Fluoropolymer applications in the chemical processing industries: the definitive user's guide and handbook
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| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Kidlington, Oxford
Elsevier, William Andrew Applied Science Publishers
[2018]
|
| Edition: | Second edition |
| Series: | Plastics design library
PDL handbook series |
| Subjects: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029716145&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029716145&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Physical Description: | xv, 436 Seiten Illustrationen |
| ISBN: | 9780323447164 |
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| adam_text | Contents
Preface..........................................................................................xiii
Acknowledgments....................................................................................xv
1 Introduction to Fluoropolymers..................................................................1
1.1 Introduction...............................................................................1
1.2 What Are Fluoropolymers?...................................................................1
1.3 Fundamental Properties of Fluoropolymers...................................................3
1.4 Developmental History of Fluoropolymers....................................................3
1.5 Applications of Fluoropolymers.............................................................5
References.................................................................................6
2 Materials of Construction.......................................................................7
2.1 Introduction...............................................................................7
2.2 Historical Background......................................................................7
2.3 Definition of Polymer-Based Materials......................................................8
2.4 Comparison Between Polymer-Based Materials and Metals......................................8
2.4.1 Position of Fluoropolymers in the Materials Spectrum.................................8
2.5 Applications of Polymer-Based Materials for Corrosion Control.............................15
2.5.1 Applications of Fluoropolymers for Corrosion Control................................15
References................................................................................15
3 Properties of Neat (Unfilled) and Filled Fluoropolymers........................................17
3.1 Introduction..............................................................................17
3.2 Influence of Processing on Fluoroplastics.................................................18
3.3 Chemical Compatibility of Fluoropolymers..................................................18
3.3.1 Chemical Compatibility of Perfluoropolymers.........................................18
3.3.2 Chemical Compatibility of Partially Fluorinated Fluoropolymers......................24
3.3.3 Chemical Compatibility of Polychlorotrifluoroethylene...............................24
3.4 Permeation Fundamentals...................................................................24
3.4.1 Permeation Measurement..............................................................28
3.5 Environmental Stress Cracking.............................................................29
3.5.1 Environmental Stress Cracking of Fluoropolymers.....................................31
3.6 Polytetrafluoroethylene-Filled Compounds..................................................31
3.6.1 Granular-Based Compounds............................................................32
3.6.2 Fine Powder-Based Compounds.........................................................34
3.6.3 Compounding With Engineering Polymers...............................................35
3.6.4 Reinforced Gasketing Material.......................................................35
3.6.5 Co-coagulated Compounds.............................................................37
3.6.6 Typical Properties of Filled Fluoropolymers.........................................37
3.6.7 Properties of Neat (Unfilled) Polytetrafluoroethylene...............................43
vii
viii Contents
3.6.8 Standard Measurement Methods for Polytetrafluoroethylene...............................63
3.7 Properties and Characteristics of Melt-Processible Fluoroplastics.............................63
3.7.1 Mechanical and Dynamic Properties......................................................63
3.7.2 Thermal Properties of Melt-Processible Fluoropolymers..................................96
3.7.3 Weatherability of Melt-Processible Fluoroplastics......................................98
3.7.4 Electrical Properties of Melt-Processible Fluoroplastics..............................110
3.7.5 Optical and Spectral Properties of Melt-Processible Fluoroplastics....................113
3.7.6 Radiation Effect on Melt-Processible Fluoroplastics...................................116
3.7.7 Flammability of Melt-Processible Fluoroplastics.......................................122
3.7.8 Biofilm Formation of Melt-Processible Fluoroplastics..................................122
References...................................................................................125
Further Reading..............................................................................128
4 Selecting Fluoropolymers for Corrosion Control...................................................129
4.1 Introduction.................................................................................129
4.1.1 Corrosion of Metals...................................................................129
4.1.2 Corrosion of Polymer Materials........................................................129
4.1.3 Approaches to Selection...............................................................129
4.2 Economics of Selecting Fluoropolymers.......................................................130
4.3 Preparing to Determine Compatibility........................................................130
4.4 Current Technology for Determining Compatibility............................................130
4.4.1 Experience............................................................................130
4.4.2 Manufacturers’ Literature.............................................................130
4.4.3 Testing...............................................................................138
4.4.4 Fabrication Considerations in Materials Selection.....................................177
4.4.5 Inspection and Maintenance Aspects of Materials Selection.............................177
References...................................................................................183
5 Manufacturing of Parts From Tetrafluoroethylene Homopolymers.....................................185
5.1 Granular Resin Processing...................................................................185
5.1.1 Resin Selection........................................................................185
5.1.2 Compression Molding...................................................................185
5.1.3 Automatic Molding.....................................................................192
5.1.4 Isostatic Molding.....................................................................193
5.1.5 Ram Extrusion.........................................................................198
5.2 Fine Powder Resin Processing.................................................................200
5.2.1 Resin Handling and Storage............................................................200
5.2.2 Paste Extrusion Fundamentals..........................................................201
5.2.3 Extrusion Aid or Lubricant............................................................202
5.2.4 Wire Coating..........................................................................203
5.2.5 Extrusion of Tubing...................................................................205
5.2.6 Pressure Hoses........................................................................205
5.2.7 Unsintered Tape.......................................................................211
5.3 Fluoropolymer Dispersion Processing........................................................212
5.3.1 Dispersion Applications................................................................212
