Result 589
Dynamic Infinitives Specifying Adjectives and Nouns 590
The Declarative Infinitive 591
Verbs Taking a Declarative Infinitive 591
Expression of the Subject with Declarative Infinitives 592
Negatives with the Declarative Infinitive 593
Tense and Aspect of Declarative Infinitives 593
av with the Declarative Infinitive 595
Verbs Taking Both Constructions 596
The Infinitive with Verbs of Preventing and Denying 599
The Construction of Verbs of Hindering/Preventing with Other Verbs 600
The Articular Infinitive 601
Introduction 601
Expression of Subjects with Articular Infinitives 602
Negative with the Articular Infinitive 603
Tense and Aspect of Articular Infinitives 603
Frequent Uses of the Articular Infinitive 604
Other Uses of the Infinitive 605
52 The Participle 606
Introduction 606
Basic Properties; Main Uses 606
Placement of Participles 607
Tense/Aspect and ‘Mood’ of Participles 607
xxvi
Contents
ocv with Participles 610
The Supplementary Participle 610
Introduction; Verbs Taking a Supplementary Participle 610
Verbs Taking a Supplementary Participle which Expresses an Action which is
Realized 612
Verbs Taking a Supplementary Participle which Expresses Propositional
Content 613
Verbs Taking a Supplementary Participle which Expresses a Way of Being 614
The Case Form of Supplementary Participles and their Subjects 615
Supplementary Participles and Other Complement Constructions 617
Verbs of Perception Taking More Than One Type of Supplementary
Participle 617
Verbs Taking a Participle or an Infinitive: Verbs of Knowledge 619
Verbs Taking a Participle or an Infinitive: Other Verbs 621
Verbs Taking Both Participles and o-n/cbs-Clauses 622
The Circumstantial Participle 623
Introduction 623
The Case Form of Circumstantial Participles and Their Subjects 623
Connected Participles 624
Genitive Absolute 624
Accusative Absolute 626
Interpretation of Circumstantial Participles 626
Time, Circumstance 626
Cause, Motivation 627
Condition 628
Purpose 629
Manner, Means 629
Comparison 630
Concession 630
Dominant Use of Circumstantial Participles 630
The Participle in Noun Phrases 631
Attributive Use (as Modifier) and Substantival Use (as Head) 631
Generic Use 632
Tense/Aspect of Attributive and Substantival Participles 633
Participles in Apposition 633
Periphrastic Uses of the Participle 634
sifii + Participle 634
s xw + Participle 635
53 Overview of Subordinate Constructions 636
Complements 636
Contents
XXVll
Further Particulars 637
Adverbial and Adjectival Subordinate Clauses 638
Further Particulars 639
54 Overview of Moods 640
Indicative 640
Modal (Secondary) Indicative 641
Subjunctive 642
Optative 643
Imperative 644
Moods of Independent Sentences in Subordinate Clauses 645
55 Overview of the Uses of av 646
In Independent Sentences 646
In Finite Subordinate Clauses 646
With Infinitives and Participles 647
56 Overview of Negatives 648
General Points 648
ou versus |af) 648
Multiple Negatives 648
In Independent Sentences 649
In Subordinate Clauses 650
With Infinitives 650
With Participles 651
57 Overview of the Uses of cos 652
As a Conjunction 652
As an Adverb 653
As a Preposition 654
PART III: TEXTUAL COHERENCE 655
58 Introduction to Textual Coherence 657
Coherence 657
Sentences versus Texts 657
Relations between Text Segments; Hierarchy; Interactional Relations 658
Devices Indicating Coherence 659
Text Types 660
xxviii Contents
59 Particles 663
Introduction 663
Meanings and Functions; Types of Particle 663
Particle Combinations 664
The Position of Particles 665
Connective Particles 665
Introduction 665
List of Connective Particles 667
dAAd 667
orrdp 668
au and ccute 668
yap 668
5s 671
f| 673
Kai 673
KaiToi 675
Msv 676
pevToi 677
vuv 679
ouSs/prjSs and ouTe/pf]TS 679
oukouv and oukouv 680
ouv 681
ts 683
Toiyap, Toiyapouv, and ToiyapTOi 683
toivuv 684
Attitudinal Particles 685
Introduction 685
List of Attitudinal Particles 685
apa 685
apa 686
5ai 686
Sr, 686
Stittou 688
5fjTa 689
n 689
mV 689
TTOU 690
TOl 691
Particles of Scope 692
Introduction 692
List of Scope Particles 692
Contents
XXIX
ys 692
yoGv 692
TT£p 693
‘Adverbial5 Kai 693
Particle Combinations 694
List of Particle Combinations 694
aAAa yap and aAAa . . . yap 694
aAAa (...) 5f] 695
aAAa p-qv 695
aAA’ ouv 695
yap 5f] 695
yap ouv 696
6’ ouv 696
r| pf]v 696
Kai yap 697
Kai . .. 5e 697
Kai 8q 698
Kai 5f Kai 698
Kat prjv 699
psv ouv (attitudinal pfjv + ouv) 699
psv ouv ( ... Se) and p£v toIvuv ( ... 5^) 700
ou pf)v a Ad and ou p£VToi aAAa 700
ou pf]v ou5e and ou§£ pf)v 701
60 Word Order 702
Introduction 702
