Metrology and standardization for nanotechnology: protocols and industrial innovations
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| Schriftenreihe: | Nanotechnology innovation & applications
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| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029451466&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Beschreibung: | Literaturangaben |
| Umfang: | XXXII, 594 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Porträt (farbig) |
| ISBN: | 9783527340392 3527340394 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Metrology and standardization for nanotechnology |b protocols and industrial innovations |c edited by Elisabeth Mansfield, Debra L. Kaiser, Daisuke Fujita, and Marcel Van de Voorde |
| 264 | 1 | |a Weinheim |b Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA |c [2017] | |
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| 300 | |a XXXII, 594 Seiten |b Illustrationen, Diagramme, Porträt (farbig) | ||
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| 653 | |a Analytical Chemistry | ||
| 653 | |a Analytische Chemie | ||
| 653 | |a Chemie | ||
| 653 | |a Chemistry | ||
| 653 | |a Electrical & Electronics Engineering | ||
| 653 | |a Elektrotechnik u. Elektronik | ||
| 653 | |a Materials Characterization | ||
| 653 | |a Materials Science | ||
| 653 | |a Materialwissenschaften | ||
| 653 | |a Sensoren, Instrumente u. Messung | ||
| 653 | |a Sensors, Instrumentation & Measurement | ||
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| 700 | 1 | |a Kaiser, Debra L. |0 (DE-588)1126997749 |4 edt | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Fujita, Daisuke |0 (DE-588)1126998451 |4 edt | |
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| 943 | 1 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029451466 | |
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819313453017333760 |
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| adam_text | CONTENTS
FOREWORD XXVII
PREFACE XXIX
1 INTRODUCTION: AN OVERVIEW OF NANOTECHNOLGY AND NANOMATERIAL
STANDARDIZATION AND OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES 1
AJIT JILLAVENKATESA
1.1 STANDARDS AND STANDARDIZATION 1
1.2 NANOTECHNOLOGY STANDARDIZATION 2
1.2.1 TECHNOLOGY STANDARDIZATION 2
1.2.2 DEVELOPMENT OF STANDARDS FOR NANOTECHNOLOGY 3
1.2.3 NANOTECHNOLOGY STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT IN EUROPE 6
1.2.4 WORKING WITH THE ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC COOPERATION AND
DEVELOPMENT 7
1.3 NANOMATERIAL STANDARDIZATION 8
1.4 CHALLENGES 9
1.4.1 DATA AND INFORMATION GAPS 9
1.4.2 COMPETING PRIORITIES 11
1.4.3 KNOWLEDGE OF STANDARDS AVAILABILITY AND THEIR USE 11
1.5 OPPORTUNITIES 12
1.6 SUMMARY 13
PART ONE NANOTECHNOLOGY BASICS: DEFINITIONS, SYNTHESIS, AND PROPERTIES
15
2 NANOTECHNOLOGY DEFINITIONS AT ISO AND ASTM INTERNATIONAL:
ORIGIN, USAGE, AND RELATIONSHIP TO NOMENCLATURE AND REGULATORY
AND METROLOGY ACTIVITIES 17
FREDERICK C. KLAESSIG
2.1 INTRODUCTION 17
2.2 CONTEXT BASED ON SIZE, PROPERTY, AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK 19
2.2.1 NANOSCALE 19
2.2.2 PROPERTIES 21
2.2.3 NANOTECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK 23
2.3 NANO-OBJECTS: PARTICLES, SHAPES, AND SHAPE DESCRIPTORS 24
2.3.1 PARTICLE AND NANOSCALE 25
2.3.2 CARTESIAN COORDINATES TO DESCRIBE SHAPE 25
2.3.3 SHAPE DESCRIPTORS (OBJECT, PARTICLE, FIBER, AND PLATE) 27
2.4 COLLECTIONS OF NANO-OBJECTS 27
2.4.1 AGGREGATES AND AGGLOMERATES 28
2.4.2 NANOSTRUCTURED 30
2.4.3 DISPERSIONS AND COMPOSITES 31
2.5 LAYERS AND COATINGS AS SURFACE CHEMISTRY 31
2.6 NATIONAL DEFINITIONS 32
2.7 NOMENCLATURE 34
2.7.1 BACKGROUND CONSIDERATIONS 34
2.7.2 COMMERCIAL NOMENCLATURE 36
2.7.3 NOMENCLATURE AS ENUMERATION 39
2.7.4 FOCUS, CATEGORIES, AND DATA SETS 41
2.8 TERMINOLOGY AS A CONTROLLED VOCABULARY AND NOMENCLATURE AS
