Examining ecology: exercises in environmental biology and conservation
Gespeichert in:
Beteilige Person: | |
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Format: | Buch |
Sprache: | Englisch |
Veröffentlicht: |
London ; San Diego, CA ; Cambridge, MA ; Oxford
Academic Press
[2018]
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Schlagwörter: | |
Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029772831&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
Umfang: | xii, 397 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
ISBN: | 9780128093542 |
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245 | 1 | 0 | |a Examining ecology |b exercises in environmental biology and conservation |c Paul A. Rees (School of Environment & Life Sciences, University of Salford, Manchester, United Kingdom) |
264 | 1 | |a London ; San Diego, CA ; Cambridge, MA ; Oxford |b Academic Press |c [2018] | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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adam_text | CONTENTS
Preface____________________________________________________________________________________________________xiii
Acknowledgements xv
Chapter 1 Biodiversity and Taxonomy___________________________________________________________________________1_
Introduction 2
The Naming and Classification of Organisms 2
The Identification of Species 3
Biodiversity Hotspots Versus Cold Spots 3
Citizen Science 4
References 4
Exercise 1.1 Ecology and Taxonomy 5
Exercise 1.2 What’s in a Name? Vernacular Versus Scientific Names 7
Exercise 1.3 The Classification of Animals 9
Exercise 1.4 Constructing a Dichotomous Key 11
Exercise 1.5 Global Biodiversity: The Numbers of Recognised Species 13
Exercise 1.6 Diversity in Chalcid Wasps 14
Exercise 1.7 Lognormal Distribution of Species Relative Abundance 15
Exercise 1.8 The Discovery of New Species 16
Exercise 1.9 Extinctions Versus Discovery of New Species 18
Exercise 1.10 The Historical Ecology of the Large Mammals of Ngorongoro Crater 20
Exercise 1.11 Pest Eradication in New Zealand 22
Exercise 1.12 Citizen Science: Biodiversity and Environmental Studies 25
Exercise 1.13 The Ecological Value of Ancient Woodland 27
Chapter 2 Abiotic Factors and Ecophysiology___________________________________________________________________29
Introduction 30
Limits for Life 30
Climatic Variation 30
Temperature Regulation 31
Adaptation to Harsh Environments 31
References 31
Exercise 2.1 Climatic Variations 32
Exercise 2.2 Lake Stratification 34
Exercise 2.3 Carbon Dioxide and Photosynthesis 35
Exercise 2.4 The EfFect of Water Table Depth on Seed Germination 36
Exercise 2.5 The EfFect of Oxygen Level on Midge Larvae Survival 37
Exercise 2.6 Temperature Selection in Two Fish Species 38
Exercise 2.7 Adaptation to Life Underwater: Diving in Seals 39
Exercise 2.8 Surviving Salty Environments: Maintaining Osmotic Balance 40
Exercise 2.9 Living in the Desert: Temperature Tolerance in the Camel 42
Exercise 2.10 Diapause in Grapholita 44
Exercise 2.11 The EfFect of Temperature on Dusting Behaviour in an Asian Elephant 45
Exercise 2.12 Hibernation in the Black Bear 47
Exercise 2.13 Microclimate Preferences in Woodlice 48
CONTENTS
Chapter 3 Ecosystems, Energy and Nutrients ___________________________________________________________________51
Introduction 53
Food Chains and Food Webs 53
Ecological Pyramids 54
Nutrient Cycles 55
Nutrient Cycles and People 55
Ecological Succession 56
References 56
Exercise 3.1 A Steppe Ecosystem: Biotic and Abiotic Factors 57
Exercise 3.2 Food Webs in an English Woodland 58
Exercise 3.3 Ecological Pyramids 60
Exercise 3.4 Energy Flow in Ecosystems 62
Exercise 3.5 A Comparison of Energy Budgets in Two Ecosystems 63
Exercise 3.6 Chemotrophism 64
Exercise 3,7 Grazing and Detritus Food Chains 65
Exercise 3,8 Energy Sources in Aquatic Ecosystems 66