Words with a Fixed Position: Postpositives and Prepositives 703
Mobile, Postpositive and Prepositive Words 703
The Placement of Postpositives 704
The Placement of Prepositives 706
The Ordering of Words in Noun Phrases 707
Head-Modifier versus Modifier-Head 707
Multiple Modifiers 708
Hyperbaton 709
The Ordering of Constituents Within the Clause 709
Asserted and Presupposed Information 709
Consequences for Greek Constituent Order: Focus and Topic 711
Focus Constructions: Broad and Narrow Focus 712
Topics 713
Given Topics (Postverbal) 714
Contrastive and New Topics (Clause-initial) 714
XXX
Contents
The Periphery of the Clause: Settings, Themes and Tails 717
Settings 717
Themes 718
Tails 719
Overview of Clauses with a Periphery 720
Prolepsis 720
61 Four Sample Passages 722
Narrative: Lysias 12.5-12 722
Introduction and Text 722
Commentary 724
Description: Xenophon, Anabasis 1.5.1-4 729
Introduction and Text 729
Commentary 730
Argument: Plato, Gorgias 484c-485a 735
Introduction and Text 735
Commentary 736
Dialogue: Sophocles, Ajax 1120-41 741
Introduction and Text 741
Commentary 742
Bibliography 749
Introduction 749
List of Books, Articles and Online Sources 749
I Encyclopedias, Companions (with Full Bibliographies) 749
II Online Sources 749
III General Works on Language and Linguistics 750
IV Historical Linguistics (Indo-European, Greek Historical Grammar, Etymology)
and Greek Dialectology 751
V Greek: Full Reference Grammars 752
VI Greek: Phonology, Morphology, Accentuation, Word Formation 752
VII Greek: Syntax, Semantics, Pragmatics, Discourse 753
Index of Examples 757
Index of Subjects 776
Index of Greek Words 794
|
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| author | Emde Boas, Evert van 1982- Rijksbaron, Albert 1943- Huitink, Luuk 1981- Bakker, Mathieu de 1975- |
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| author_facet | Emde Boas, Evert van 1982- Rijksbaron, Albert 1943- Huitink, Luuk 1981- Bakker, Mathieu de 1975- |
| author_role | aut aut aut aut |
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| dewey-full | 488.2421 |
| dewey-hundreds | 400 - Language |
| dewey-ones | 488 - Classical Greek usage |
| dewey-raw | 488.2421 |
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| dewey-sort | 3488.2421 |
| dewey-tens | 480 - Classical Greek; Hellenic languages |
| discipline | Philologie / Byzantinistik / Neulatein |
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| id | DE-604.BV044885621 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T18:13:17Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780521198608 9780521127295 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 017024372 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-030279732 |
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| publisher | Cambridge University Press |
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| spellingShingle | Emde Boas, Evert van 1982- Rijksbaron, Albert 1943- Huitink, Luuk 1981- Bakker, Mathieu de 1975- Cambridge grammar of classical Greek Greek language Grammar Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd Griechisch (DE-588)4113791-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4021806-5 (DE-588)4113791-7 (DE-588)4123623-3 |
| title | Cambridge grammar of classical Greek |
| title_alt | Grammar of classical Greek Classical Greek |
| title_auth | Cambridge grammar of classical Greek |
| title_exact_search | Cambridge grammar of classical Greek |
| title_full | Cambridge grammar of classical Greek Evert van Emde Boas (University of Oxford), Albert Rijksbaron (Universiteit van Amsterdam), Luuk Huitink (Universität Heidelberg), Mathieu de Bakker (Universiteit van Amsterdam) |
| title_fullStr | Cambridge grammar of classical Greek Evert van Emde Boas (University of Oxford), Albert Rijksbaron (Universiteit van Amsterdam), Luuk Huitink (Universität Heidelberg), Mathieu de Bakker (Universiteit van Amsterdam) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cambridge grammar of classical Greek Evert van Emde Boas (University of Oxford), Albert Rijksbaron (Universiteit van Amsterdam), Luuk Huitink (Universität Heidelberg), Mathieu de Bakker (Universiteit van Amsterdam) |
| title_short | Cambridge grammar of classical Greek |
| title_sort | cambridge grammar of classical greek |
| topic | Greek language Grammar Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd Griechisch (DE-588)4113791-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Greek language Grammar Grammatik Griechisch Lehrbuch |
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