KNOWLEDGE ORGANIZATION 42
2.9 CONCLUDING REMARKS 44
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 44
REFERENCES 45
3 ENGINEERED NANOMATERIALS: A DISCUSSION OF THE MAJOR CATEGORIES OF
NANOMATERIALS 49
MARCEL VAN DE VOORDE, MACIEJ TULINSKI, AND MIECZYSLAW JURCZYK
3.1 DESCRIPTION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY AND NANOMATERIALS 49
3.2 NANOMATERIALS MORPHOLOGIES 49
3.2.1 ZERO-DIMENSIONAL NANOMATERIALS 51
3.2.2 ONE-DIMENSIONAL NANOMATERIALS 51
3.2.3 TWO-DIMENSIONAL NANOMATERIALS 52
3.2.4 THREE-DIMENSIONAL NANOMATERIALS 52
3.3 TYPES OF NANOMATERIALS
53
3.3.1 INORGANIC 53
3.3.1.1 METAL NANOPARTICLES 53
3.3.1.2 OTHER INORGANIC NANOPARTICLES 54
3.3.1.3 CERAMICS 54
3.3.1.4 SEMICONDUCTORS 55
3.3.1.5 INORGANIC-ORGANIC NANOMATERIALS 55
3.3.2 ORGANIC 56
3.3.2.1 CARBON NANOMATERIALS 56
3.3.2.2 OTHER ORGANIC NANOMATERIALS 57
3.3.3 NANOCOMPOSITES 57
3.4 PROPERTIES OF NANOMATERIALS 58
3.4.1 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES 59
3.4.2 ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES 59
3.4.3 MAGNETIC PROPERTIES 59
3.4.4
THERMAL PROPERTIES 60
3.4.5
OPTICAL PROPERTIES 60
3.4.6
BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES 61
3.5
APPLICATIONS OF NANOMATERIALS AND NANOCOMPOSITES 61
3.5.1 NANODISPERSIONS 63
3.5.2
NANOCRYSTALLINE SOLIDS 63
3.5.2.1
NANOSTRUCTURED TITANIUM 63
3.5.2.2
NANOSTRUCTURED STAINLESS STEEL 65
3.523 OTHER NANOMETALS 65
3.5.2.4 NANOCERAMICS 66
3.5.2.5 CARBON NANOMATERIALS 67
3.S.2.6
DENDRIMERS 67
3.5.3 NANOCOMPOSITES 68
3.5.3.1 HYDROGEN STORAGE 68
3.5.3.2
BIONANOCOMPOSITES 68
3.5.3.3
HARD RE-3D MAGNETS 68
3.5.3.4
POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES 68
3.6
CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK 69
REFERENCES 70
4
NANOMATERIALS SYNTHESIS METHODS 75
MACIEJ TULINSKI AND MIECZYSLAW JURCZYK
4.1 CLASSIFICATION 75
4.2
PHYSICAL METHODS 78
4.2.1
PHYSICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION 78
4.2.2
PULSED LASER DEPOSITION 80
4.2.3
ION BEAM TECHNIQUES 80
4.2.4
PLASMA SYNTHESIS 81
4.3 CHEMICAL METHODS
82
4.3.1
CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION 82
4.3.2
EPITAXIAL GROWTH 83
4.3.3
COLLOIDAL DISPERSION 83
4.3.4
SOL-GEL 84
4.3.5
HYDROTHERMAL ROUTE 85
4.3.6
MICROEMULSIONS 85
4.3.7
POLYMER ROUTE 86
4.4
MECHANICAL METHODS 87
4.4.1
MILLING PROCESSES 87
4.4.1.1
MECHANICAL ALLOYING 87
4.4.1.2
HIGH-ENERGY BALL MILLING 89
4.4.1.3
MECHANOCHEMICAL SYNTHESIS 89
4.4.1.4
MECHANOCHEMICAL ACTIVATION SYNTHESIS 90
4.4.2
SEVERE PLASTIC DEFORMATION 90
4.4.2.1
EQUAL CHANNEL ANGULAR PRESSING 90
4A2.2 CYCLIC EXTRUSION COMPRESSION METHOD 91
4.4.2.Z HIGH-PRESSURE TORSION 92
4A2.4 OTHER SEVERE PLASTIC DEFORMATION
METHODS 92
4.4.3 LITHOGRAPHY 92
4.4.4 MICROMACHINING 93
4.4.5 ETCHING 93
4.5 BIOLOGICAL SYNTHESIS 94
4.6 SUMMARY 95
REFERENCES 96
5 PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ENGINEERED NANOMATERIALS 99
LINDA J. JOHNSTON, ELISABETH MANSFIELD, AND GREGORY J. SMALLWOOD
5.1 INTRODUCTION 99
5.2 COMPOSITION 100
5.3 SIZE AND SIZE DISTRIBUTION 762
5.4 MORPHOLOGY AND SHAPE 105
5.5 AGGREGATION AND AGGLOMERATION 707
5.6 SURFACE PROPERTIES 108
5.7 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK 110
REFERENCES 111
6 BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF ENGINEERED NANOMATERIALS 115
DONG HYUN JO, JIN GYEONG SON, JIN HYOUNG KIM, TAE GEOL LEE,
AND JEONG HUN KIM
6.1 INTRODUCTION 775
6.2 BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF ENMS 776
6.2.1 ENMS IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS UNDER PHYSIOLOGICAL OR PATHOLOGICAL
CONDITIONS 117
6.2.2 EFFECTS OF BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES ON THE FATE OF ENMS IN BIOLOGICAL
SYSTEMS 777
6.2.2.1 ROUTES OF EXPOSURE OR ADMINISTRATION 777
6.2.2.2 BIODISTRIBUTION 779
6.2.2.3 BINDING WITH BIOMOLECULES 120
6.2.2.4 ENTRY INTO THE CELL 727
6.2.2.5 CLEARANCE/EXCRETION/DEGRADATION 722
