Wos hert zich in der prowinc?: prasa żydowska na Lubelszczyźnie i jej największy dziennik "Lubliner Tugblat"
Gespeichert in:
| Beteilige Person: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polnisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Lublin
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curii-Skłodowskiej
2015
|
| Schlagwörter: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027990105&sequence=000005&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027990105&sequence=000006&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Vos hert zikh in der provintz? Bibliogr. s. 559-580. Indeksy |
| Umfang: | 613 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst. 25 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788377845929 837784592X |
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| 500 | |a Bibliogr. s. 559-580. Indeksy | ||
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1894-1945 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819288609618919424 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Summary
Vos hert zikh in der provintz?
Dewish Press in the Lubiin Region
and Its Largest Daily Lubliner Tugblat
Between the end of the nineteenth century and 1944, 122 different newspapers
and periodicals came out in the Lublin region. What was characteristic for that
press - compared with other cities and towns in Poland ֊ was that 87% were pub-
lished in Yiddish, with the remaining ones in Polish and Hebrew. More than half
of all the titles were one-off issues and 100 titles (80%) did not last more than one
year. Only 14 papers (11.2%) were published more than one hundred times and
only three (2.4%) more than ten years. This limited stability of the Jewish press
was reflected in constant fluctuations of the numbers of new titles. The best period
for the Jewish press in the Lublin region was in the years 1931-1932 when twenty-
three new papers and periodicals appeared. In 1932 twenty-one titles were pub-
lished, the largest number in the whole period between the two wars. The next
years brought a decline. The decreasing number of new periodicals and the col-
lapse of the existing ones led to the situation when in 1939 only eight titles were
published, which meant a decrease by more than 38% compared with the most
prosperous period in the early 1930s.
In comparison with the Polish press of the Lublin region, Jewish press de-
veloped later and more slowly. With the exception of a few places where Jews
constituted a majority of inhabitants, in most towns and cities the number of Pol-
ish periodicals was much larger than Jewish periodicals. Among 164 periodicals
published in the years 1918-1939 in Lublin (excluding one-off issues) there were
barely twelve Jewish titles which constituted 7.3%. In the whole voivodeship this
percentage was higher, and reached 23.7% (473 titles, including 112 Jewish titles).
Most Jewish periodicals represented a traditional type of provincial press
that concentrated mainly on delivering information of local interest. And yet re-
gional themes were almost absent in the few periodicals with specific profiles -
literary, humorous or religious. More than half represented a clear political affilia-
tion. Most of them, for as many as 40%, were published by various Zionist parties
and organizations, 27% by the Bund and related institutions, 22% by the Agudah
and religious organizations, 8% by Folkists, and 3% by the extreme Left.
One of the main characteristics that distinguished the Lublin Jewish press
from Polish press in general and the press of other ethnic minorities was the fact
that they had a number of readers outside the country. Many periodicals, espe-
cially the larger and more active ones, reached sizeable groups of emigrants from
the Lublin region residing in Western Europe, both Americas, Palestine and even
South Africa. On the other hand, the weakness of this press was its amateur char-
584
Summary
acter and in many cases lack of professional training of journalists and editors.
Apart from a few members of the editorial boards of two Lublin dailies (Lubliner
Tugblat and Lubliner Nayes), most Jewish journalists in the Lublin region combined
their activities with some other professions or trades (most editors were teachers,
artisans and/or political activists), which according to the regulations of profes-
sional associations did not allow them to be considered as professional journalists.
What all the Jewish periodicals had in common was constant financial problems,
which was the main reason for the fragile and ephemeral character of Jewish
press in the region. Financial difficulties resulted from the poverty of the Jewish
community in the Lublin region (especially in smaller centers), lack of alternative
sources of financing apart from income from sales and advertising, general pau-
perization of the population during the Great Depression and ֊ last but not least
֊ competition from major periodicals published in Warsaw.
This was precisely the difficult situation in which the daily Lubliner Tugblat
had to function, the largest and longest lasting (1918-1939) Jewish periodical in
the Lublin region. No wonder that during the first year of its activity its founders
and editors tried to give the daily the status of a supraregional periodical, which
reached readers not only in Lublin and the region but also in other parts of the
Austro-Hungarian occupation or even the whole Kingdom of Poland taken over
by the Central Powers during World War I. On account of this, Shaul Stupnicki
and Henoch Ish, two experienced journalists from Warsaw, were employed, and
the Tugblat also published information from outside the region. In the second part
of 1918 the daily came out in more than 4000 copies (that is the largest number
among all dailies published at that time under Austro-Hungarian occupation) and
- as the editors claimed ֊ reached approx. 50 thousand readers.
With the departure in 1922 of the first editor-in-chief Shlomo Boruch Nisen-
baum, a new phase in the functioning of the daily started. The readers were nar-
rowed down to the city and the voivodeship while administering, publishing and
editing the paper became a responsibility of the technical staff, i.e. printers and
typesetters. At the same time Jakub Nisenbaum was employed as an editor and he
soon became the main journalist of the daily. He performed this function till the
end of the paper s existence.
