Gespeichert in:
| Beteilige Person: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Oxford
Oxford University Press
[2016]
|
| Ausgabe: | Tenth edition |
| Schlagwörter: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029063034&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Umfang: | xxxii, 567 Seiten |
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| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a Equity and trusts |
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| 650 | 4 | |a Equity / Wales / Cases | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Trusts and trustees / England / Cases | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | OUTLINE CONTENTS
PART i Introduction to Equity and Trusts 1
1 Foundations of Equity and Trusts 2
2 Trusts in Context 15
PART ll Creation and Recognition of Trusts 35
3 Trusts Created Expressly 36
4 Constitution of Trusts: Effective Disposition of Benefit 77
5 Resulting Trusts: Ineffective Disposition of Benefit 105
6 Formality, Perpetuity, and Illegality: Trust Creation and Public Policy I 132
7 Charity: Trust Creation and Public Policy II 161
8 Constructive Trusts and Informal Trusts of Land 226
PARTIN The Regulation of Trusts 289
9 Variation of Trusts and the Flexibility of Benefit 290
10 The Fiduciary Duty 336
11 Fulfilling and Filling the Office ofTrustee 364
12 Investment 387
13 Breach of Trust: The Personal Liability of Trustees 408
PART IV Trusts and Third Parties 433
14 Tracing and Recovering Trust Property 434
15 The Equitable Liability of Strangers to the Trust 470
PART V Equity 497
16 Equity: Maxims, Doctrines, and Remedies
498
DETAILED CONTENTS
Table of Cases xvi
Table of Statutes xxix
Table of Statutory Instruments xxxiii
Table of International Instruments xxxiv
PART 1 Introduction to Equity and Trusts 1
1 Foundations of Equity and Trusts 2
Key Aims 2
SECTION 1: Introduction 2
SECTION 2: The Nature of the Trust 7
SECTION 3: Distinctions between Legal and Equitable Ownership 10
A: Bringing common law claims 10
B: Equitable rights as property rights 11
2 Trusts in Context 15
Key Aims 15
SECTION 1: Introduction 15
SECTION 2: Private Trust Contrasted with Governmental Trust 15
SECTION 3: Trust and Taxation 16
A: Trustees duty to pay tax 17
SECTION 4: Trust Contrasted with other Legal Ideas 17
A: Trust and powers of appointment 17
B; Trust and contract 21
C: Trust and debt 22
D: Trust and agency 29
E: Trust and corporation 29
F: Trust and bailment 30
SECTION 5: The Recognition of Trusts in other Jurisdictions 33
PART II Creation and Recognition of Trusts 35
3 Trusts Created Expressly 36
Key Aims 36
SECTION 1: Introduction 36
SECTION 2: Certainty of Intention 37
SECTION 3: Certainty of Subject Matter 40
SECTION 4: Certainty of Object 43
A: Fixed trusts 43
B: Discretionary trusts 44
SECTION 5: Private Purpose Trusts 58
SECTION 6: Donations to Non-Charitabie Unincorporated Associations 66
A: Trust for present and future members 66
B: Trust for present members only 67
Detailed Contents xi
C: Gift to present members only 67
D: Contractual analysis 68
4 Constitution of Trusts: Effective Disposition of Benefit 77
Key Aims 77
SECTION 1: Introduction 77
SECTION 2: Modes of Constitution 78
A: Declaration of self as trustee 78
B: Trusts by transfer to trustees 80
C: Covenants to settle 90
D: Trusts of promises 97
E: Accidental perfection of gifts and constitution of trusts 99
F: Donatio mortis causa 101
5 Resulting Trusts: Ineffective Disposition of Benefit 105
Key Aims 105
SECTION 1: Introduction 105
SECTION 2: Categories of Resulting Trust 114
A: Presumptions concerning intention 115
B: Land and the presumption of resulting trust 124
C: Automatic resulting trusts 124
6 Formality, Perpetuity, and illegality: Trust Creation
and Public Policy 1 132
Key Aims 132
SECTION 1: Introduction 132
A: Inter vivos trusts 133
B: Testamentary trusts 134
C: Mutual wills 134
D: Secret trusts 139
E: Dispositions of equitable interests 143
F: Perpetuity 150