6.3 METROLOGY AND STANDARDIZATION OF ENMS IN THE CONTEXT OF
BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES 123
6.3.1 CHARACTERIZATION OF ENMS 123
6.3.2 PENETRATION INTO BIOLOGICAL BARRIERS AND
BIODISTRIBUTION 124
6.3.3 BINDING WITH BIOMOLECULES 124
6.3.4 ENTRY INTO THE CELL 124
6.4 CONCLUSIONS 125
REFERENCES 125
PART TWO METROLOGY FOR ENGINEERED NANOMATERIALS
129
7 CHARACTERIZATION OF NANOMATERIALS 131
ALAN F. RAWLE
7.1 INTRODUCTION 131
7.2 SIZE 133
7.3 SHAPE 136
7.4 SURFACE 139
7.5 SOLUBILITY 142
7.6 INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS AND STANDARDIZATION 144
7.7 SUMMARY 146
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 146
REFERENCES 147
8 PRINCIPAL METRICS AND INSTRUMENTATION FOR CHARACTERIZATION OF
ENGINEERED NANOMATERIALS 151
ALEKSANDR B. STEFANIAK
8.1 INTRODUCTION 151
8.2 ENM METRICS AND INSTRUMENTATION FOR CHARACTERIZATION 154
8.2.1 SURFACE AREA 155
8.2.2 BULK CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 157
8.2.3 SURFACE CHEMISTRY 158
8.2.4 PARTICLE SIZE 159
8.2.5 PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION 162
8.2.6 MORPHOLOGY/SHAPE 163
8.2.7 SURFACE CHARGE 164
8.2.8 AGGLOMERATION/AGGREGATION STATE 165
8.2.9 CRYSTAL STRUCTURE 166
8.2.10 SOLUBILITY 167
8.3 SUMMARY 169
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 169
DISCLAIMER 170
REFERENCES 170
9
ANALYTICAL MEASUREMENTS OF NANOPARTICLES IN CHALLENGING AND COMPLEX
ENVIRONMENTS 175
BRYANT C. NELSON AND VYTAS REIPA
9.1 INTRODUCTION 175
9.2 NANOPARTICLE MEASUREMENTS IN SOILS AND SEDIMENTS 175
9.3 NANOPARTICLE MEASUREMENTS IN AIR 177
9.4 NANOPARTICLE MEASUREMENTS IN COSMETICS 179
9.5 NANOPARTICLE MEASUREMENTS IN AQUATIC
ENVIRONMENTS 180
9.6 NANOPARTICLE MEASUREMENTS IN FOODS 182
9.7 NANOPARTICLE MEASUREMENTS IN BIOLOGICAL MATRICES 184
9.8
9.9
9.10
9.11
9.12
9.13
10
10.1
10.2
10
.
2.1
10
.
2.2
10.3
10.3.1
10.3.1.1
10.3.1.2
10.3.2
10.3.2.1
10.3.2.2
10.3.2.3
10.3.2.4
10.3.3
10.3.3.1
10.3.3.2
10.4
11
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.3.1
11.3.2
KEY CHALLENGES FOR CHARACTERIZING NANOPARTICLE SIZES AND SHAPES IN
BIOLOGICAL MATRICES 184
KEY CHALLENGES IN THE QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT OF NANOPARTICLES IN
BIOLOGICAL MATRICES 186
KEY CHALLENGES FOR DETERMINING NANOPARTICLE DOSE/CONCENTRATION IN
BIOLOGICAL MATRICES 187
KEY CHALLENGES IN MEASURING NANOPARTICLE AGGLOMERATION IN
BIOLOGICAL MATRICES 188
NOTABLE INSTRUMENTATION FOR CHARACTERIZING NANOPARTICLES IN
BIOLOGICAL MATRICES 188
CONCLUDING REMARKS 190
NIST DISCLAIMER 191
LIST OF ACRONYMS 191
REFERENCES 192
METROLOGY FOR THE DIMENSIONAL PARAMETER STUDY OF NANOPARTICLES 197
N. FELTIN, S. DUCOURTIEUX, AND A. DELVALLEE
INTRODUCTION 197
TRACEABILITY OF THE DIMENSIONAL MEASUREMENTS AT THE
NANOSCALE 198
HOW TO MAKE THE MEASUREMENT RELIABLE AND COMPARABLE? 198
TRACEABILITY ROUTES 199
MEASURING THE NANOPARTICLE SIZE 201
DIRECT AND INDIRECT MEASURING TECHNIQUES 201
DIRECT TECHNIQUES 201
INDIRECT TECHNIQUES 202
MEASURING METHODS BY MICROSCOPY-BASED TECHNIQUES 203
SAMPLE PREPARATION 203
CALIBRATION/METROLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF INSTRUMENTS 204
MEASUREMENT PRINCIPLE AND ACQUISITION 205
IMAGE ANALYSIS AND DATA PROCESSING 206
ASSESSMENT OF ERROR SOURCES IN MICROSCOPY 207
TYPE A UNCERTAINTIES 207
TYPE B UNCERTAINTIES 208
CONCLUSIONS 209
REFERENCES 209
ANALYTICAL NANOSCOPIC TECHNIQUES: NANOSCALE PROPERTIES 211
DAISUKE FUJITA
INTRODUCTION 211
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF ANALYTICAL NANOSCOPIC
TECHNIQUES 212
SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPY 214
SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPY 214
ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY 215
11.3.3 SPMS FOR NANOSCALE PROPERTY 217
11.3.4 STANDARDIZATION OF SPMS 218
11.4 ELECTRON MICROSCOPY 219
11.4.1 PRINCIPLE OF ELECTRON MICROSCOPY 219
