Fluoroplastics: the definitive user's guide and data book 1 Non-melt processible fluoroplastics
Gespeichert in:
| Beteilige Person: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Norwich, NY
Plastics Design Libr.
2015
Amsterdam [u.a.] Elsevier 2015 |
| Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
| Schriftenreihe: | PDL handbook series
PDL handbook series |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028396644&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Umfang: | XIX, 698 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9781455731992 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | ___________________________________________________________________________________Contents^
2nd edition Acknowledgments...................................................................xiii
1 st edition Acknowledgments....................................................................xv
2nd edition Preface...........................................................................xvii
1st edition Preface............................................................................xix
PARTI
1 Discovery and History of Fluoropolymers.......................................................1
1.1 Coming of Age of Polymer Science.........................................................1
1.2 Roy Plunkett’s Story.....................................................................3
1.3 Commercialization of PTFE................................................................4
1.4 Developmental History of Fluoropolymers..................................................5
References....................................................................................6
2 Production and Market Statistics..............................................................8
2.1 Growth of Fluoropolymers.................................................................8
2.2 Regional Consumption of Fluoropolymers...................................................9
2.3 Consumption of Fluoropolymers and PTFE..................................................10
2.4 Trends..................................................................................11
Further Reading..............................................................................11
References...................................................................................11
3 From Fundamentals to Applications............................................................12
3.1 Introduction............................................................................12
3.2 Uniqueness of Fluorine..................................................................12
3.3 Fluorine Characteristics................................................................13
3.4 What are Fluoropolymers?................................................................17
3.5 Fundamental Properties of Fluoropolymers................................................18
3.6 Developmental History of Fluoropolymers.................................................18
3.7 Examples of Uses of Fluoropolymers......................................................20
References...................................................................................22
4 Fluoropolymers: Properties and Structure.....................................................24
4.1 Introduction............................................................................24
4.2 Impact of F and C—F Bond on the Properties of Polytetrafluoroethylene...................24
4.3 Distruping the Linear PTFE Chain: Perfluorinated Ethylene—Propylene Copolymer
and Polychlorotrifluoroethylene.........................................................27
4.4 Reaction Mechanism......................................................................29
4.5 Effect of Solvents on Fluoropolymers....................................................30
4.6 Molecular Interaction of Fluoropolymers: Low Friction and Low Surface Energy............30
4.7 Conformations and Transitions of PTFE...................................................32
vii
Contents
viii
4.8 Conformations and Transitions of PCTFE..........................................................35
References...........................................................................................36
5 Operational Classification of Fluoropolymers.........................................................38
5.1 Introduction....................................................................................38
5.2 TFE Homopolymers................................................................................38
5.3 TFE Copolymers..................................................................................40
5.4 CTFE Polymers...................................................................................45
5.5 VDF Polymers....................................................................................45
5.6 VF Polymers.....................................................................................45
5.7 Process Classification..........................................................................46
References...........................................................................................47
6 Preparation of Tetrafluoroethylene and Other Monomers...............................................48
6.1 Introduction...................................................................................48
6.2 TFE Preparation................................................................................48
6.3 Purification of TFE............................................................................60
6.4 Properties of TFE..............................................................................61
6.5 Synthesis of HFP...............................................................................63
6.6 Properties of HFP..............................................................................67
6.7 Synthesis of PAVE..............................................................................68
6.8 Properties of PAVE.............................................................................70
6.9 Synthesis of CTFE..............................................................................70
6.10 Properties of CTFE.............................................................................72
References...........................................................................................73
7 Polymerization Surfactants...........................................................................76
7.1 Introduction....................................................................................76
7.2 Perfluorooctane Sulfonate.......................................................................76
7.3 Issues with PFOS................................................................................78
7.4 Problem with PFOA...............................................................................79
7.5 EPA Action......................................................................................83
7.6 Alternative Surfactants for Fluoropolymer Polymerization........................................84
7.7 Summary.........................................................................................90
References...........................................................................................90
8 Polymerization and Finishing of Tetrafluoroethylene..................................................95
8.1 Introduction...................................................................................95
8.2 Polymerization Mechanism.......................................................................96
8.3 TFE Polymers...................................................................................99
8.4 Evolution of Suspension Polymerization of TFE.................................................100
8.5 Preparation of PTFE by Emulsion Polymerization................................................120
8.6 Preparation of Dispersion Grade PTFE..........................................................135
8.7 Preparation of Fine Powder PTFE...............................................................138
8.8 CTFE Polymers and Polymerization..............................................................139
