Mikulčice river archaeology: new interdisciplinary research into bridge no. 1
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Institute of Archaeology of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno
2014
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| Schriftenreihe: | Internationale Tagungen in Mikulčice
10 Spisy Archeologického ústavu AV ČR Brno 51 |
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| Umfang: | 153 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten |
| ISBN: | 9788086023601 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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Content
Foreword ...................................................................
Notes on river archaeology in Mikulcice (Lumír Polácek) ....................
Archaeological excavation B 2012 of the filled-up riverbed and bridge No. 1
in Mikulcice (Lumír Polácek - Marek Hladík).................................
Dendrochronological dating of samples from Mikulcice (Michal Rybnícek — Tomás
Kolár — Jaroslav Skojec)....................................................
The Quaternary geological and pedological situation of excavated area B 2012
(Pavel Havlícek - Libuse Smolíková) ........................................
Sedimentological study of selected profiles of excavated area B 2012 (Slavomír
Nehyba).....................................................................
Plant macro-remains from the palaeochannel sediments, trench B 2012 (Michaela
Látková - Mária Hajnalová) .................................................
Radiocarbon dating of plant macro-remains from the palaeochannel and its
implication for the reconstruction of sediment deposition processes (Peter Barta
- Mária Hajnalová - Michaela Látková) ......................................
Pollen analysis of river and flood sediments from excavation B 2012
(Alena Dohnalová)...........................................................
Conclusions (Lumír Polácek) ................................................
References
143
CHAPTER IX
Conclusions
Lumîr Polacek
This book has presented an overall interdiscipli-
nary evaluation of the excavations denoted B 2012
(No. 93) in Mikulcice. The main objective was to
complete the excavation of bridge No. 1 and to
explain issues arising out of the current post-excava-
tion analysis of the large-scale excavations of extinct
river distributaries in Mikulcice. While the excava-
tion was being prepared and also while it was being
carried out, a number of archaeological, historical
and environmental issues were identified.
The first chapter in this book introduced river
archaeology in Mikulcice. The early medieval
stronghold in Mikulcice is the only site in the Czech
Republic and its broader surroundings where large-
scale archaeological excavation of an extinct riverbed
has been carried out. Four sites with a total area of
10,000 m2 were examined from the 1960s to 1980s.
A complex evaluation of the excavation is only now
taking place, however.
The second chapter presented a comprehensive
archaeological analysis of excavated area B 2012. This
area is adjacent to excavation site No. K 1966-68.
In 2012 another (probably final) part of bridge
No. 1, the adjacent riverbed and part of the bank
were excavated. The stratigraphic situation in the
extinct riverbed was similar to the one in the excava-
tion from the 1960s. It was made up of three main
stratigraphic units: a basal layer formed by organic
sediments on top of the riverbed (1/), a layer of
fluvial sands (2/) and a topmost layer with flood
loams (3/). The basal layer contained large quanti-
ties of plant residues — macro-remains and pollens.
This is where most of the movable finds — mostly
pottery — come from. The dating of these finds falls
approximately in the 9th century, i.e. in the period
when the Mikulcice power centre was in existence.
The above-mentioned stratigraphy applies to
the main riverbed. In area B 2012 this channel was
connected to another structure, which was given the
working name “side channel”. Because this structure
took up only a marginal part of the excavated area, it
was not possible to interpret it reliably. It was prob-
ably a natural depression, the result of erosion of
the cut bank of the meander. Anthropogenic action
cannot be completely ruled out either here. The
filling of the “side channel” consisted of fine sand-
clay sediments of flood-loam character.
One of the main benefits of the interdiscipli-
nary research into area B 2012 was at least a partial
rendering of the development of the riverbed. The
original “older meander” was gradually filled up
with fluvial sands (point bar), during which process
it shifted and became shallower. The result was the
“younger meander”, filled with fine sand-clay sedi-
ments of flood-loam character. This unit has been
documented only in the northern profiles of the
excavated area; its larger part, including its outer
border, is to be searched for outside the area exam-
ined (see Fig. 2.16). Thus, without further research
the following conclusions must be considered hypo-
thetical. Nevertheless, they are crucial for the formu-
lation of further questions, or, to be more precise,
for the evaluation of the output of the research done
between the 1960s and 1980s. They show that the
144
Mikulcice river archaeology. New interdisciplinary research into bridge No. 1
traditional localisation of the meanders and the
interpretation of their contents do not necessarily
reflect reality.
The newly excavated north-western part of
Mikulcice bridge No. 1 is probably the terminal
part of the whole wooden construction. Four rows
of piles perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the
bridge were found (see Fig. 2.7). The bridge did not
direcdy connect to the bank of the NW extramu-
ral settlement, but its final part was parallel to the
outline of the bank of the “side channel”. The situa-
tion does not allow an unambiguous interpretation
without further excavations. The “illogical” route
of the ending of the bridge on the NW side can
possibly be linked to the supposed modelling of the
cutbank of the meander at the time of the existence
of the bridge.