11.4.2 APPLICATIONS OF EMS IN NANOMATERIALS 221
11.4.3 STANDARDIZATION OF ELECTRON MICROSCOPY 222
11.5 EMERGING NANOCHARACTERIZATION TECHNIQUES 222
11.5.1 SCANNING HELIUM ION MICROSCOPY 222
11.5.2 ATOM PROBE FIELD ION MICROSCOPE 224
11.5.3 SCANNING AUGER MICROSCOPY 224
11.5.4 NANO SIMS 226
11.5.5 ELECTRON EMISSION MICROSCOPY 226
11.6 SUMMARY 227
REFERENCES 227
12 TRIBOLOGICAL TESTING AND STANDARDIZATION AT THE MICRO- AND
NANOSCALE 229
ESTEBAN BROITMAN
12.1 INTRODUCTION 229
12.2 A BRIEF HISTORY OF TRIBOLOGY 230
12.3 SCALE EFFECTS IN TRIBOLOGY TESTING 232
12.4 EXPERIMENTAL METHODS FOR TRIBOLOGY CHARACTERIZATION 234
12.4.1 NANO- AND MICRO-TRIBOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION 234
12.4.1.1 SURFACE FORCE APPARATUS 235
12.4.1.2 LATERAL FORCE MICROSCOPE 236
12.4.1.3 TRIBOINDENTER 239
12.4.2 COMPARISON OF THE METHODS 240
12.4.3 EXAMPLE: THE TRIBOLOGY OF SINGLE-CRYSTAL SILICON AT DIFFERENT
SCALES 240
12.5 INTERNATIONAL STANDARDIZATION IN MICRO- AND
NANOTECHNOLOGY 243
12.5.1 INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS IN THE AREA OF TRIBOLOGY 243
12.5.2 THE ISO/TR 11811 TECHNICAL REPORT 244
12.5.3 PROBLEMS OF THE ISO/TR 11811 TECHNICAL
REPORT 245
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 246
REFERENCES 246
13 STOCHASTIC ASPECTS OF SIZING NANOPARTICLES 249
KRZYSZTOF J. KURZYDLOWSKI
13.1 INTRODUCTION 249
13.1.1 SAMPLING CONSIDERATIONS 250
13.1.2 IMAGING CONSIDERATIONS 252
13.1.3 DETERMINING SIZE 255
REFERENCES 257
PART THREE NANOTECHNOLOGY STANDARDS 259
14 ISO TECHNICAL COMMITTEE 229 NANOTECHNOLOGIES 261
HEATHER BENKO
14.1 INTRODUCTION 261
14.2 ISO/TC 229 NANOTECHNOLOGIES 262
14.2.1 HISTORY AND SCOPE 262
14.2.2 STRUCTURE AND COLLABORATION 263
14.2.3 ISO/TC 229 STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT 265
14.2.3.1 PUBLISHED DOCUMENTS 265
14.2.3.2 DOCUMENTS UNDER DEVELOPMENT 267
REFERENCES 267
15 STANDARDS FROM ASTM INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL COMMITTEE E56 ON
NANOTECHNOLOGY 269
DEBRA L KAISER AND KATHLEEN CHALFIN
15.1 INTRODUCTION 269
15.2 ASTM INTERNATIONAL 270
15.2.1 HISTORY, SCOPE, AND MEMBERSHIP 270
15.2.2 STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT 270
15.3 ASTM TECHNICAL COMMITTEE E56 271
15.3.1 SCOPE AND MEMBERSHIP 271
15.3.2 STRUCTURE 272
15.3.3 COLLABORATION AREAS 273
15.4 ASTM E56 STANDARDS 273
15.4.1 TYPES OF STANDARDS 274
15.4.2 SUBJECTS OF STANDARDS 274
15.4.3 PIONEERING STANDARDS 275
15.4.4 USE OF STANDARDS 276
15.5 ASTM E56 FUTURE TECHNICAL FOCUS
AREAS 276
15.6 SUMMARY 277
REFERENCES 277
16 INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION: NANOTECHNOLOGY
STANDARDS 279
MICHAEL LEIBOWITZ
16.1 INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION 279
16.2 IEC TECHNICAL COMMITTEE 113 280
16.2.1 HISTORY, SCOPE, AND MEMBERSHIP 280
16.2.2 STANDARDIZATION PRIORITIES 281
16.2.3 COMMITTEE STRUCTURE AND LIAISON 281
16.2.4 IEC/TC 113 STANDARDS 283
16.2.4.1 TYPES 283
16.2.4.2 STANDARDS 284
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND FUTURE FOCUS AREAS 286
REFERENCES 286
17 STANDARDIZATION OF NANOMATERIALS: METHODS AND PROTOCOLS 289
DR. JEAN-MARC AUBLANT
17.1 GENESIS OF CEN/TC 352 289
17.2 NANOSTRAND: A EUROPEAN ROAD MAP OF STANDARDS NEEDS FOR
NANOTECHNOLOGIES 290
17.3 MANDATE FOR A EUROPEAN STANDARDIZATION PROGRAM FOR
NANOTECHNOLOGIES 291
17.4 MANDATE FOR DEVELOPING EUROPEAN STANDARDS FOR
NANOTECHNOLOGIES 293
17.5 PUBLICATION AND ONGOING WORK OF CEN/TC 352 294
REFERENCES 297
18 NANOMATERIAL RECOMMENDATIONS FROM THE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF PURE
AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 299
ELISABETH MANSFIELD, RICHARD HARTSHORN, AND ANDREW ATKINSON
18.1 IUPAC ORGANIZATION 299
18.1.1 SCOPE 299
18.1.2 HISTORY 299
18.1.3 MEMBERSHIP
300
18.1.4 ORGANIZATION 301
18.1.5 IMPACT ON INDUSTRY AND REGULATORY BODIES 302
18.2 THE FUTURE OF IUPAC IN NANOTECHNOLOGY 302