Starting in 1928, the technical base of the newspaper improved, including
the quality of the print and layout (it became larger) and the content was en-
riched. Those changes were connected with the moving of the editorial office
and administration of the Tugblat from 20 Bernardyńska St., to a new office in
13 Królewska St.
Throughout the whole period of its existence the daily declared its apoliti-
cal position. This impartiality was not easy to maintain because of aspirations of
particular party fractions (mainly Folkists and Bundists) among the owners and
editors of the paper, as well as ambitions and ideological preferences of particu-
lar journalists, especially Shaul Stupnicki and Jakub Nisenbaum. Beside constant
financial problems, the newspaper - especially at the beginning and end of its
Summary
585
functioning - had problems with censorship and was hampered by confiscations
and trials for violating press regulations.
Focusing on the local reader largely determined the thematic content of Tug-
blat. Local themes dominated in its news content. Like in other provincial periodi-
cals they concentrated on current events from Lublin and the Lublin region (both
those concerning Jews and Christians), current functioning of various Jewish or-
ganizations and municipal institutions, the popularization of all kinds of social
initiatives, cultural undertakings, programs of particular parties and political or
interest groups, along with involvement of readers with the current problems of
the region and its history.
The specificity of the local reading audience inclined the editors to focus a
lot on sensational news. A disproportionate amount of space was devoted to this
type of news, which situated the daily among periodicals which would now be
considered tabloids. This profile resulted mainly from the financial reasons (reach-
ing the widest group of readers) and social factors (dominance among its readers
of poorly educated people with rather simple and unrefined tastes and expecta-
tions).
Its role as the largest, most popular and opinion-making daily of Jewish
Lublin gave Tugblat - compared with other local periodicals - a unique position
among Jews of the Lublin region. It was primarily the basic source of current in-
formation for many Jewish readers, especially those who used Yiddish as the main
and sometimes the only means of communication. The daily often stressed that
it was the representative of the entire Jewish community of Lublin, disregarding
political, ideological, professional or material differences. In agreement with this
assumption journalists of Tugblat tried on the one hand to get involved as much
as possible in all kinds of conflicting situations between the Jewish and Christian
population (e.g. they intervened with local authorities in case of displays of anti-
Semitism or anti-Semitic incidents); on the other hand they mediated in case of
internal Jewish quarrels, trying to negotiate an agreement or reach a compromise
(e.g. informing the elders of the Jewish kehillah about the problems of the inhabit-
ants of a dilapidated tenement house at 41 Krawiecka St. or propagating common
Jewish lists in municipal and parliamentary elections). The editors of the daily
considered it their duty to keep up and mediate in contacts of the local Jewish
community with the Lublin Diaspora (Lublin landsmanshaftn, fraternal organiza-
tions active abroad, often treated Tugblat address as the most suitable point to
establish contact with the home city and the place where financial help for specific
local Jewish institutions could be sent). Throughout the whole period of its exis-
tence the daily constituted a place of various contacts and a forum for discussions
and polemics. Lublin merchants, entrepreneurs, storeowners, artisans and various
companies advertised their services in the paper. Readers expressed their opin-
ions in letters published in the newspaper or even in separate articles. By opening
the daily for its readers and treating it to an extent as a public tribune, the editors
of Tugblat supported the internal consolidation of the Lublin Jewish community,
586
Summary
stimulated activities of the local intelligentsia and encouraged young people to get
socially involved.
The picture of Jewish Lublin and the Lublin region presented in this study,
although undoubtedly far from being full, is in many respects different from the
one present for a few dozen years in Polish historiography. First of all, Tugblat s
narrative is direct. The daily describes current events from a contemporary per-
spective and gives a first hand image of the reality between the wars seen from
the inside. The daily was created by Jews for Jews. Considering the period of its
functioning (more than twenty-one years) and frequency of publication (six days
a week) from the contemporary perspective the newspaper serves as a detailed
and comprehensive chronicle of Jewish Lublin and the region, which cannot be
compared with any other source. The day-by-day history of Lublin Jews allows
the contemporary researcher to discover the smallest details from the almost for-
gotten and little known past. Next to the analytical function that makes it possible
to reach particular historical facts, the narrative of the newspaper enables us to
broaden our perspective. By more attentive reading it is easy to capture moods,
attitudes, behavior and systems of values which comprise the social, cultural, reli-
gious and national self-awareness of Lublin Jews.
Overall the main aim of this study is to draw attention to the necessity of
undertaking profound and comprehensive research on the Jewish press in many
other cities and towns of Poland between the wars as well as the presentation and
popularization of its content.
Underestimating and overlooking in historiography Jewish press, especially
that which was published in Yiddish (a consequence of among other things the
lack of knowledge of Jewish languages among Polish scholars) has led to the situ-
ation that almost everything that has been written so far on Jews in Lublin and
the Lublin region is incomplete, one-sided (usually based on archival materials, in
many cases tendentious) and in need of revision. Considering the fact that apart
from current news the Lublin Jewish press published also - and on a large scale
֊ historical studies and memoirs, this diagnosis is true not only of the interwar
period but also the whole almost seven hundred-year-long and tragically severed
by World War II history of Jews in the Lublin region.
