Research methods and statistics:
Gespeichert in:
Beteiligte Personen: | , |
---|---|
Format: | Buch |
Sprache: | Englisch |
Veröffentlicht: |
Cambridge ; New York ; Port Melbourne ; Delhi ; Singapore
Cambridge University Press
2018
|
Schlagwörter: | |
Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030062885&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
Umfang: | xvi, 450 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
ISBN: | 9781108444712 |
Internformat
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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adam_text | CONTENTS
Preface xv
Parti: Understanding Research 1
X Psychologyy Science, and Life 1
Why Are Research Methods Important Tools for Life? 2
Creating Knowledge 3 / Answering Important Questions 3
Why We Do Research 4
Description 4 / Explanation 5 / Prediction 6 / Control 6
What Constitutes Scientific Knowledge? 7
Science Is Objective 8 / Science Is Data Driven 9 / Science Is
Replicable and Verifiable 9 / Science Is Public 10
The Interaction of Science and Culture 10
The Government’s Role in Science 11 I Cultural Values and Science 11
Scientific Literacy 13
Science and Pseudoscience 14 / Warning Signs of Bogus
Science 15 / Junk Science 18
Chapter Summary 18
Key Terms 19
Chapter Review Questions 20
Part II: The First Steps in Conducting Research 23
2 Ethics in Research 23
Unethical Research Practices—Past and Present 25
Ethical Problems in the Early Years of the Twentieth Century 25 / Ethics
and Plagiarism 27 / Current Examples of Unethical Research 28
Ethical Guidelines Created by the American Psychological Association 29
Aspirational Goals and Enforceable Rules 29 / Ethical Standards as They
Affect You 30
Legal Requirements and Ethics in Research 33
Institutional Review Boards 34
• *
Vll
The Importance of Social Context in Deciding on Ethics in Research 35
Stanley Milgram’s Research Project on Obedience 36 / The Ethical
Issues 36 / The Social Context 37
What You Need to Do if Your Research Involves Deception 38
Some Research Requires Deception 39 / The Effects of Debriefing
on Research 40
Ethical Issues in Special Circumstances 42
Ethics in Cross-Cultural Research 42 / Ethics in Internet
Research 42 / Ethics in Animal Research 43
Chapter Summary 45
Key Terms 46
Chapter Review Questions 46
Planning Research։ Generating a Question 51
Where Research Ideas Begin: Everyday Observations
and Systematic Research 52
Informal and Formal Sources of Ideas 53 / The Effect of Theory 55
How Can You Develop Research Ideas? 58
Generating Research Hypotheses 59
The Virtual Laboratory: Research on the Internet 59
Internet Research 61 / Respondent Motivation 64 / Advantages
to Web-Based Research 64 / Potential Problems with Web-Based
Research 65 / The Future of the Internet in Psychology 66
Checking on Research: The Role of Replication 66
Don’t Reinvent the Wheel: Reviewing the Literature 68
What Is a Literature Review? 69 / The Effect of Peer Review
on the Research Literature 69
How to Conduct a Literature Review 71
Electronic Databases 71 / Starting Your Search 71 / Different
Sources of Information 73
How to Read a Journal Article 74
Understanding the Format of a Research Paper 74
Chapter Summary 77
Key Terms 78
Chapter Review Questions 78
Contents IX
Practical Issues in Planning Your Research 81
Practical Questions in Planning Research 82
Different Ways of Studying Behavior 83
Measuring Complex Concepts 83 / The Importance of Culture and Context
in Defining Variables 84 / Carrying Out a Literature Search 86
Conducting Your Study 87
Determining the Research Setting 88 / Approaches to Psychological
Research 88 / Selecting Research Materials and Procedures 90 / Why
Methodology Is Important 92
Choosing Your Participants or Subjects 93
The Nature of Your Participants 94 / Deciding How Many Participants
to Include 94
Can Rats, Mice, and Fish Help Us Understand Humans? 96
Probability Sampling 97
Simple Random Sampling 98 / Systematic Sampling 98 / Stratified
Random Sampling 98 / Cluster Sampling 99
Nonprobability Sampling 99