18.2.1 ANTICIPATED SCOPE OF WORK 302
18.2.2 EXISTING NOMENCLATURE SYSTEMS THAT MAY BE RELEVANT TO THE
DEVELOPMENT OF NOMENCLATURE FOR NANOMATERIALS 303
18.2.3 DESCRIPTION OF RECOMMENDATIONS UNDER DEVELOPMENT (WORK
ITEMS) 304
18.2.4 CUSTOMERS AND USERS 304
18.3 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND FUTURE FOCUS AREAS 304
REFERENCES 305
19 REFERENCE NANOMATERIALS TO IMPROVE THE RELIABILITY OF NANOSCALE
MEASUREMENTS 307
G. ROEBBEN, V.A. HACKLEY, AND H. EMONS
19.1 INTRODUCTION 307
19.1.1 SCOPE 307
19.1.2 TERMINOLOGY 307
19.2 REFERENCE MATERIALS FOR QUALITY CONTROL 308
19.2.1 ANALYTICAL QUALITY ASSURANCE 308
19.2.2 EXAMPLE: QUALITY CONTROL CHART 309
19.3 REFERENCE MATERIALS FOR INSTRUMENT CALIBRATION 310
19.4 REFERENCE MATERIALS FOR METHOD VALIDATION 312
19.4.1 EXAMPLE 1: BETWEEN-LAB REPRODUCIBILITY 312
19.4.2 EXAMPLE 2: BETWEEN-METHOD EQUIVALENCE 314
19.4.3 EXAMPLE 3: WITHIN-LABORATORY METHOD VALIDATION 315
19.5 OUTLOOK/FUTURE TRENDS 317
19.5.1 THE *REPRESENTATIVE TEST MATERIAL* (RTM) CONCEPT 317
19.5.2 REFERENCE MATERIALS FOR USE IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH
RESEARCH 319
19.5.3 MATRIX REFERENCE MATERIALS 319
19.6 CONCLUSIONS 320
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 320
DISCLAIMER 320
REFERENCES 321
20 VERSAILLES PROJECT ON ADVANCED MATERIALS AND STANDARDS (VAMAS) AND
ITS ROLE IN NANOTECHNOLOGY STANDARDIZATION 323
STEPHEN FREIMAN
20.1 BACKGROUND 323
20.2 HOW DOES VAMAS HELP? 324
20.3 THE VAMAS ROLE IN NANOTECHNOLOGY 325
20.4 SUMMARY 326
PART FOUR RISK-RELATED ASPECTS OF ENGINEERED NANOMATERIALS 327
21 CATEGORIZATION OF ENGINEERED NANOMATERIALS FOR REGULATORY
DECISION-MAKING 329
MARIA J. DOA
21.1 INTRODUCTION 329
21.2 CHEMICAL CATEGORIES 330
21.3 ADOPTION OF A SIMILAR APPROACH FOR NANOMATERIALS 331
21.3.1 OECD EXPERT MEETING ON THE CATEGORIZATION OF MANUFACTURED
NANOMATERIALS 333
21.4 CATEGORIZATION IN A NORTH AMERICAN REGULATORY CONTEXT 334
21.4.1 US CHEMICAL REGULATORY FRAMEWORK 334
21.4.2 CANADA-US REGULATORY COOPERATION COUNCILS (RCC)
NANOTECHNOLOGY INITIATIVE 336
21.4.2.1 CARBON NANOTUBES 337
21.4.2.2 INORGANIC CARBON 337
21.4.2.3 METAL OXIDES AND METALLOID OXIDES 337
21.4.2.4 METAL, METAL SALTS, AND METALLOID NANOPARTICLES 337
21.4.2.5 SEMICONDUCTOR QUANTUM DOTS 338
21.4.2.6 ORGANICS 338
21.4.2.7 OTHER 338
21.4.3 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS 338
21.5 PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES 339
CONCLUSION 340
REFERENCES 340
22 NANO-EXPOSURE SCIENCE: HOW DOES EXPOSURE TO ENGINEERED
NANOMATERIALS HAPPEN? 343
CHRISTIE M. SAYES AND GRACE V. AQUINO
22.1 INTRODUCTION 343
22.2 THE STAGES OF A PRODUCT*S LIFECYCLE 343
22.3 PRODUCT LIFE EVALUATION 344
22.4 PRODUCT LIFECYCLE VERSUS PRODUCT VALUE CHAIN 344
22.5 EXPOSURE AT EACH STAGE OF THE ENM PRODUCT LIFECYCLE 348
22.5.1 STAGE 1: PRISTINE NANOMATERIAL PRODUCTION 350
22.5.2 STAGE 2: FORMULATION AND MANUFACTURE 350
22.5.3 STAGE 3: USE SCENARIOS 351
22.5.4 STAGE 4: END-OF-LIFE 353
22.6 ENVIRONMENTAL RELEASE OF ENGINEERED NANOMATERIALS FROM COMMON
NANO-ENABLED PRODUCTS 354
22.6.1 TEXTILE PRODUCTS 354
22.6.2 PAINT PRODUCTS 355
22.6.3 FOOD CONTAINER PRODUCTS 355
22.6.4 SUNSCREEN PRODUCTS 356
22.7 CONCLUSIONS 356
REFERENCES 357
23 NANOTOXICOLOGY: ROLE OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND
RELATED
IN VITRO, IN VIVO
, AND
IN SILICO
METHODS 363
PAVAN M. V. RAJA, GHISLAINE LACROIX, JACQUES-AURELIEN SERGENT, FREDERIC
BOIS,
ANDREW R. BARRON, ENRICO MONBELII, AND DAN ELGRABLI
23.1 IMPORTANCE OF TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES - INTERACTION OF NANOPARTICLES
AND LIVING SPECIES 363
23.2 REGULATORY ASPECTS APPLIED TO NANOMATERIALS 367
23.2.1 NANOMATERIAL DEFINITION 367
23.2.2 REACH AND NANOMATERIALS 370
23.2.3 CURRENT NATIONAL CONTEXT: INVENTORIES 370
23.2.4 PERSPECTIVES 371
23.3 ESSENTIAL CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERIZATION FOR
