How the mind comes into being: introducing cognitive science from a functional and computational perspective
Gespeichert in:
| Beteiligte Personen: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Oxford
Oxford University Press
2017
|
| Ausgabe: | First edition |
| Schlagwörter: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029209149&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Umfang: | xix, 381 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme (teilweise farbig) |
| ISBN: | 9780198739692 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a How the mind comes into being |b introducing cognitive science from a functional and computational perspective |c Martin V. Butz and Esther F. Kutter, Department of Computer Science and Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany |
| 250 | |a First edition | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents
Preface vii
1 Embodied Cognitive Science 1
1.1 Introduction................................................................. X
1.2 Our brain controls our body.................................................. 2
1.3 Our body controls our brain.................................................. 3
1.4 Our body and our world shape our brain..................................... 3
1.5 Our brain develops for a purpose............................................. 4
1.6 Computational knowledge is necessary......................................... 5
1.7 Book overview ............................................................... 5
2 Cognitive Science is Interdisciplinary 9
2.1 Introduction................................................................. 9
2.2 Philosophy ................................................................. 10
2.2.1 Epistemology and its development..................................... 11
2.2.2 Philosophy of mind................................................... 18
2.2.3 Philosophy of language and forms of representation....................21
2.3 Biology..................................................................... 23
2.3.1 Neurobiology......................................................... 24
2.3.2 Evolution............................................................ 27
2.4 Psychology.................................................................. 31
2.4.1 Behaviorism.......................................................... 31
2.4.2 Constructivism and developmental psychology ......................... 33
2.4.3 The cognitive turn................................................... 35
2.4.4 Memory............................................................... 37
2.5 Bringing the pieces together................................................ 39
2.6 Exercises .................................................................. 42
3 Cognition is Embodied 45
3.1 Computers and intelligence.................................................. 45
3.2 What is intelligence anyway?................................................ 47
3.2.1 Early conceptualizations of intelligence............................. 47
3.2.2 Further differentiations of intelligence............................. 48
3.3 Symbolic artificial intelligence and its limitations........................ 49
3.3.1 Symbolic problem solving............................................. 50
3.3.2 Symbolic linguistic processing....................................... 51
3.4 Hard challenges for symbolic processing systems ............................ 53
3.4.1 Symbol grounding problem............................................. 53
3.4.2 Frame problem........................................................ 55
3.4.3 Binding problem.................................................... 57
3.5 Neural networks ............................................................ 59
3.6 Embodied intelligence....................................................... 61
3.6.1 Embodied biological processing....................................... 62
xi
xii CONTENTS
3.6.2 Embodied artificial intelligence................................... 65
3.6.3 Embodied cognitive agents.......................................... 69
3.7 When have we reached artificial, human cognition?......................... 71
3.8 Exercises ................................................................. 74
4 Cognitive Development and Evolution 77
4.1 Introduction............................................................... 77
4.2 Ontogenetic development ................................................... 78
4.2.1 Prenatal development................................................ 79
4.2.2 Cognitive development after birth: the first few years ............ 81
4.3 Phylogenetic development and evolution..................................... 88
4.3.1 A brief history of evolution science............................... 89
4.3.2 Genetics in a nutshell............................................. 91
4.3.3 Evolutionary mechanisms............................................ 92
4.4 Evolutionary computation................................................... 95
4.4.1 Basic components of evolutionary computation algorithms............ 96
4.4.2 When do evolutionary algorithms work?..............................102
4.5 What can we learn from evolution?..........................................105
4.6 Exercises .................................................................107
5 Behavior is Reward-oriented 109
5.1 Introduction and overview..................................................109
5.2 Reinforcement learning in psychology.......................................109
5.3 Reinforcement learning.....................................................Ill
5.3.1 RL problem..........................................................112
5.3.2 Temporal difference learning .......................................114
5.3.3 Speeding up temporal difference learning ...........................118
5.3.4 Behavioral strategies...............................................122
5.3.5 Actor-critic approaches ............................................123
5.4 Policy gradients...........................................................124
5.4.1 Formalization of policy gradients...................................125
5.4.2 Gradient estimation techniques......................................120