Dendrochronological dating of 14 piles turned
up only two dates: “after 875” (lak) and 876/877
(Wk) (see chapter III). Compared to the results from
the dating of the originally excavated part of the
bridge (approx. 40 dates from “after 828” to “after
871”) these are the youngest pieces of dendrochro-
nological data gained from bridge No. 1, while the
dating 876/877 is the only precise date. Taking into
account all the results of dendrochronological and
archaeological analyses gained so far, the hypothesis
regarding the dating of the bridge construction to the
second half of the 9th century still holds — assuming
intensive repairs and reconstructions of the bridge.
From the point of view of archaeology, the main
benefit of the geological research is the documen-
tation and interpretation of the excavated stratig-
raphies (see chapter IV). As most layers in area B
2012 have the character of natural sediments, the
archaeologists used the detailed geological descrip-
tion of reference profiles to complete their own exca-
vation documentation (see Fig. 4.4 to 4.11). Thanks
to geological and micromorphological research,24 * * * *
three horizons of subfossil soils were identified: one
stratigraphically older and two younger than the
9th century AD. The oldest and at the same time
24 The editor and the reviewers of this volume agree that
regarding terminology and content the micromor-
phological characteristics in chapter IV do not fully
comply with current recommendations (see e.g. Stoops
ed. 2003).
the most prominent horizon was formed by basal
subfossil paraautochthonous soils with an assumed
dating from the end of the Epiatlantic to the end
of the Subboreal (after Lozek 1973, 1982). These
soils were formed on top of the oldest (clayey) flood
loams and they were covered by a similar type of
loam. A riverbed with 9th-century findings was
carved into these loams. Unfortunately, radiocarbon
data obtained from the subfossil soils cannot be used
for their dating because it comes from obviously
re-sedimented organic particles from these soils (cf.
Tab. 3.1). Another benefit of the geological research
is the sedimentological mapping in the vicinity of
area B 2012 and the resulting attempt at a recon-
struction of the “older meander” (border of the
fluvial point bar; see Fig. 4.1).
The most significant contribution to knowledge
of the chronological and spatial development of
river sedimentation in area B 2012 is presented by
the results of the sedimentological study in Chapter
V. Point bar sediments strongly predominate in all
the sections of the outcrop (the sandy filling of the
“older meander”) that were studied. They docu-
ment a lateral accretion of the point bar caused by
a gradual translation of the river flow. The topmost
part of the sedimentary succession reflects channel
abandonment and fluvial deposits having been
affected by pedogenic processes (fine sandy-clayey
filling of the “younger meander”). The time and
space reconstruction of the northern river bank was
mosdy based on these findings (see Fig. 2.16).
The archaeobotanical evaluation of plant macro-
remains from palaeochannel deposits produced
a large assemblage of finds (see chapter VI). In
contrast to earlier assemblages studied by E. Opravil
(1972, 1983, 1998, 2000), the new finds are archae-
ologically well stratified. Plant macro-remains data
obtained from the 2012 excavation was used not
only for the reconstruction of changes in the natural
environment over time, but also supplied informa-
tion on ancient watercourse dynamics, thus helping
to clarify the formation processes which resulted in
the sedimentation of the excavated palaeochannel
deposits.
The assemblage of crops is not numerous, but
species-rich. All cereals typical of the early medi-
eval crop package were present and, among them,
millet was the most common. From the cultivated
Conclusions
145
legumes, lentil, and from oil and fibre plants, hemp
was recorded. The fact that hemp seeds occur in large
numbers in the river channel sediments may indi-
cate that this area was used for retting. Remains of
the (exotic) fruits of peach, cherry, grape and walnut
are also common - similar taxa to those recorded
in Mikulcice by E. Opravil (ibid.), which suggests
they were probably cultivated locally as early as at
that time. The wild plants recorded document the
existence, nature and exploitation of a wide range
of plant communities — fields, meadows, forests and
water channels. The seeds of aquatic plants point to
slow moving (or stagnant) water in the river in this
area, at least during the time of the sedimentation
of the bottommost layers of the palaeochannel. The
remains in all the samples evaluated are of heteroge-
neous origin.25 This indicates that deposits formed
by a combination of natural processes and human
activities and over a longer period. A significant role
was played by the river and the flushing of sediments
from the immediate surroundings. The occurrence
of luxury species such as the grapevine, peach or
walnut is clearly linked with the elite position of the
Mikulcice-Valy site in the 9th century. * 52
25 Similar conclusions also arise from the malacologi-
cal analysis of samples collected during the floating of
plant macro-remains. I wish to thank M. Horsak for the
expert analysis of the file.