NANOTOXICOLOGI-
CAL STUDIES 371
23.4 METHODS IN NANOTOXICOLOGY 372
23.4.1 INTRODUCTION: TOXICOLOGY AND NANOTOXICOLOGY 372
23.4.2 IN VIVO APPROACH 372
23.4.2.1 ANIMAL MODELS 372
23.4.2.2 EXPOSURE METHODS 373
23.4.2.3 METRICS 373
23.4.2.4 BIOLOGICAL ENDPOINTS 373
23.4.3 IN VITRO APPROACH 374
23.4.3.1 IN VITRO CELLULAR MODELS 374
23.4.3.2 IN VITRO NM EXPOSURE 374
23.4.3.3 THE QUESTION OF DOSIMETRY 375
23.4.3.4 IN VITRO ENDPOINTS 375
23.4.4 IN SILICO APPROACH 375
23.4.4.1 PHYSIOLOGICALLY BASED PHARMACOKINETIC (PBPK) MODELS 375
23.4.4.2 (QUANTITATIVE) STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS ((Q)SARS) 376
23.5 CONCLUSIONS 376
REFERENCES 376
24 MINIMIZING RISK: AN OVERVIEW OF RISK ASSESSMENT AND RISK
MANAGEMENT OF NANOMATERIALS 381
JO ANNE SHATKIN, KIMBERLY ONG, AND JAMES EDE
24.1 HOW RISK ASSESSMENT AND RISK MANAGEMENT CAN MINIMIZE RISK 381
24.2 RISK ASSESSMENT OF NANOMATERIALS 383
24.2.1 NEEDS FOR RISK ASSESSMENT OF NANOMATERIALS 383
24.2.1.1 PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES 384
24.2.1.2 DOSE METRICS 385
24.2.1.3 TOXICITY 386
24.2.1.4 ASSAY INTERFERENCE 387
24.2.1.5 EXPOSURE SCENARIOS 387
24.2.1.6 UNCERTAINTY 389
24.2.2 STRATEGIES TO SUPPORT RISK ASSESSMENT EVALUATION 390
24.2.2.1 WEIGHT OF EVIDENCE 390
24.2.2.2 CATEGORIZATION AND GROUPING 390
24.2.2.3 ALTERNATIVE TESTING STRATEGIES AND METHODS 391
24.2.3 FRAMEWORKS FOR RISK ASSESSMENT 392
24.2.3.1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR NANOMATERIAL-SPECIFIC FRAMEWORK
DEVELOPMENT 392
24.2.3.2 REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS FOR NANOMATERIALS 393
24.3 RISK MANAGEMENT OF NANOMATERIALS 395
24.3.1 NANOMATERIAL RISK MANAGEMENT TO PROTECT WORKERS 395
24.3.1.1 EXPOSURE LIMITS 397
24.3.1.2 WORKPLACE CONTROLS 397
24.3.1.3 RISK COMMUNICATION - SAFETY DATA SHEETS 398
24.3.2 NANOMATERIAL RISK MANAGEMENT TO PROTECT CONSUMERS AND THE
PUBLIC 399
24.3.2.1 PRODUCT SAFETY 399
24.3.2.2 COSMETICS AND PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS 400
24.3.2.3 FOOD SAFETY 400
24.3.3 NANOMATERIAL RISK MANAGEMENT TO PROTECT THE ENVIRONMENT 401
24.3.3.1 AGRICULTURAL USE 401
24.3.3.2 ENVIRONMENTAL REMEDIATION 401
24.4 CONCLUSIONS 402
REFERENCES 403
PART FIVE NANOTECHNOLOGY-BASED PRODUCTS, APPLICATIONS, AND INDUSTRY
409
25 NANOENABLED PRODUCTS: CATEGORIES, MANUFACTURE, AND APPLICATIONS 411
WENDEL WOHLLEBEN, CHRISTIAN PUNCKT, JASMIN AGHASSI-HAGMANN, FRIEDRICH
SIEBERS, FRANK MENZEL, DANIEL ESKEN, CLAUS-PETER DREXEL, HENNING ZOZ,
HANS ULRICH BENZ, ANDREAS WEIER, MARTIN HITZLER, ANDREA IRIS SCHAEFER,
LUISA DE COLA, AND EKO ADI PRASETYANTO
25.1 GENERAL OVERVIEW 411
25.1.1 DEFINITION OF CATEGORIES FOR NANOENABLED PRODUCTS 420
25.1.2 MANUFACTURING METHODS AND BENEFITS OF MAJOR TYPES OF NANOENABLED
PRODUCTS 422
25.1.2.1 COMPOSITES 422
25.1.2.2 DISPERSIONS AND EMULSIONS 423
25.1.2.3 FIBERS AND YARNS 423
25.1.2.4 NANOPOROUS SYSTEMS 424
25.1.2.5 PARTICLE-BASED SYSTEMS
425
25.1.2.6 THIN FILMS 426
25.2 CASE STUDIES: COMPOSITE SYSTEMS 426
25.2.1 RUBBER NANOCOMPOSITES 426
25.2.2 GLASS CERAMICS 428
25.2.2.1 AMORPHOUS PHASE DECOMPOSITION OF THE GLASS 430
25.2.2.2 NUCLEATION 431
25.2.2.3 CRYSTALLIZATION OF LAS CRYSTALS 431
25.2.3 NANOENABLED BATTERIES 432
25.2.3.1 PERFORMANCE AND SAFETY OF ELECTROLYTES 433
25.2.3.2 PERFORMANCE AND SAFETY OF SEPARATORS 434
25.2.3.3 PERFORMANCE AND SAFETY OF ELECTRODES 434
25.2.4 OXIDE DISPERSION STRENGTHENED ALLOYS: TRENDS AND INNOVATIONS 435
25.2.5 ACCELERATION OF CONCRETE HARDENING BY CALCIUM SILICATE
HYDRATE SEEDS 437
25.3 CASE STUDIES: NANOPOROUS SYSTEMS 440
25.3.1 NANOENABLED MATERIALS FOR THE ENERGY TURN 440
25.3.2 WATER PURIFICATION BY ULTRA- AND NANOFILTRATION MEMBRANES 442
25.3.2.1 POLLUTANT SELECTIVITY 446
25.3.2.2 WATER-ENERGY NEXUS 446
25.3.2.3 DESALINATION VERSUS WATER REUSE 447
25.3.2.4 EMERGING MEMBRANES 447