5.4.3 A racing car example ...............................................127
5.4.4 Conclusions and relations to cognition and behavior.................128
5.5 Exercises .................................................................130
6 Behavioral Flexibility and Anticipatory Behavior 131
6.1 Introduction...............................................................131
6.2 Flexibility and adaptivity.................................................133
6.2.1 Niches and natural diversity........................................133
6.2.2 Beyond behaviorism..................................................135
6.2.3 Redundancies and complements........................................136
6.3 Sensorimotor learning and adaptation.......................................139
6.4 Anticipatory behavior......................................................141
6.4.1 Forward anticipatory behavior.......................................142
6.4.2 Inverse anticipatory behavior.......................................144
6.5 Motivations and curiosity..................................................146
6.5.1 Intrinsic reward....................................................147
6.5.2 Extrinsic reward and motivations....................................148
6.6 Summary and outlook........................................................150
6.7 Exercises .................................................................152
CONTENTS xiii
7 Brain Basics from a Computational Perspective 155
7.1 Introduction and overview................................................155
7.2 The nervous system ......................................................155
7.3 Brain anatomy............................................................157
7.3.1 Neurons and neural information processing.........................157
7.3.2 Modules and areas.................................................162
7.3.3 Basic brain and body maintenance..................................165
7.4 General organizational principles........................................166
7.4.1 Function-oriented mappings........................................167
7.4.2 Cortical columns and topographies.................................169
7.4.3 Neural tuning and coordinated communication.......................172
7.5 Brain mechanisms and brain imaging.......................................174
7.5.1 Brain lesion studies .............................................175
7.5.2 Active methods....................................................176
7.5.3 Passive methods...................................................177
7.5.4 Summary...........................................................180
7.6 Summary and conclusions..................................................181
8 Primary Visual Perception from the Bottom Up 183
8.1 introduction.............................................................183
8.2 Light and reflections....................................................183
8.3 The eye..................................................................185
8.4 Visual processing pathways...............................................188
8.5 Redundant and complementary visual processing............................190
8.5.1 Receptive fields, columns, and hypercolumns.......................191
8.5.2 Smoothing ........................................................192
8.5.3 Edge detection....................................................193
8.5.4 Motion detection..................................................195
8.5.5 Integrating edge information......................................198
8.5.6 Further sources of visual information.............................200
8.6 Summary and conclusions..................................................201
8.7 Exercises ...............................................................202
9 Top-Down Predictions Determine Perceptions 203
9.1 Introduction.............................................................203
9.2 Top-down predictive, generative models...................................204
9.3 Bayesian information processing .........................................206
9.3.1 Probability theory: a short introduction..........................207
9.3.2 A simple example .................................................209
9.3.3 Bayesian networks.................................................211
9.3.4 Probability distributions and densities...........................215
9.4 A Bayesian model of visual processing.................................. 219
9.5 Visual illusions.........................................................223
9.6 Summary..................................................................225
9.7 Exercises ...............................................................228
10 Multisensory Interactions 231
10.1 Introduction and overview...............................................231
10.2 Body-relative spaces....................................................233
10.2.1 Redundant, body-relative, multisensory spaces.....................234
10.2.2 Simple population encoding in a locust............................237
10.2.3 Learning peripersonal spaces......................................238
10.2.4 Optimal information fusion........................................240
10.2.5 Spatial, topology-preserving transformations .....................242
10.3 Multisensory recognition................................................243
XIV
CONTENTS
10.3.1 Object recognition.................................................243
10.3.2 Behavior recognition...............................................245
10.4 Cognitive maps............................................................246
10.4.1 Hippocampus and episodic memory ...................................247
10.4.2 Behavior-oriented cognitive map....................................249
10.5 Summary and conclusions...................................................251
10.6 Exercises ................................................................252
11 Attention 255
11.1 Introduction and overview................................................255
11.2 Top-down and bottom-up attention.........................................256
11.3 Phenomena of attention...................................................258
11.3.1 Visual search......................................................258