Several fossil mollusc were found during the exca-
vation of site B 2012 (No. 93). In total, five samples
collected from three layers of both the younger and
the older river channel bottom were analysed. Only
52 shells were found. They belong to six snail species:
Vallonia costata (41 shells), Truncatellina cylindrica (6),
Carychium tridentatum (2), Punctum pygmaeum (1),
Cochlicopa lubrica (1) and Vertigo antivertigo (1). These
species occupy dry, mostly opened or semi-opened habi-
tats ( T. cylindrica and V costata), humid or wetland habi-
tats (C. tridentatum and V. antivertigo) or are generalists
that can be found in various dry to humid and open to
woodland types of habitat (P. pygmaeum and C. lubrica).
On the basis of these records, the past surroundings of
the river channel can be reconstructed as mosdy opened
and rather dry, possibly with some shrubs. However,
two wetland species also indicate the presence of more
humid places, which could be present in some depres-
sions fed by water from the river alluvium. As all these
species are land snails, their shells had to be transferred
from terrestrial habitats to the river, most likely during
flood events. This can also explain the rather low number
of shells recorded in the sediments studied.
The archaeological dating of finds from the
bottom and overlying deposits to the early medieval
period based on stratigraphy and the association of
characteristic artefacts has been confirmed by radio-
carbon (AMS) dating of selected finds of cultivated
fruits and cereals (see chapter VII).
The plant macro-remains evaluated in Chapter
VI originate predominandy from the filling of the
riverbed. The same holds for the samples that went
for palynological analysis—series 2 and 3 to be precise
(see chapter VIII). Unlike the analysis of macro-
remains, pollen analysis also contained samples
representing the whole stratigraphical development
of area B 2012 (series 1). All the layers of the refer-
ence profiles were systematically sampled and have
been described here. They represent the whole Holo-
cene development of the site, or, to be more precise,
of the river system, when the area under examina-
tion alternately occurred inside or outside the active
river channel. The number and state of preservation
of pollen grains were insufficient in a large number
of samples, which is a general palynological problem
in Mikulcice. Higher-quality pollen spectra came
primarily from the layers of organic material on the
bottom of the riverbed and the fine sandy-clayey
sediments in the upper part of the riverbed.
Thanks to the analysis of pollen spectra from
the individual series and layers, it was possible to
observe the ratios of the presence of woody to herba-
ceous plants, and of the presence of synanthropic
vegetation to cultivated crops. A remarkably high
percentage of hemp pollen was found in the filling
of the riverbed, which corresponds to the results of
the analysis of macro-remains. This may suggest its
technological processing along the researched part
of the river. Overall it can be stated that, regarding
the representation of plant taxa, the results gained
are in accordance with the macro-remains analysis
(see chapter VI) as well as with earlier palynological
research at the site (Svobodova 1990; Jankovska/
Kaplan/Polacek 2003).
147
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| genre | (DE-588)1071861417 Konferenzschrift gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Konferenzschrift |
| geographic | Südmähren (DE-588)4078038-7 gnd Mikulčice (DE-588)4100977-0 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Südmähren Mikulčice |
| id | DE-604.BV043588622 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T17:40:28Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788086023601 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029003098 |
| oclc_num | 935927500 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 153 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten |
| publishDate | 2014 |
| publishDateSearch | 2014 |
| publishDateSort | 2014 |
| publisher | Institute of Archaeology of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Internationale Tagungen in Mikulčice Spisy Archeologického ústavu AV ČR Brno |
| series2 | Internationale Tagungen in Mikulčice Spisy Archeologického ústavu AV ČR Brno |
| spellingShingle | Mikulčice river archaeology new interdisciplinary research into bridge no. 1 Internationale Tagungen in Mikulčice Spisy Archeologického ústavu AV ČR Brno Brücke (DE-588)4008408-5 gnd Wallburg (DE-588)4189008-5 gnd Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4008408-5 (DE-588)4189008-5 (DE-588)4129464-6 (DE-588)4078038-7 (DE-588)4100977-0 (DE-588)1071861417 |
| title | Mikulčice river archaeology new interdisciplinary research into bridge no. 1 |
| title_auth | Mikulčice river archaeology new interdisciplinary research into bridge no. 1 |
| title_exact_search | Mikulčice river archaeology new interdisciplinary research into bridge no. 1 |
| title_full | Mikulčice river archaeology new interdisciplinary research into bridge no. 1 edited by Lumír Poláček |
| title_fullStr | Mikulčice river archaeology new interdisciplinary research into bridge no. 1 edited by Lumír Poláček |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mikulčice river archaeology new interdisciplinary research into bridge no. 1 edited by Lumír Poláček |
| title_short | Mikulčice river archaeology |
| title_sort | mikulcice river archaeology new interdisciplinary research into bridge no 1 |
| title_sub | new interdisciplinary research into bridge no. 1 |
| topic | Brücke (DE-588)4008408-5 gnd Wallburg (DE-588)4189008-5 gnd Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Brücke Wallburg Ausgrabung Südmähren Mikulčice Konferenzschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029003098&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029003098&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029003098&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV010007372 (DE-604)BV025173971 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT polaceklumir mikulciceriverarchaeologynewinterdisciplinaryresearchintobridgeno1 |