Exercise 3.9 Energy Budget of a Bank Vole 67
Exercise 3.10 Wildlife Biomass in the Serengeti 68
Exercise 3.11 Assimilation Efficiency in the African Elephant 70
Exercise 3.12 Capybara Farming in Venezuela 72
Exercise 3.13 The Nitrogen Cycle 73
Exercise 3.14 Nitrogen Balance for Lake Mendota, Wisconsin 74
Exercise 3.15 The Economics of Fertiliser Application 75
Exercise 3.16 Sewage Sludge Cake as a Fertiliser 76
Exercise 3.17 The Effect of pH on Crop Growth 77
Exercise 3.18 Timanfaya National Park, Lanzarote: An Opportunity to Study Succession 78
Exercise 3.19 Succession in Bird Species 79
Chapter 4 Determining Abundance and Distribution_____________________________________________________________81
Introduction 82
Discovering New Species 83
Mapping Distributions 83
Estimating Population Size 84
References 84
Exercise 4.1 Recording the Distribution of Organisms 85
Exercise 4.2 Problems in Determining the Historical Distribution of Organisms 87
Exercise 4.3 Community Science: Moors for the Future 88
Exercise 4.4 Bird Ringing 92
Exercise 4.5 Zonation on a Rocky Shore 94
Exercise 4,6 The Effect of Sample Size on Population Estimates Obtained Using Quadrat Sampling 96
Exercise 4.7 Estimating the Size of a Population of Mobile Animals 98
Exercise 4.8 Estimating Population Size by Removal Trapping 100
Exercise 4.9 Studying Animal Populations Using a Calendar of Catches 102
Exercise 4.10 Population Dynamics of a Zoo Population of Chimpanzees 103
Exercise 4.11 Estimating Population Size Indirectly: Badgers and Setts 104
Exercise 4.12 Analysis of Spatial Distributions: Clumped, Uniform or Random? 107
VUL
CONTENTS
Exercise 4.13 Estimating the Size of a Large Mammal Population by Transect Sampling 108
Exercise 4.14 Sampling Zooplankton Populations 110
Exercise 4.15 Estimating the Size of Whale Populations 111
Exercise 4.16 Estimating Population Size Using the Lincoln Index: A Simulation 113
Exercise 4.17 Population Size and Habitat Selection in Two Species of Gulls 115
Exercise 4.18 The Factors Affecting Plant Population Estimates Obtained by Quadrat Sampling: A Computer
Simulation 118
Chapter 5 Population Growth 121
Introduction 122
Defining Populations 122
Population Growth 122
Life Tables and Survivorship Curves 123
R- and K-Strategists 123
References 123
Exercise 5.1 Exponential Population Growth 124
Exercise 5.2 Boom and Bust Population Growth 125
Exercise 5.3 Logistic Population Growth 126
Exercise 5.4 Density-Dependent and Density-Independent Factors and Population Control 127
Exercise 5.5 Using Leslie Matrices to Model Population Growth 129
Exercise 5.6 Life Table for the Honey Bee 132
Exercise 5.7 Survivorship of Dali Sheep 133
Exercise 5.8 Types of Survivorship Curve 134
Exercise 5.9 The Age Structure of Captive Female African Elephants 135
Exercise 5.10 Opportunity or Equilibrium: r-Strategist or ^-Strategist? 136
Chapter 6 Species Interactions______________________________________________________________________________ 139
Introduction 140
Competition and Niche Theory 140
Keystone Species 141
Predation 141
Biological Control 142
References 142
Exercise 6.1 Competition in Two Tree Species 143
Exercise 6.2 Intraspecific Competition in Barley 144
Exercise 6.3 Competitive Exclusion 145
Exercise 6.4 Competition in Flour Beetles 146
Exercise 6.5 Do Cormorants and Shags Compete for Food? 147
Exercise 6.6 Competition Between Ants and Rodents 148
Exercise 6.7 Defining the Niche 149
Exercise 6.8 Niche Separation in Warblers 152
Exercise 6.9 Niche Separation in Tropical Monkeys 154
Exercise 6.10 Predator-Prey Simulation 155
Exercise 6.11 Predation of Foxes on Rabbits 156
Exercise 6.12 The Effects of Disease, Climate and Vegetation Change on Large Mammal Populations 158
Exercise 6.13 Biological Control 161
Exercise 6.14 Seals and Phocine Distemper Virus 162
IX
CONTENTS