5.3.2 Storage and Handling of Dispersions...................................................213
5.3.3 Dispersion Formulation and Characteristics............................................213
5.3.4 Glass Cloth Coating by Dispersion.....................................................215
Contents
ix
5.3.5 Dispersion Impregnation of Flax and Polyaramide.....................................217
5.3.6 Coating Metal and Hard Surfaces With Dispersion.....................................217
References.................................................................................217
Further Reading............................................................................218
6 Manufacturing Parts From Melt-Processible Fluoropolymers......................................219
6.1 Introduction.............................................................................219
6.2 Materials of Construction................................................................219
6.3 Rheology of Fluoropolymer Melts..........................................................219
6.3.1 Characterization of Rheology of Fluoropolymers.....................................220
6.4 Thermal Stability of Fluoropolymers......................................................225
6.5 Melt Extrusion...........................................................................226
6.5.1 The Extruder.......................................................................227
6.5.2 Film Extrusion.....................................................................229
6.5.3 Sheet Extrusion....................................................................229
6.5.4 Pipe and Tube Extrusion............................................................230
6.5.5 Coextrusion........................................................................231
6.5.6 Drawdown Ratio.....................................................................232
6.6 Fluoropolymer Tube Extrusion.............................................................233
6.6.1 Sizing of Tubes....................................................................233
6.6.2 Heat Shrink Tubes..................................................................235
6.7 Fluoropolymer Film Extrusion.............................................................236
6.7.1 Polyvinylidene Fluoride Films......................................................237
6.7.2 Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene and Ethylene Chlorotrifluoroethylene Films............241
6.7.3 Perfluoropolymer Films.............................................................242
6.8 Injection Molding........................................................................246
6.8.1 Injection Molding of Fluoropolymers................................................246
6.9 Rotational Molding.......................................................................253
6.9.1 Basic Process Technology...........................................................254
6.9.2 Rotomolding and Rotolining Processing Conditions...................................256
6.9.3 Conclusion.........................................................................259
6.10 Other Part Manufacturing Techniques......................................................260
6.10.1 Compression Molding of Fluoropolymers.............................................261
6.10.2 Transfer Molding of Fluoropolymers................................................263
6.10.3 Examples of Transfer Molded Parts.................................................269
6.10.4 Blow-Molding Fluoropolymers.......................................................270
6.11 Vacuum Bagging...........................................................................274
References...............................................................................275
7 Fabrication Techniques of Fluoropolymers......................................................279
7.1 Introduction..............................................................................279
7.2 Machining.................................................................................279
7.2.1 Sawing and Shearing.................................................................280
7.2.2 Drilling, Tapping, and Threading....................................................280
7.2.3 Turning and Milling.................................................................280
7.2.4 Centerless Grinding.................................................................280
7.2.5 Skiving.............................................................................280
7.2.6 Machining Filled Polytetrafluoroethylene Parts......................................281
X
Contents
7.3 Adhesive Bonding Methods....................................................................281
7.3.1 Contact Adhesives....................................................................281
7.3.2 Bonding Adhesives....................................................................282
7.4 Welding Techniques..........................................................................282
7.4.1 Heated Tool (Hot Plate) Welding......................................................282
7.4.2 Hot Gas Welding......................................................................285
7.4.3 Induction Welding....................................................................286
7.4.4 Spin Welding.........................................................................289
7.4.5 Ultrasonic Welding...................................................................290
7.4.6 Infrared Welding.....................................................................294
7.4.7 High-Frequency (Radio Frequency) Welding.............................................295
7.4.8 Solvent Welding......................................................................296
7.4.9 Vibration Welding....................................................................297
7.4.10 Microwave Welding....................................................................300
7.4.11 Resistant Welding....................................................................301
7.4.12 Extrusion Welding....................................................................302
7.4.13 Laser Welding........................................................................303
7.4.14 Welding Polytetrafluoroethylene......................................................304
7.4.15 Welding Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene...............................................308
7.4.16 Welding Perfluoroalkoxy..............................................................308
7.4.17 Welding Polyvinylidene Fluoride......................................................310
7.4.18 Welding Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene.................................................312
7.4.19 Welding Ethylene Chlorotrifluoroethylene.............................................314
7.5 Thermoforming...............................................................................314
7.6 Other Processes.............................................................................315
References...................................................................................315
Further Reading..............................................................................318
8 Design and Construction of Linings and Vessels.................................................321
8.1 Introduction...............................................................................321
8.2 Lining of Vessels..........................................................................321
8.2.1 Adhesively Bonded Linings for Vessels................................................321
8.2.2 Rotolining...........................................................................324
8.2.3 Spray and Baked Coatings.............................................................325
8.2.4 Loose Lining.........................................................................332
8.2.5 Dual Laminate........................................................................337
8.3 Welding....................................................................................339
8.4 Lining of Pipes and Fittings...............................................................342
8.5 Lined Valves...............................................................................343
8.5.1 Plug Valves..........................................................................344