Convenience Sampling 99 / Quota Sampling 100 / Purposive
(Judgmental) Sampling 100 / Chain-Referral Sampling 100
Chapter Summary 101
Key Terms 101
Chapter Review Questions 102
Organizing Data with Descriptive Statistics 105
Using Statistics to Describe Results 106
Descriptive Statistics 106
Scales of Measurement 107 / Measures of Central
Tendency 109 / Distributions of Scores 111 / Measures
of Variability 113 / Summarizing Data 118
Computer Analysis Using SPSS 119
Generating Descriptive Statistics 119 / Illustrating Descriptive
Statistics 120
Chapter Summary 125
Key Terms 125
Chapter Review Questions 125
Partili: Creating Experiments
129
6 Conducting an Experiment: General Principles 129
Choosing a Methodology: The Practicalities of Research 130
Determining the Causes of Behavior 131
Trying to Determine Causation in Research 131 / Requirements for
Cause-Effect Relationships 131 / Internal and External Validity 132
The Logic of Experimental Manipulation 135
Experimental Control 136
Threats to Internal Validity 136 / Lack of Control in Experimental
Research: Extraneous Variables and Confounds 138
Experimenter Effects 142
Participant Effects 142
The Hawthorne Effect 143
Interaction Effects Between Experimenters and Participants 144
Biosocial and Psychosocial Effects 144
Realism in Research 144
Chapter Summary 145
Key Terms 146
Chapter Review Questions 146
7 Basic Inferential Statistics 149
Probability 150
Hypothesis Testing 151
Decisions in Statistical Hypothesis Testing 153 / Normal
Distribution 156 / Sampling Distributions 157 /
Single Sample z Test 162 / Steps in Hypothesis Testing 164 /
Single Sample t Test 166
Computer Analysis Using SPSS 171
Chapter Summary 173
Key Terms 173
Chapter Review Questions 174
Contents XI
Looking for Differences Between Two Treatments 111
Statistical Testing for Two Independent Groups 178
Stating the Hypothesis 179 / Significance Testing 180 / Confidence
Intervals 185
Statistical Testing for Related and Repeated Measures 187
Stating the Hypothesis 187 / Significance Testing 188 /
Confidence Intervals 190 / Advantages of Repeated Measures
Designs 192 / Limitations of Repeated Measures Designs 195
Computer Analysis Using SPSS 196
Independent Samples / Test 196 / Related Samples t Test 197
Chapter Summary 199
Key Terms 200
Chapter Review Questions 200
Looking for Differences Among Multiple Treatments 203
Statistical Testing for Multiple Treatments 204
Statistical Testing for Multiple Groups 205
Stating the Hypothesis 205 / Significance Testing 207 / Post
Hoc Analyses 214 / Effect Size 217 / Computer Analysis Using
SPSS 217
Statistical Testing for Repeated Measures 220
Stating the Hypothesis 221 / Significance Testing 222 / Post
Hoc Analyses 227 / Effect Size 227 / Computer Analysis Using
SPSS 228
Chapter Summary 231
Key Terms 232
Chapter Review Questions 232
Multiple Independent Variables: Factorial Designs 235
Factorial ANOVA 236
Stating the Hypotheses 237 / Partitioning Variance 238
Calculating the Factorial ANOVA 239
TOTAL Variance 239 / TREATMENT Variance 240 / ERROR
Variance 245 / F Statistics 247 / Determining Significance
248 / Post Hoc Analyses 250 / Effect Size 251
Computer Analysis Using SPSS 252
Chapter Summary 254
Key Terms 254
Chapter Review Questions 254
Part IV: Correlational and Nonexperimental Research 257
и Principles of Survey Research 257
Surveys: Answering Diverse Questions 258
Census Versus Sample 259 / Accuracy of Survey Results 260
Anonymity and Confidentiality in Survey Research 261
Selecting Your Methodology 263
Question Types 264 / Question Content 264
Response Bias 270
Studying Sensitive Issues 271 / Social Desirability 272 /
Acquiescence 273 / Satisficing Versus Optimizing 273 / Minimizing
the Occurrence of Satisficing 275
Sampling Issues 275
Finding Hidden Populations 276
Chapter Summary 211
Key Terms 211
Chapter Review Questions 278
12 Correlation, Regression, and Non-Parametric Tests 281
Correlational Studies 282
Correlational Analyses 282
Traditional Correlation Tests 283 / Pearson’s r 284
Regression 291
Multiple Regression 293