Chapter 7 Behavioural Ecology and Ecological Genetics____________________________________________________________165
Introduction 167
Evolutionarily Stable Strategies and Game Theory 167
Industrial Melanism 167
Metal Tolerance in Plants 168
Genetic Conservation 168
References 168
Exercise 7.1 Identifying Individual Animals 169
Exercise 7.2 Radio-Tracking Animals 171
Exercise 7.3 Activity Budgets in Asian Elephants 173
Exercise 7.4 Feeding Strategies in Lizards 175
Exercise 7.5 Roaring Contests in Red Deer 176
Exercise 7.6 Territoriality in Feral Cats 177
Exercise 7.7 Safety in Numbers; Flocking as an Antipredator Device 179
Exercise 7.8 The Effect of Prey Density on Territory Size in an Avian Predator 180
Exercise 7.9 Flexibility in the Social Behaviour of Pied Wagtails 181
Exercise 7.10 Optimal Foraging Theory; Using Game Theory to Study Ecological Strategies 182
Exercise 7.11 Evolutionarily Stable Strategies: Reproduction in Dung Flies 184
Exercise 7.12 Industrial Melanism: Hiding in Plain Sight 186
Exercise 7.13 Zinc Tolerance in Agrostis capillaris 188
Exercise 7.14 Inbreeding and Homozygosity 189
Exercise 7.15 The Problem of Genetically Isolated Populations: Inbreeding in Lion and Black Rhinoceros 191
Exercise 7.16 Calculating Effective Population Size 193
Exercise 7.17 Charles Darwin: Careful Scientist or Clumsy Amateur Naturalist? 195
Exercise 7.18 Weight Distribution of Seeds and Natural Selection in the Horse Chestnut Tree 198
Chapter 8 Environmental Pollution and Perturbations______________________________________________________________201
Introduction 202
Pesticides in Food Chains 203
Water Pollution 203
Radioactivity 203
Toxicity 203
Pollution Monitoring, Bioindicators and Diversity Indices 203
Climate Change 204
Reference 205
Exercise 8.1 The Biological Concentration of DDT Residues in Food Chains 206
Exercise 8.2 Pesticides and Eggshells 208
Exercise 8.3 The Toxicity of Pesticides and Herbicides 209
Exercise 8.4 Cultural Eutrophication 211
Exercise 8.5 Organic Pollution of Freshwater Ecosystems 212
Exercise 8.6 The Effects of Acid Rain on Invertebrate Diversity in Norwegian Lakes 214
Exercise 8.7 Dippers and Acid Rain 215
Exercise 8.8 Monitoring River Pollution Using Diversity Indices 217
Exercise 8.9 Thermal Pollution and Water Fleas 218
Exercise 8.10 Temperature Inversions and Air Pollution 219
Exercise 8.11 The Effect of Sulphur Dioxide on Growth in Ryegrass 221
Exercise 8.12 Trends in Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the United Kingdom 222
X
CONTENTS
Exercise 8.13 Decay and Concentration of Radioisotopes
Exercise 8.14 The Hubbard Brook Study: Deforestation and Nutrient Loss 228
Exercise 8.15 Interactions Between Urbanisation, Forestry and Hydrology 230
Exercise 8.16 Lichens as Monitors of Air Pollution 231
Exercise 8.17 Feral Pigeons as Bioindicators of Lead Levels in the Environment 233
Exercise 8.18 Where has All the Ice Gone? Polar Bears and Climate Change 235
Chapter 9 Conservation Biology_________________________________________________________________________________^37
Introduction 238
Conservation 238
The Identification of Threatened and Endangered Species 238
In situ Versus Ex situ Conservation 239
Island Biogeography and Nature Reserve Design 239
Sport Hunting and Game Ranching 239
Zoos 240
Seed Banks and Frozen Zoos 241
Evolutionarily Significant Units 241
The Role of the Law 241
References 242
Exercise 9.1 Counting Threatened Species: The IUCN Red List 243
Exercise 9.2 The Biology of the Giant Panda 244
Exercise 9.3 Conserving Tropical Plants: Why Bother? 246
Exercise 9.4 Gullypots: A Threat to Small Vertebrates 248
Exercise 9.5 Black Rhinoceros Poaching in Tanzania 249
Exercise 9.6 Conserving Fish Stocks by Mesh Regulation 252
Exercise 9.7 Game Ranching in Zimbabwe 254
Exercise 9.8 Use it or Lose it: Sport Hunting as Conservation 256
Exercise 9.9 How Does Shape Affect a Protected Area? 258