8.5.2 Ball Valves..........................................................................344
8.5.3 Butterfly Valves.....................................................................344
8.5.4 Diaphragm Valves.....................................................................344
8.5.5 Clamp Valves.........................................................................345
8.6 Lined Hoses................................................................................345
8.7 Lined Expansion Joints.....................................................................345
8.8 Lining or Coating of Internals.............................................................346
Contents
xi
8.9 Design and Fabrication of Vessels for Lining...............................................347
8.10 Shop Versus Field Fabrication..............................................................347
References.................................................................................347
Further Reading............................................................................348
9 Operation, Inspections, Maintenance, and Repairs...............................................349
9.1 Operations.................................................................................349
9.2 Inspections and Maintenance................................................................349
9.2.1 Visual Examination....................................................................349
9.2.2 Nondestructive and Destructive Examination............................................354
9.2.3 Nonintrusive Examination..............................................................355
9.2.4 Risk-Based Inspection Strategy........................................................356
9.3 Repairs....................................................................................356
10 Failure Analysis of Fluoropolymer Parts........................................................357
10.1 Introduction...............................................................................357
10.2 Part Failure...............................................................................357
10.3 Defect Analysis............................................................................358
10.4 Application of Failure Analysis Methodology................................................362
10.4.1 Infrared Spectroscopy...............................................................365
10.4.2 Electron Microscopy Techniques......................................................367
10.4.3 Mass Spectroscopy...................................................................369
10.4.4 Gas Chromatography..................................................................369
10.4.5 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance..........................................................370
10.4.6 Differential Scanning Calorimetry...................................................370
10.4.7 Differential Thermal Analysis.......................................................372
10.4.8 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis.........................................................373
10.4.9 Thermogravimetric Analysis..........................................................378
10.5 Surface Analysis...........................................................................379
10.5.1 Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis.........................................379
10.5.2 Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy.....................................................380
10.6 Examples of Failure Analysis...............................................................381
10.6.1 Case 1: Failed Lined Pipe...........................................................381
10.6.2 Case 2: Failed Check Valves.........................................................382
10.6.3 Case 3: Black Spots on Huorinated Ethylene Propylene Coating........................382
10.6.4 Case 4: Braided Hose Failure........................................................382
10.7 Physical Defects Due to Part Fabrication...................................................390
10.7.1 Polytetrafluoroethylene.............................................................391
10.7.2 Melt-Processible Fluoropolymers.....................................................392
10.7.3 Measurement of Flaws................................................................393
References.................................................................................399
11 Cost Analysis...................................................................................401
11.1 Introduction...............................................................................401
11.2 Cost Analysis..............................................................................401
References.................................................................................404
xii Contents
12 Safety, Health, Environmental, Disposal, and Recycling..........................................405
12.1 Introduction..............................................................................405
12.2 Toxicology of Fluoropolymers..............................................................405
12.2.1 Ammonium Perfluorooctanoate.......................................................405
12.3 Thermal Properties of Fluoropolymers......................................................406
12.4 Emission During Processing................................................................406
12.5 Safety Measures...........................................................................409
12.5.1 Ventilation of Degradation Products...............................................411
12.5.2 Processing and Fabrication........................................................411
12.5.3 Spillage Cleanup..................................................................412
12.5.4 Equipment Cleaning and Maintenance................................................413
12.5.5 Protective Clothing...............................................................413
12.5.6 Personal Hygiene..................................................................413
12.5.7 Fire Hazard.......................................................................413
12.5.8 Material Incompatibility..........................................................413
12.6 Food Contact..............................................................................413
12.7 Fluoropolymer Scrap and Recycling.........................................................414
12.7.1 Introduction.......................................................................414
12.7.2 Polytetrafluoroethylene...........................................................415
12.7.3 Melt Processible Fluoropolymers (PFA and FEP).....................................415
12.8 Environmental Protection and Disposal Methods.............................................416
12.8.1 Packaging Disposal and Recycling...................................................416
References................................................................................416
13 Future Trends..........................................419
13.1 Introduction..............................................................................419
13.2 Fluoropolymer Applications................................................................419
13.3 Fluoropolymer Resin Manufacturing.........................................................419
13.4 Growth of Fluoropolymer Industries........................................................419
13.5 Technological Needs of Chemical Processing Industry.......................................420
13.5.1 Nondestructive and Nonintrusive Condition Assessment Leading to Fitness
for Service Decisions..............................................................420
13.5.2 Accelerated Testing for Compatibility.............................................420
References................................................................................420
Index...............................................................................................421
A Volume In the Plastics Design Library Series
Fluoropolymer Applications in the Chemical Processing Industries
The Definitive User’s Guide and Handbook
Second Edition
Sina Ebnesajjad and Pradip R. Khaladkar
A complete compendium of practical Information on the use of fluoropotymers in components and parts exposed to harsh chemical
environments In a wide range of Industries.
