Foreign investment and the environment in international law:
Gespeichert in:
| Beteilige Person: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cambridge
Cambridge Univ. Press
2015
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. paperback ed. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Cambridge studies in international and comparative law
[Neue Serie] ; 94 |
| Schlagwörter: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028008256&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028008256&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Umfang: | XLVIII, 423 S. |
| ISBN: | 9781107521810 9781107006386 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819352865745928192 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
FI
List of abbreviations page xiv
Table of cases xvii
Table of treaties xxxiv
Introductoiy observations 1
Part I Setting the framework
1 Changing winds - three signs 9
1.1 The first sign - conceptual evolution 9
1.2 The second sign - integrating the environment into
investment treaties 14
1.3 The third sign - the environment breaks into
investment disputes 17
2 Conceptualising interactions 24
2.1 Foreign investment and the environment 24
2.2 Synergies 27
2.3 Conflicts 28
2.3.1 Basic definitions 28
2.3.2 Normative and legitimacy conflicts
in theory 29
2.3.3 Normative and legitimacy conflicts in
treaty practice 34
2.4 Levels and sectors 39
2.4.1 Levels 39
2.4.2 Sectors 39
vii
41
42
42
47
50
50
54
59
60
60
65
67
68
69
71
72
79
83
83
86
86
89
95
100
100
101
108
113
113
118
123
124
125
126
CONTENTS
Synergies - harnessing foreign investment to promote environmental protection
3.1 The form of synergies - environmental project finance and PPPs
3.1.1 Environmental project finance
3.1.2 Environmental PPPs
3.2 The substance of synergies - climate change and biodiversity as examples
3.2.1 Foreign investment in climate change initiatives
3.2.2 Foreign investment in biodiversity-related activities
Conflicts I - Soft control mechanisms
4.1 Standards of conduct
4.1.1 Direct standards affecting multinational enterprises
4.1.2 Indirect standards affecting financial intermediaries
4.2 Contractual approaches
4.2.1 Regulatory angle
4.2.2 Components of environmental contracts
4.3 Accountability mechanisms
4.3.1 Controlling companies - direct mechanisms
4.3.2 Controlling the controllers - indirect mechanisms
Conflicts II - adjudication mechanisms
5.1 The adjudication of environment-related disputes
5.2 Jurisdictional matters
5.2.1 Jurisdictional bases in investment arbitration
5.2.2 Environmental claims
5.2.3 Investments in accordance with (environmental) law
5.3 Applicable law
5.3.1 Preliminary observations
5.3.2 Choice of law and other indications
5.3.3 Relevance
5.4 Procedural matters
5.4.1 Role of non-disputing parties
5.4.2 Evidentiary issues
5.5 Damages
5.5.1 The irrelevance thesis
5.5.2 The police powers thesis
5.5.3 Middle grounds
CONTENTS ix
Part II Normative conflicts
6 Normative priority in international law 133
6.1 Fragmentation as it concerns the relations between
environmental and investment protection 134
6.2 Specific conflict norms 136
6.3 General conflict norms 140
6.3.1 Sequential application 140
6.3.2 Lex superior 141
6.3.3 Lex specialis 144
6.3.4 Lex posterior 146
6.3.5 Interpretation techniques 148
7 Foreign investment and the international regulation
of freshwater 158
7.1 International regulation of freshwater - an analysis
of collision points 158
7.1.1 Overview 158
7.1.2 The regulatory approach 160
7.1.3 The human rights approach 164
7.2 Decisions from adjudicatory and quasi-adjudicatory
bodies 167
7.2.1 Overview 167
7.2.2 Water allocation 168
7.2.3 Pollution and depletion of water-bodies 171
7.2.4 Procedural requirements 175
7.2.5 Access to clean and affordable water 179
7.3 Assessing contemporary practice 182
7.3.1 Conceptual findings 182
7.3.2 Some practical problems 184
8 Foreign investment and the protection of biological
and cultural diversity 189
8.1 The protection of biological and cultural diversity - an
analysis of collision points 189
8.1.1 Overview 189
8.1.2 The regulatory approach 191
8.1.3 The human rights approach 197
X
CONTENTS
8.2 Decisions from adjudicatory and quasi-adjudicatory
bodies 198
8.2.1 Overview 198
8.2.2 Protected areas and species 198
8.2.3 Protection of minorities and indigenous peoples 204
8.2.4 Other environmental obligations 211
8.3 Assessing contemporary practice 214
8.3.1 Conceptual findings 215
8.3.2 Some practical problems 216
9 Foreign investment and the international regulation
of dangerous substances and activities 222
9.1 The regulation of dangerous substances and
activities - an analysis of collision points 222
9.1.1 Overview 222
9.1.2 The regulatory approach 225
9.1.3 The human rights approach 229
9.2 Decisions from adjudicatory and quasi-adjudicatory bodies 231
9.2.1 Overview 231
9.2.2 Administrative permits 232
9.2.3 Safety standards 236
9.2.4 Restriction of movement 239
9.2.5 Protection of the rights of individuals
and minorities 242
9.3 Assessing contemporary practice 246
9.3.1 Conceptual findings 246
9.3.2 Some practical problems 247
10 Foreign investment and the climate change regime 253
10.1 Climate change policies - an analysis of collision points 253
10.1.1 Overview 253
10.1.2 The regulatory approach 254
10.1.3 The human rights approach 258
10.2 Decisions from adjudicatory and quasi-adjudicatory