Exercise 9.10 Animal Réintroductions 260
Exercise 9.11 Causes of Manatee Mortalities in Florida 261
Exercise 9.12 The Conservation Role of Zoos 262
Exercise 9.13 Zoos and Evolutionarily Significant Units (ESUs) 264
Exercise 9.14 Returning Grey Wolves to Their Former Habitats in the USA 267
Exercise 9.15 Do Good Fences Make Good Neighbours? Are Wildlife Fences Part of the Problem or
Part of the Solution? 271
Exercise 9.16 Ethics in Ecological Research and Ecosystem Management 272
Chapter 10 Statistics 275
Introduction 276
Variables, Populations, and Samples 276
Descriptive Statistics 277
Inferential Statistics 280
Calculating Probabilities 287
Reference 287
Exercise 10,1 Sewage Sludge Parasites 288
Exercise 10.2 Ozone Levels in a City 289
Exercise 10.3 Lead Pollution in Gulls 290
Exercise 10.4 Body Length and Mass in Humpback Whales 291
XI
CONTENTS
Exercise 10.5 Seals and Disease 292
Exercise 10.6 BOD and Tubifex 293
Exercise 10.7 Weather Measurements 294
Exercise 10,8 Lichen Diversity and Air Pollution 295
Chapter 11 Multiple Choice Questions _______________________________________________297
Chapter 12 Answers to Exercises and Multiple Choice Tests__________________________________________________329
Chapter 1 Biodiversity and Taxonomy 330
Chapter 2 Abiotic Factors and Ecophysiology 334
Chapter 3 Ecosystems, Energy and Nutrients 339
Chapter 4 Determining Abundance and Distribution 346
Chapter 5 Population Growth 353
Chapter 6 Species Interactions 358
Chapter 7 Behavioural Ecology and Ecological Genetics 363
Chapter 8 Environmental Pollution and Perturbations 370
Chapter 9 Conservation Biology 377
Chapter 10 Statistics 384
Answers to multiple choice questions 386
Glossary 387
Index 391
XII
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id | DE-604.BV044370418 |
illustrated | Illustrated |
indexdate | 2024-12-20T18:01:10Z |
institution | BVB |
isbn | 9780128093542 |
language | English |
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physical | xii, 397 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
publishDate | 2018 |
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spellingShingle | Rees, Paul A. Examining ecology exercises in environmental biology and conservation Populationsdynamik (DE-588)4046803-3 gnd Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd Umweltschutz (DE-588)4061644-7 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4046803-3 (DE-588)4043207-5 (DE-588)4061644-7 |
title | Examining ecology exercises in environmental biology and conservation |
title_auth | Examining ecology exercises in environmental biology and conservation |
title_exact_search | Examining ecology exercises in environmental biology and conservation |
title_full | Examining ecology exercises in environmental biology and conservation Paul A. Rees (School of Environment & Life Sciences, University of Salford, Manchester, United Kingdom) |
title_fullStr | Examining ecology exercises in environmental biology and conservation Paul A. Rees (School of Environment & Life Sciences, University of Salford, Manchester, United Kingdom) |
title_full_unstemmed | Examining ecology exercises in environmental biology and conservation Paul A. Rees (School of Environment & Life Sciences, University of Salford, Manchester, United Kingdom) |
title_short | Examining ecology |
title_sort | examining ecology exercises in environmental biology and conservation |
title_sub | exercises in environmental biology and conservation |
topic | Populationsdynamik (DE-588)4046803-3 gnd Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd Umweltschutz (DE-588)4061644-7 gnd |
topic_facet | Populationsdynamik Ökologie Umweltschutz |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029772831&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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