25.3.2.5 MEMBRANES IN DEVELOPMENT AID 447
25.4 CASE STUDIES: PARTICLE-BASED SYSTEMS 447
25.4.1 SILICA AS FREE-FLOW AND ANTICAKING AGENT 447
25.4.1.1 FINE POWDERS 448
25.4.1.2 WET POWDERS 449
25.4.1.3 SOFT POWDERS 449
25.4.1.4 KEEPING FIRE EXTINGUISHERS FUNCTIONAL 449
25.4.1.5 MANUFACTURING PROCESS 450
25.4.2 NANOMEDICINE: NANOPARTICLES IN MEDICINE 451
25.4.3 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAYS WITH ENHANCED BRILLIANCE BY
NANOENGINEERED
COLOR FILTERS 455
25.5 SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK 457
REFERENCES 460
26 APPLICATION OF NANOMATERIALS TO INDUSTRY: HOW ARE NANOMATERIALS
USED AND WHAT DRIVES FUTURE APPLICATIONS? 465
DENIS KOLTSOV AND IWONA KOLTSOV
26.1 INTRODUCTION 465
26.2 NANOMATERIAL APPLICATION TYPES 466
26.2.1 CLASSIFICATION BY SECTOR 471
26.2.2 CLASSIFICATION BY SUPPLY CHAIN POSITION 471
26.3 SOURCES OF INNOVATION FOR NANOMATERIALS 472
26.3.1 ACADEMIC CURIOSITY 472
26.3.2 INDUSTRIAL OPTIMIZATION 473
26.3.3 CONSUMER PULL 473
26.4 BARRIERS FOR IMPLEMENTATION 473
26.4.1 UNCERTAINTY IN PROPERTIES AND IMPACT 474
26.4.2 UNCERTAINTY IN REGULATION 475
26.4.3 CONSUMER PERSPECTIVE 475
26.5 APPLICATIONS 476
26.5.1 FOOD AND PACKAGING 476
26.5.2 ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS DEVICES 476
26.5.3 COMPOSITES 477
26.5.4 HEALTHCARE 478
26.5.5 CATALYSIS AND FUEL ADDITIVES 479
26.5.6 OPTICS 479
26.6 CONCLUSIONS 487
REFERENCES 481
27
ETHICS AND NANOMATERIALS INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION 485
DANIEL BERNARD
27.1 CURRENT SITUATION 487
27.2 STRATEGY 497
27.3 SAFETY 493
27.4 DATA GENERATION AND EXPERTISE IMPLEMENTATION 496
27.5 TRANSPARENCY 498
27.6 CONCLUSIONS 499
LIST OF ACRONYMS 502
REFERENCES 503
28 NANOMATERIALS FOR ENERGY APPLICATIONS 505
K. E. HURST, 7. M. LUTHER, C. BAN, AND 5. 7. CHRISTENSEN
28.1 INTRODUCTION 505
28.2 PHOTOVOLTAICS 505
28.3 SOLID-STATE LIGHTING 507
28.4 FUEL CELL 509
28.5 BIOMASS 510
28.6 ELECTROCHEMICAL BATTERIES 511
28.7 ELECTROCHEMICAL CAPACITORS 512
28.8 HYDROGEN STORAGE 513
28.9 CONCLUSIONS 515
REFERENCES 515
29 THE IMPORTANCE OF METROLOGY AND STANDARDIZATION OF NANOMATERIALS
FOR FOOD INDUSTRY AND REGULATORY AUTHORITIES IN EUROPE 519
REINHILDE SCHOONJANS AND QASIM CHAUDHRY
29.1 INTRODUCTION 519
29.2 CURRENT TRENDS IN THE USE OF ENGINEERED NANOMATERIALS IN
AGRI/FOOD/FEED PRODUCTS 520
29.3 NANOMETROLOGY IN AGRI/FOOD/FEED 522
29.4 REGULATORY ASPECTS RELATING TO STANDARDIZATION AND SAFE USE OF
NANOMATERIALS 527
29.5 SAFETY DATA FOR REGULATORY AUTHORIZATION IN
EUROPE 529
29.6 CURRENT STATUS OF REGULTORY ASSESSMENTS IN
EUROPE 530
29.6.1 PESTICIDES 530
29.6.2 FOOD CONTACT MATERIALS 531
29.6.3 FOOD ADDITIVES 531
29.6.4 FEED ADDITIVES 532
29.6.5 NOVEL FOODS 532
29.6.6 CONTAMINANTS 533
29.7 CONCLUDING REMARKS 533
REFERENCES 534
30 MAGNETIC PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS OF ENGINEERED
NANOMATERIALS 539
CINDI L DENNIS
30.1 INTRODUCTION 539
30.2 FUNDAMENTALS OF NANOMAGNETISM 539
30.3 APPLICATIONS OF NANOMAGNETS 547
30.3.1 MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING 547
30.3.2 MAGNETIC PARTICLE IMAGING 549
30.3.3 HYPERTHERMIA AND DRUG DELIVERY 551
30.3.4 ASSAYS 552
30.3.5 CELL STIMULATION 553
30.3.6 SPINTRONICS 554
30.3.7 OTHER APPLICATIONS 556
SUMMARY 557
REFERENCES 557
30.4
31 NANOMATERIALS IN TEXTILES 559
KEANA SCOTT, VICENG POMAR-PORTILLO, AND SOCORRO VAZQUEZ-CAMPOS
31.1 INTRODUCTION 559
31.2 MANUFACTURING PROCESSES 560
31.2.1 NANOTEXTILES CLASSIFICATION 560
31.2.2 NANO-ENABLED CONVENTIONAL TEXTILES 561
31.2.2.1 PADDING PROCESS 561
31.2.2.2 SOL-GEL 562
31.2.2.3 LAYER-BY-LAYER 562
31.2.3 NANO-ENGINEERED TEXTILES 563
31.2.3.1 ELECTROSPINNING 563
31.2.3.2 CNT SOLUTION SPINNING AND SOLID-STATE SPINNING 564
31.3 QUALITY ASSURANCE/QUALITY CONTROL 564
31.4 APPLICATIONS 566
31.4.1 ANTIMICROBIAL 566
31.4.2 FLAME RETARDANT 566
31.4.3 STAIN RESISTANCE 567
31.4.4 IMPACT AND WEAR RESISTANCE 567