11.3.2 Attention over time ...............................................258
11.3.3 Change blindness and inattentional blindness.......................261
11.3.4 Other attentional capabilities.....................................264
11.4 Models of attention.......................................................264
11.4.1 Qualitative models of attention....................................265
11.4.2 Bundesen’s theory of visual attention .............................267
11.4.3 Saliency maps and eye saccades.....................................268
11.4.4 Dynamic neural fields of attention.................................270
11.5 Summary and outlook.......................................................271
11.6 Exercises ................................................................273
12 Decision Making, Control, and Concept Formation 275
12.1 Introduction and overview.................................................275
12.2 Compositional motor control in the brain..................................277
12.2.1 Muscles and the spinal cord........................................278
12.2.2 Motorcortex and beyond.............................................280
12.3 Computational motor control...............................................284
12.3.1 Models of online motor control.....................................284
12.3.2 Models of decision making..........................................287
12.3.3 Action and motor control components................................291
12.3.4 Decision making components.........................................293
12.4 Event-oriented conceptualizations.........................................295
12.4.1 Events and event segmentations.....................................296
12.4.2 Event taxonomy.....................................................298
12.4.3 Event conceptualizations and abstractions..........................298
12.5 Summary and conclusions................................................ 300
12.6 Exercises ...............................................................302
13 Language, Concepts, and Abstract Thought 305
13.1 Introduction and overview................................................305
13.2 Introduction to linguistics..............................................306
13.2.1 Historical sketch.................................................308
13.2.2 Speech sounds: phonetics..........................................309
13.2.3 Words: phonology and morphology...................................309
13.2.4 Sentences: syntax ................................................311
13.2.5 Semantics and pragmatics..........................................314
13.3 Language in the brain....................................................316
13.4 Language evolution.......................................................318
13.4.1 Shared intentionality, cooperation, and communication.............319
13.4.2 Gestural theory and verbal communication..........................320
13.4.3 Mind and grammar..................................................321
13.4.4 Further implications of language evolution........................322
CONTENTS
xv
13.5 Language development.....................................................323
13.5.1 Prelinguistic concept development.................................323
13.5.2 Phonological and lexical development .............................325
13.5.3 Grounding and developing grammar..................................328
13.6 Common and individual meaning............................................329
13.6.1 Word meaning......................................................330
13.6.2 Meaning in conversations..........................................331
13.7 Conclusions and implications.............................................332
13.8 Exercises ...............................................................334
14 Retrospection and future perspectives 337
14.1 Retrospection............................................................337
14.2 Some underrepresented aspects............................................341
14.3 Consciousness and cognitive modeling.....................................342
References 345
Index 367
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| spellingShingle | Butz, Martin V. Kutter, Esther F. How the mind comes into being introducing cognitive science from a functional and computational perspective Cognitive science Philosophy of mind Thought and thinking Kognitionswissenschaft (DE-588)4193780-6 gnd |
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| title | How the mind comes into being introducing cognitive science from a functional and computational perspective |
| title_auth | How the mind comes into being introducing cognitive science from a functional and computational perspective |
| title_exact_search | How the mind comes into being introducing cognitive science from a functional and computational perspective |
| title_full | How the mind comes into being introducing cognitive science from a functional and computational perspective Martin V. Butz and Esther F. Kutter, Department of Computer Science and Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany |
| title_fullStr | How the mind comes into being introducing cognitive science from a functional and computational perspective Martin V. Butz and Esther F. Kutter, Department of Computer Science and Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany |
| title_full_unstemmed | How the mind comes into being introducing cognitive science from a functional and computational perspective Martin V. Butz and Esther F. Kutter, Department of Computer Science and Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany |
| title_short | How the mind comes into being |
| title_sort | how the mind comes into being introducing cognitive science from a functional and computational perspective |
| title_sub | introducing cognitive science from a functional and computational perspective |
| topic | Cognitive science Philosophy of mind Thought and thinking Kognitionswissenschaft (DE-588)4193780-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Cognitive science Philosophy of mind Thought and thinking Kognitionswissenschaft Einführung |
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