Chi-Square Goodness of Fit 295
Chi-Square Test of Independence 298
Strength of Association 300
Computer Analysis Using SPSS 301
Correlation 301 / Regression 302 / Chi-Square 302
Contents xiii
Chapter Summary 306
Key Ternis 306
Chapter Review Questions 307
13
Research in Depth: Longitudinal and Single-Case
Studies 311
Longitudinal Research 312
Common Themes in Longitudinal Research 312 / Cross-Sectional Versus
Longitudinal Research 313
Varieties of Longitudinal Research 314
Trendstudies 314 / Cohort Studies 316 / Cohort Sequential
Studies 317 / Panel Studies 318
Issues in Longitudinal Designs 320
Retrospective and Prospective Studies 320 / Attrition 321
Single-Subject Experimentation 324
Experimental Analysis of Behavior 325
Methods of Single-Case Designs 325
Withdrawal Designs 325 / Single-Subject Randomized Controlled
Trials 326 / Strengths of Single-Participant Designs 326 /
Weaknesses of Single-Participant Designs 327 / Misunderstandings
About Single-Case Research 327
Case Studies 328
A Case Study with Experimental Manipulations: Tasting Pointed Chickens
and Seeing Colored Numbers 329
Chapter Summary 330
Key Terms 330
Chapter Review Questions 331
Part V: Culture and Research 333
14 People Are Different: Considering Cultural and Individual
Differences in Research 333
Different Cultural Perspectives 335
What Is Culture? 335
Defining an Individual’$ Culture, Ethnicity, and Race 336
Criteria for Inclusion in a Group 337 / Social Issues and Cultural
Research 338
XIV Contents
Cross-Cultural Concepts in Psychology 339
Are Psychological Constructs Universal? 339 / Issues in Cross-Cultural
Research 341
Is There a Biological Basis for Race? 342
The Criteria for Race 342 / Current Biological Insights Regarding
Race 343 / Historical Error 343 / Current Controversies 345
Practical Issues in Cultural Research 345
Lack of Appropriate Training Among Researchers 345
Why the Concepts of Culture and Ethnicity Are Essential in Research 346
Differences Due to Language and Thought Processes 346 / Differences
in Simple and Complex Behaviors 347 / Is Culture-Free Theory Really
Free of Culture? 348 / Similarities and Differences within the Same
Culture 348
Cultural Factors in Mental Health Research 349
Content Validity 349 / Translation Problems 350 / Cross-Cultural
Norms 351 / Cross-Cultural Diagnoses 351
Sex and Gender: Do Men and Women Come from Different Cultures? 353
Stereotypes and Gender-Related Performance 353
Chapter Summary 354
Key Terms 355
Chapter Review Questions 355
Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C
Appendix D
Appendix E
References
Writing a Research Report 359
Developing an Oral Presentation 387
Creating a Poster 389
Answers to Chapter Review Questions 393
Statistical Tables 409
421
Index 441
|
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discipline | Psychologie |
format | Book |
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isbn | 9781108444712 |
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subject_GND | (DE-588)4056995-0 (DE-588)4155046-8 (DE-588)4176236-8 (DE-588)4047704-6 (DE-588)4151278-9 |
title | Research methods and statistics |
title_auth | Research methods and statistics |
title_exact_search | Research methods and statistics |
title_full | Research methods and statistics Bernard C. Beins (Ithaca College, New York), Maureen A. McCarthy (Ball State University, Indiana) |
title_fullStr | Research methods and statistics Bernard C. Beins (Ithaca College, New York), Maureen A. McCarthy (Ball State University, Indiana) |
title_full_unstemmed | Research methods and statistics Bernard C. Beins (Ithaca College, New York), Maureen A. McCarthy (Ball State University, Indiana) |
title_short | Research methods and statistics |
title_sort | research methods and statistics |
topic | Statistik (DE-588)4056995-0 gnd Forschungsmethode (DE-588)4155046-8 gnd Psychometrie (DE-588)4176236-8 gnd Psychologie (DE-588)4047704-6 gnd |
topic_facet | Statistik Forschungsmethode Psychometrie Psychologie Einführung |
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