8.9 Characterization of PTFE......................................................................143
8.10 Characterization of PCTFE.....................................................................149
References..........................................................................................153
Contents ix
9 Commercial Grades of Fluoropolymers..............................................................157
9.1 Introduction.................................................................................157
9.2 Granular PTFE................................................................................157
9.3 PTFE Dispersions.............................................................................157
9.4 Fine Powder PTFE.............................................................................157
9.5 Polychlorotrifluoroethylene Polymers.........................................................158
References........................................................................................173
PART II
10 Fabrication and Processing of Granular Polytetrafluoroethylene...................................177
10.1 Introduction..............................................................................177
10.2 Resin Selection.......................................................................... 177
10.3 Compression Molding.......................................................................178
10.4 Automatic Molding.........................................................................199
10.5 Isostatic Molding.........................................................................201
10.6 Ram Extrusion.............................................................................218
References......................................................................................233
11 Fabrication and Processing of Fine Powder Polytetrafluoroethylene...............234
11.1 Introduction..............................................................................234
11.2 Resin Handling and Storage................................................................234
11.3 Paste Extrusion Fundamentals..............................................................236
11.4 Extrusion Aid or Lubricant................................................................239
11.5 Wire Coating..............................................................................242
11.6 Extrusion of Tubing.......................................................................255
11.7 Unsintered Tape...........................................................................265
11.8 Expanded PTFE Manufacturing...............................................................272
11.9 Fine Powder Resin Selection...............................................................276
References......................................................................................277
12 Fabrication and Processing of Polytetrafluoroethylene Dispersions...............................278
12.1 Introduction.............................................................................278
12.2 Applications.............................................................................279
12.3 Storage and Handling.....................................................................279
12.4 Surfactants..............................................................................280
12.5 Principles of Coating Technology.........................................................282
12.6 Dispersion Formulation and Characteristics...............................................286
12.7 Glass Cloth Coating......................................................................289
12.8 Impregnation of Flax and Polyaramide.....................................................292
12.9 Coating Metal and Hard Surfaces..........................................................293
12.10 PTFE Yarn Manufacturing..................................................................294
12.11 Film Casting.............................................................................295
12.12 Anti-drip Applications...................................................................296
12.13 Filled Bearings..........................................................................297
12.14 Dedusting Powders........................................................................297
12.15 Other Applications.......................................................................297
References......................................................................................298
X Contents
13 Processing of Polychlorotrifluoroethylene......................................................300
13.1 Introduction.............................................................................300
13.2 Processing Considerations................................................................300
13.3 Compression Molding......................................................................303
13.4 Injection Molding........................................................................304
13.5 Extrusion................................................................................305
13.6 Machining and Joining....................................................................306
References.....................................................................................306
14 Fluorinated Additives..........................................................................308
14.1 Introduction.............................................................................308
14.2 PTFE Additives...........................................................................309
14.3 Applications of PTFE Additives...........................................................309
14.4 Feedstock for PTFE Additives.............................................................309
14.5 Manufacturing PTFE Additives.............................................................310
14.6 PTFE-Modified Waxes......................................................................312
References.....................................................................................313
15 Surface Treatment of Polytetrafluoroethylene for Adhesion......................................314
15.1 Introduction.............................................................................314
15.2 Sodium Etching of Fluoroplastics.........................................................314
15.3 Plasma Treatment of Fluoropolymers and PTFE............................................ 321
15.4 Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Treatment....................................................328
References.....................................................................................333
16 Filled Fluoropolymer Compounds.................................................................336
16.1 Introduction.............................................................................336
16.2 Granular-Based Compounds.................................................................336
16.3 Fine Powder-Based Compounds..............................................................346
16.4 Co-coagulated Compounds..................................................................350
16.5 Processing Compounds.....................................................................353
16.6 Typical Properties of Filled Fluoropolymers..............................................355
16.7 Nanocomposites of PTFE...................................................................362
16.8 Commercial Products......................................................................370
References.....................................................................................380
PART III
17 Chemical Properties of Fluoropolymers—Polytetrafluoroethylene
and Polychlorotrifluoroethylene................................................................382
17.1 Introduction.............................................................................382
17.2 Chemical Compatibility of PTFE...........................................................382
17.3 Chemical Compatibility of Polychlorotrifluoroethylene....................................387
17.4 Permeation Fundamentals..................................................................389