SECTION 2: Public Policy Limitations on Trust Creation 153
A: The forfeiture rule 153
B: Trusts created to prejudice the settlor s creditors are void 154
C: Discrimination or choice? 156
7 Charity: Trust Creation and Public Policy II 161
Key Aims 161
SECTION 1: Introduction 161
SECTION 2: Definition of Charity 164
A: The new statutory definition of charity 165
B: Purposes must be exclusively charitable 170
C: Profit seeking 171
D: Political purposes ¡71
E: The prevention or relief of poverty 179
F: The advancement of education 183
G: The advancement of religion 186
H: The advancement of health or the saving of lives 192
1: The advancement of citizenship or community development 193
J: The advancement of arts, culture, heritage, or science 194
K: The advancement of amateur sport 194
L: The promotion of human rights, conflict resolution, and reconciliation
or the promotion of religious or racial harmony or equality and diversity 196
xii Detailed Contents
M: The advancement of environmental protection or improvement 197
N: The relief of those in need, by reason of youth, age, ill health, disability,
financial hardship, or other disadvantage 199
O: The advancement of animal welfare 199
P: The promotion of the efficiency of the armed forces of the Crown or
of the efficiency of the police, fire and rescue services, or the ambulance services 200
Q: Other charitable purposes or purposes analogous to existing charitable purposes 201
SECTION 3: Public Benefit 205
A: Public benefit under the Charities Act 2006 (now 2011) 206
B: The relief of poverty (Lord Macnaghten s first head) 206
C: The advancement of education (Lord Macnaghten s second head) 210
D: The advancement of religion (Lord Macnaghten s third head) 214
E: Public benefit for other purposes beneficial to the community
(Lord Macnaghten s fourth head) 217
F: Self-help organisations 219
G: Disaster appeals 221
section 4: Administration of Charities 222
A: Charity Commission 222
B: Charity Tribunal 224
SECTIONS: CyPrès 224
8 Constructive Trusts and Informal Trusts of Land 226
Key Aims 226
section i: Introduction 226
A: Constructive trust: property-based or free-standing remedy? 227
B: Classification of constructive trusts 228
section 2: Informal Trusts of Land 240
A: Cases where there is an express understanding 253
B: Cases where there is no express understanding 258
C: Proprietary estoppel 270
D: Quantification of the beneficial share 276
section 3: The Civil Partnership Act 279
section 4: Special Rules Governing Trusts of Land 281
A: Overreaching 281
B: Trusts of Land and Appointment of Trustees Act 1996 281
PARTIN The Regulation of Trusts 289
9 Variation of Trusts and the Flexibility of Benefit 290
Key Aims 290
SECTION 1: Introduction 290
section 2: Maintenance and Advancement 291
A: Maintenance 291
B: Advancement 294
section 3: Variation of Beneficial Ownership 298
A: inherent equitable jurisdiction 299
B: Variation of Trusts Act 1958 301
C: Variation of trust administration 313
section 4: CyPrès 315
A: Initial failure 316
B: Subsequent failure 322
Detailed Contents xiii
C: Altering charitable objects 323
D: Charities Act 1993 (now Charities Act 2011) 326
E: Further reform of cypres 331
F: Small poverty charities 332
10 The Fiduciary Duty 336
Key Aims 336
section 1: Introduction 336
section 2: Conflicts 340
A: The self-dealing rule and the fair-dealing rule 340
B: The duty not to put oneself in a position of potential conflict 341
C: The effect of retirement from a trust 342
D: The rule against unauthorised profit 345
E: Relaxation of the strict rule of fiduciary loyalty? 351
F: Trustee remuneration 353
G: The duty of personal service 356
11 Fulfilling and Filling the Office of Trustee 364
Key Aims 364
section 1: Introduction 364
section 2: Fulfilling the Office of Trustee 365
A: General statutory powers 365
B: The duty of care 367
C: The duty of fairness 372
D: Exercising discretion and giving reasons 373
section 3: Filling the Office of Trustee 378
A: Appointment of new trustees 379
B: Termination of trusteeship 383