Fluoropolymer Applications in the Chemical Processing Industries. Second Edition, offers an all-encompassing collection of data and information on
fluoropolymer applications in chemical processing industries and covers fluoropolymer lining materials and structural piping and tubing.
The book includes extensive guidelines for the selection of fluoropotymers for corrosion control. The processes that convert fluoropotymers into
shapes and parts, as well ss the fabrication techniques to finish fluoropolymer components, are discussed in detail, along with laboratory techniques
to determine the cause of part failure, and a modelling methodology to predict and analyze failure of fluoropolymer parts.
This new edition Includes new fluoropolymer grades, and includes new examples of the fluoropolymer role in preventing corrosion. New fabrication
techniques have been added, and additional emphasis has been placed on adhesion and welding techniques. New sections have been added
on inspection of new linings, and in-service inspection - including inspection frequency, acceptance criteria, fitness for service evaluation, and
reparability. Updated to reflect major changes in the industry since 2004, this book contains practical, problem-solving tools for professionals across
a range of industries. Equipment manufacturers, plant operators, and product design and manufacturing engineers will all benefit from the in-depth
knowledge provided.
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Sina Ebnesajjad is the Series Editor of Plastics Design Library (PDL). He retired as a Senior Technology Associate at DuPont Huoroproducts in
2005 after nearly 24 years of service. Sina founded FluoroConsultants Group, LLC In 2006, where he continues to work. His experiences include
fluoropolymer technologies (polytetrafluoroethytene and its copolymers) including polymerization, finishing, fabrication, product development failure
analysis, market development and technical service.
Pradip R. Khaladkar retired as a Principal Materials Engineer from Dupont after 37 years specializing in polymer based materials for chemical
handling. Currently he provides consulting through his firm PECT Consulting LLC.
RELATED TITLES
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Drobny, Fluoroelastomers Handbook, Second Edition, William Andrew, 9780323394802
McKeen, Fluorinated Coatings and Finishes Handbook, Second Edition, William Andrew, 9780323371261
W
William
Andrew
elMvier.com/boolu-and-jountals
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| id | DE-604.BV044312520 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T17:59:35Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780323447164 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029716145 |
| oclc_num | 1015738329 |
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| owner | DE-703 DE-861 |
| owner_facet | DE-703 DE-861 |
| physical | xv, 436 Seiten Illustrationen |
| publishDate | 2018 |
| publishDateSearch | 2018 |
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| publisher | Elsevier, William Andrew Applied Science Publishers |
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| series2 | Plastics design library PDL handbook series |
| spellingShingle | Ebnesajjad, Sina Khaladkar, Pradip R. Fluoropolymer applications in the chemical processing industries the definitive user's guide and handbook Fluorpolymere (DE-588)4154866-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4154866-8 |
| title | Fluoropolymer applications in the chemical processing industries the definitive user's guide and handbook |
| title_auth | Fluoropolymer applications in the chemical processing industries the definitive user's guide and handbook |
| title_exact_search | Fluoropolymer applications in the chemical processing industries the definitive user's guide and handbook |
| title_full | Fluoropolymer applications in the chemical processing industries the definitive user's guide and handbook Sina Ebnesajjad, Pradip R. Khaladkar |
| title_fullStr | Fluoropolymer applications in the chemical processing industries the definitive user's guide and handbook Sina Ebnesajjad, Pradip R. Khaladkar |
| title_full_unstemmed | Fluoropolymer applications in the chemical processing industries the definitive user's guide and handbook Sina Ebnesajjad, Pradip R. Khaladkar |
| title_short | Fluoropolymer applications in the chemical processing industries |
| title_sort | fluoropolymer applications in the chemical processing industries the definitive user s guide and handbook |
| title_sub | the definitive user's guide and handbook |
| topic | Fluorpolymere (DE-588)4154866-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Fluorpolymere |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029716145&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029716145&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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