31.4.5 ULTRAVIOLET (UV) RESISTANCE 568
31.5 CONCLUSIONS 569
REFERENCES 569
INDEX 573
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author2 | Mansfield, Elisabeth Kaiser, Debra L. Fujita, Daisuke Voorde, Marcel H. van de 1936- |
| author2_role | edt edt edt edt |
| author2_variant | e m em d l k dl dlk d f df m h v d v mhvd mhvdv |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1126996645 (DE-588)1126997749 (DE-588)1126998451 (DE-588)121729028 |
| author_facet | Mansfield, Elisabeth Kaiser, Debra L. Fujita, Daisuke Voorde, Marcel H. van de 1936- |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV044044492 |
| classification_rvk | VE 9850 ZN 3700 ZQ 3950 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)975164115 (DE-599)DNB1112218718 |
| dewey-full | 540 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 540 - Chemistry and allied sciences |
| dewey-raw | 540 |
| dewey-search | 540 |
| dewey-sort | 3540 |
| dewey-tens | 540 - Chemistry and allied sciences |
| discipline | Chemie / Pharmazie Elektrotechnik / Elektronik / Nachrichtentechnik Mess-/Steuerungs-/Regelungs-/Automatisierungstechnik / Mechatronik |
| format | Book |
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| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| id | DE-604.BV044044492 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T17:52:10Z |
| institution | BVB |
| institution_GND | (DE-588)16179388-5 |
| isbn | 9783527340392 3527340394 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029451466 |
| oclc_num | 975164115 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-29T DE-11 DE-83 DE-703 DE-573 |
| owner_facet | DE-29T DE-11 DE-83 DE-703 DE-573 |
| physical | XXXII, 594 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Porträt (farbig) |
| publishDate | 2017 |
| publishDateSearch | 2017 |
| publishDateSort | 2017 |
| publisher | Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Nanotechnology innovation & applications |
| spellingShingle | Metrology and standardization for nanotechnology protocols and industrial innovations Metrologie (DE-588)4169749-2 gnd Nanostrukturiertes Material (DE-588)4342626-8 gnd Nanotechnologie (DE-588)4327470-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4169749-2 (DE-588)4342626-8 (DE-588)4327470-5 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Metrology and standardization for nanotechnology protocols and industrial innovations |
| title_auth | Metrology and standardization for nanotechnology protocols and industrial innovations |
| title_exact_search | Metrology and standardization for nanotechnology protocols and industrial innovations |
| title_full | Metrology and standardization for nanotechnology protocols and industrial innovations edited by Elisabeth Mansfield, Debra L. Kaiser, Daisuke Fujita, and Marcel Van de Voorde |
| title_fullStr | Metrology and standardization for nanotechnology protocols and industrial innovations edited by Elisabeth Mansfield, Debra L. Kaiser, Daisuke Fujita, and Marcel Van de Voorde |
| title_full_unstemmed | Metrology and standardization for nanotechnology protocols and industrial innovations edited by Elisabeth Mansfield, Debra L. Kaiser, Daisuke Fujita, and Marcel Van de Voorde |
| title_short | Metrology and standardization for nanotechnology |
| title_sort | metrology and standardization for nanotechnology protocols and industrial innovations |
| title_sub | protocols and industrial innovations |
| topic | Metrologie (DE-588)4169749-2 gnd Nanostrukturiertes Material (DE-588)4342626-8 gnd Nanotechnologie (DE-588)4327470-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Metrologie Nanostrukturiertes Material Nanotechnologie Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029451466&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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