bodies 260
10.2.1 Overview 260
10.2.2 Cap-and-trade systems 261
10.2.3 Command-and-control regulation 265
CONTENTS Xi
10.2.4 Differentiation (subsidies and duties) 267
10.2.5 The use of a human rights approach 271
10.3 Assessing contemporary practice 273
10.3.1 Conceptual findings 273
10.3.2 Some practical problems 274
Part III Legitimacy conflicts
11 Normative priority between different legal systems 281
11.1 Legitimacy conflicts 281
11.2 Specific conflict norms 283
11.2.1 Types of specific conflict norms 283
11.2.2 Some illustrations 283
11.2.3 Effects 286
11.3 General conflict norms 287
11.3.1 Relations between domestic and international law 287
11.3.2 Conflicts of (domestic) laws 290
11.3.3 Regulatory powers as general conflict norms 291
12 Environmental measures and expropriation clauses 293
12.1 Three strands of cases 294
12.2 Direct environmental expropriation 295
12.3 Targeted environmental measures 297
12.3.1 Targeted measures v. general regulation 297
12.3.2 Targeted environmental measures amounting
to an expropriation 299
12.3.3 Targeted environmental measures not
amounting to an expropriation 301
12.4 Regulatory environmental measures 305
12.4.1 Rule or exception? 305
12.4.2 Reasons why environmental regulation rarely
amounts to an expropriation 307
13 Environmental measures and non-discrimination
standards 316
13.1 Non-discrimination in foreign investment law 317
13.1.1 Conceptual distinctions 317
13.1.2 The components of non-discrimination
standards 318
320
320
322
324
324
327
330
332
332
333
333
335
337
338
338
339
350
355
355
357
363
366
367
367
369
371
374
CONTENTS
13.2 Differentiation at various stages of the investment cycle
13.2.1 Green investment protectionism
13.2.2 Pre-establishment environmental differentiation
13.3 The concept of Tike circumstances’ from an environmental perspective
13.3.1 ‘Like circumstances’ in trade and investment
13.3.2 ‘Like circumstances’ and the relevance of environmental considerations
13.4 The objective test of differential treatment
13.5 Justifying differential treatment of similar situations
13.5.1 Rule or exception?
13.5.2 The relevance of purpose
13.5.3 Justification clauses
13.5.4 Other justifying factors
Environmental measures, stability and due process
14.1 The protection of stability and environmental regulatory change
14.1.1 The legal anatomy of stability commitments
14.1.2 Stabilising clauses and environmental regulation
14.1.3 Legitimate expectations under the FET standard
14.2 Environmental regulatory change and due process
14.2.1 The link between due process and environmental regulatory change
14.2.2 Procedural fairness under FET clauses
14.2.3 Denial of justice
Defence arguments based on environmental considerations
15.1 The police powers doctrine
15.1.1 Sources
15.1.2 The use of the police powers doctrine to justify environmental measures
15.1.3 Specific assurances and environmental measures
Circumscribing the scope of specific assurances
15.1.4
CONTENTS XU1
15.2 The margin of appreciation doctrine 376
15.2.1 Sources 376
15.2.2 Applicability in the context of investment
disputes 377
15.2.3 Margin of appreciation and police powers 379
15.3 Emergency and necessity clauses 381
15.3.1 Sources 381
15.3.2 Asserting the defence 383
15.3.3 Environmental justifications between
emergency and necessity 384
15.3.4 Effects 389
Concluding observations 391
Bibliography 394
Index 409
Foreign Investment and the Environment in International Law
Conflicts between foreign investment law and environmental law are becoming increasingly frequent. On the one hand, the rise of environmental regulation poses significant challenges to foreign investors in several industries. On the other, the surge in investment arbitration proceedings is making States aware of the important litigation risks that may result from the adoption of environmental regulation.
This study of the relationship between these two areas of law adopts both a policy and a practical perspective. It identifies the major challenges facing States, foreign investors and their legal advisers as a result of the potential friction between investment law and environmental law, and provides a detailed analysis of all the major legal issues on the basis of a comprehensive study of the jurisprudence from investment tribunals, human rights courts and bodies, the ICJ, the WTO, the ITLOS, the CJEU and other adjudication mechanisms.
Jorge E. Vinuales is the Pictet Chair of International Environmental Law and Assistant Professor of Public International Law at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva. He is also the Director of the Programme on Institutions for Sustainable Development at the Centre for International Environmental Studies.
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| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft |
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| isbn | 9781107521810 9781107006386 |
| language | English |
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| title | Foreign investment and the environment in international law |
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| title_exact_search | Foreign investment and the environment in international law |
| title_full | Foreign investment and the environment in international law Jorge E. Viñuales |
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