C: The role of beneficiaries 383
D: Disclaimer of the trust 385
12 Investment 387
Key Aims 387
section 1: Introduction 387
section 2: The Meaning of Investment 388
A: The need for direct financial benefits 388
section 3: Express and General Powers of Investment 389
A: Genera! investment powers 390
B: Investment in land 391
C: Powers of trustees of land 392
section 4: General Investment Duties 392
section 5: Special Investment Duties 398
section 6: Investment Policy 400
A: Ethical considerations 403
13 Breach of Trust: The Personal Liability of Trustees 408
Key Aims 408
section 1: Introduction 408
section 2: Beneficiaries Remedies 409
A: Election between inconsistent remedies 410
B: Compensation in settlement trusts 411
xiv Detailed Contents
C: Equitable compensation in bare trusts 411
D: Interest on the judgment 415
section 3: Defences 416
A: Statutory time-bar 416
B: Laches 421
C: Beneficiary s instigation of (or consent to) the breach 422
D: Exemption clause 422
SECTfON 4: Relief from Liability 425
A: Set-off 425
B: Contribution 426
C: indemnity 426
D: Statutory power to relieve trustee from personal liability 427
E: Impounding a beneficiary s share 428
PART IV Trusts and Third Parties 433
14 Tracing and Recovering Trust Property 434
Key Aims 434
SECTION 1: Introduction 434
section 2: Common Law Remedies 435
A: Express retention of legal title to a transferred asset 435
B: Proprietary remedies at common law 437
C: Money had and received 438
section 3: Common Law Tracing 442
section 4: Equitable Proprietary Remedies 451
section 5: Tracing in Equity 456
A: Identification of property as belonging to the claimant 457
B: Quantifying shares in mixed funds: pari passu and Clayton s case 458
C: Mixing by trustee or fiduciary 460
D: Assets misapplied by the trustee and recovered by the trustee 464
E: Requirement for fiduciary relationship 465
15 The Equitable Liability of Strangers to the Trust 470
Key Aims 470
section 1: Introduction 470
section 2: Trustee de Son Tort 471
section 3: Knowing Receipt 471
section 4: Dishonest Assistance 480
section 5: The Personal Action in Diplock 494
section 6: Multiplicity of Claims 494
PART V Equity 497
16 Equity: Maxims, Doctrines, and Remedies 498
Key Aims 498
section 1: Introduction 498
Detailed Contents xv
section 2: The Maxims of Equity 498
A: Equity wiI! not suffer a wrong without a remedy 499
B: Equity follows the law 499
C: Equity looks to substance not form 500
D: Equity will not permit a statute to be used as an instrument of fraud 501
E: Equity acts in personam 503
F: Those who come to equity must come with clean hands 505
G: Those who come to equity must do equity 506
H: Equity sees as done that which ought to be done 507
!: Equity imputes an intention to fulfil an obligation 507
J: Where the equities are equal, the first in time prevails 508
K: Where the equities are equal, the law prevails 508
L: Where equity and law conflict, equity shall prevail 508
M: Equality is equity 508
N: Delay defeats equities 509
O: Equity will not assist a volunteer 510
P: There is no equity to perfect an imperfect gift 510
Q: Equity abhors a vacuum in ownership 510
section 3: Equitable Doctrines 510
A: Conversion 511
B: Satisfaction 511
C: Performance 512
D: Election 512
section 4: Equitable Remedies 513
A: The discretionary nature of equitable remedies 513
B: The equitable remedy of specific performance 515
C: Injunctions 519
D: Rescission 530
E: Rectification 534
F: Account 535
G: Subrogation 537
FI: Equitable set-off 540
Index 543
|
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| title | Cases & materials on equity & trusts |
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| title_auth | Cases & materials on equity & trusts |
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| title_fullStr | Cases & materials on equity & trusts Gary Watt |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cases & materials on equity & trusts Gary Watt |
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