17.5 Environmental Stress Cracking............................................................392
17.6 Solubility Parameters.................................................................. 395
References.....................................................................................395
18 Properties of Tetrafluoroethylene Homopolymers.................................................396
18.1 Introduction............................................................................396
18.2 Crystallinity...........................................................................398
Contents
xi
18.3 Molecular Weight...........................................................................400
18.4 Influence of Processing....................................................................403
18.5 Microstructure and Fracture of PTFE........................................................407
18.6 Mechanical Properties......................................................................409
18.7 Fatigue Properties.........................................................................415
18.8 Electrical Properties......................................................................422
18.9 Thermal Behavior...........................................................................424
18.10 Flammability Characteristics...............................................................430
18.11 Irradiation Behavior.......................................................................431
18.12 Surface Properties.........................................................................432
18.13 Refractive Index...........................................................................438
18.14 Standard Measurement Methods...............................................................438
References.......................................................................................438
19 Properties of Polychlorotrifluoroethylene.........................................................441
19.1 Introduction...............................................................................441
19.2 Crystallinity..............................................................................441
19.3 Mechanical Properties......................................................................442
19.4 Electrical Properties......................................................................443
19.5 Thermal Properties.........................................................................443
19.6 Irradiation Behavior.......................................................................444
19.7 Properties of PCTFE Films..................................................................446
19.8 В arrier Properties........................................................................448
19.9 Spectroscopic Properties...................................................................448
19.10 Chemical and Weathering Properties.........................................................448
References.......................................................................................452
20 Fabrication Techniques for Polytetrafluoroethylene................................................453
20.1 Introduction...............................................................................453
20.2 Machining..................................................................................453
20.3 Adhesive Bonding Methods...................................................................455
20.4 Welding and Joining........................................................................456
20.5 Thermoforming..............................................................................458
20.6 Other Processes............................................................................460
References.......................................................................................460
21 Applications of Polytetrafluoroethylene and Fluoropolymers...................................... 461
21.1 Chemical Processing........................................................................461
21.2 Piping....................................................................................461
21.3 Vessels...................................................................................463
21.4 CPI Components............................................................................464
21.5 Self-Supporting Components................................................................466
21.6 Trends in Using Fluoropolymers in Chemical Service........................................467
21.7 Semiconductor Processing..................................................................468
21.8 Electrical Applications...................................................................470
21.9 Mechanical Applications...................................................................471
21.10 Automotive and Aerospace..................................................................475
xii Contents
21.11 Medical Devices...........................................................................477
21.12 Summary...................................................................................478
22 Safety, Health, Environmental, Disposal, Recycling, and Economics................................479
22.1 Introduction...............................................................................479
22.2 Toxicology of Fluoropolymers...............................................................479
22.3 Thermal Properties of PTFE............................................................... 479
22.4 Emission during Processing.................................................................480
22.5 Safety Measures............................................................................481
22.6 Food Contact...............................................................................485
22.7 Fluoropolymer Scrap and Recycling..........................................................485
22.8 Environmental Protection and Disposal Methods..............................................486
References.......................................................................................487
Appendix 1: Chemical Resistance of Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)....................................488
Appendix 2: Chemical Resistance of Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE)............................. 610
Appendix 3: Permeability of Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)...........................................650
Appendix 4: Permeability of Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE)......................................657
Appendix 5: Melt Creep Viscosity of Polytetrafluoroethylene..........................................660
Glossary.............................................................................................662
Index................................................................................................692
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| isbn | 9781455731992 |
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| publisher | Plastics Design Libr. Elsevier |
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| spellingShingle | Ebnesajjad, Sina Fluoroplastics the definitive user's guide and data book |
| title | Fluoroplastics the definitive user's guide and data book |
| title_auth | Fluoroplastics the definitive user's guide and data book |
| title_exact_search | Fluoroplastics the definitive user's guide and data book |
| title_full | Fluoroplastics the definitive user's guide and data book 1 Non-melt processible fluoroplastics Sina Ebnesajjad |
| title_fullStr | Fluoroplastics the definitive user's guide and data book 1 Non-melt processible fluoroplastics Sina Ebnesajjad |
| title_full_unstemmed | Fluoroplastics the definitive user's guide and data book 1 Non-melt processible fluoroplastics Sina Ebnesajjad |
| title_short | Fluoroplastics |
| title_sort | fluoroplastics the definitive user s guide and data book non melt processible fluoroplastics |
| title_sub | the definitive user's guide and data book |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028396644&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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