* * *
This study consists of three parts. The first part includes a detailed presenta-
tion of Jewish press published in the Lublin region. Apart from the first chapter
on handwritten papers, the press is discussed in chronological order and encom-
passes the following periods: Russian partition (until 1915), Austro-Hungarian oc-
cupation (1915-1918), interwar period (1918-1939), World War II (1939-1944) and
postwar period. The chapter on the interwar period is geographically divided into
subchapters on the Jewish press in different cities and towns of the Lublin region,
presenting them according to the significance and influence of a specific center.
Summary
587
The second part presents the history of the daily Lubliner Tugblat and its edi-
torial and technical staff. Four consecutive chapters discuss in chronological order
four stages of its activities: The Beginnings (1918-1922); In the Hands of Print-
ers (1922r-1939); The Publishers and Cooperative Lubliner Tugblat (1931-1935);
and The Last Years (1935-1939). The fifth chapter is devoted to the technical
aspects of the daily, such as its graphic layout, frequency of publication, number
of pages, circulation, price, procedures connected with subscription and advertis-
ing as well as the languages used in the daily. The last chapter presents the vicis-
situdes of the staff during World War II.
The third and largest part presents the picture of Jewish Lublin and the Lub-
lin region as it emerges from Lubliner Tugblat. Apart from the first chapter focusing
on the layout and features, the remaining chapters discuss selected aspects of the
daily s contents; starting with historical themes, current issues (local institutions
and offices), everyday life (characteristic milieus, holidays, state celebrations and
the attitude to the Polish state, which regained independence after the years of the
partitions, contacts abroad, conversions, anti-Semitism), cultural life (theatre, cin-
ema, various performances, activity of the local Intelligentsia Club, lectures, liter-
ary activities) and ending with sensational themes quite prominent in the daily s
contents (descriptions of catastrophes, accidents, unhappy love, murders and the
criminal world). The last chapter presents the contents of Tugblat on the eve of the
outbreak of World War II and the editors attitude toward the impending German
invasion.
Translated from the Polish by Monika Adamczyk-Garbowska
Spis treści
Wstęp...................................................................7
I. Prasa żydowska na Lubelszczyźnie w latach 1894-1945 ................23
1. Początki - gazetki rękopiśmienne...............................25
2. Zabór rosyjski 1904-1915.......................................35
3. Okupacja austro-węgierska 1915-1918..,.........................42
4. Dwudziestolecie międzywojenne..................................55
Lublin.......................................................60
Siedlce.....................................................104
Międzyrzec Podlaski.........................................123
Biała Podlaska..............................................140
Chełm.......................................................153
Zamość......................................................165
Łuków.......................................................175
Izbica.................................................... 180
Pozostałe ośrodki ..........................................182
5. Okres II wojny światowej, powojenny oraz czasopisma wydawane
przez ziomkostwa...............................................187
6. Podsumowanie. Ogólna charakterystyka lubelskiego czaso-
piśmiennictwa żydowskiego........................................195
II. „Lubliner Tugblat . Historia gazety i jej zespołu................207
1. Początki (1918-1922)..........................................209
2. W rękach drukarzy (1922^1930).................................238
3. Wydawnictwo i spółka „Lubliner Tugblat (1931-1935)...........256
4. Ostatnie lata (1935-1939).....................................266
5. Szata graficzna, nakłady, ceny, prenumerata, języki...........281
6. Okres okupacji i wojenne losy personelu gazety.............. 294
7. Podsumowanie..................................................300
III. „Lubliner Tugblat jako kronika żydowskiego Lublina i Lubelszczyzny .305
1. Układ treści i stałe rubryki..................................307
2. Historia, wspomnienia i ochrona pamiątek przeszłości..........314
3. Instytucje i urzędy...........................................330
Gmina Żydowska i Rabinat....................................330
Rada Miejska i Magistrat....................................346
6
Spis treści
Synagogi i domy modlitwy.....................................351
Cmentarze......................................................357
Ochronka i szpital...........................................363
Uczelnia Mędrców Lublina ....................................369
Inne instytucje i bractwa religijne........................ 377
4. Życie codzienne...............................................392
Charakterystyczne środowiska.................................392
Święta, uroczystości państwowe oraz stosunek do odrodzonego
państwa......................................................399
Kontakty z zagranicą i organizacje lubelskich Żydów na świecie . . .409
Konwersje i konwertyci..................................... 419
Antysemityzm.................................................427
5. Życie kulturalne..............................................441
Teatr, kino, występy artystyczne i wystawy...................441
Klub Inteligentów, czyli spór o przywództwo w życiu kulturalnym
miasta..................... *.............................,. .452
Odczyty, wykłady i prelekcje.................................458
Twórczość literacka na łamach gazety.........................462
6. Sensacja......................................................467
„Krew na pierwszej stronie ..................................468
Klęski żywiołowe, katastrofy i nieszczęśliwe wypadki.........476
Trudna miłość................................................482
Morderstwa i samobójstwa.....................................491
Światek przestępczy..........................................498
7. W przededniu wojny............................................515
8. Podsumowanie..................................................525
Zakończenie...........................................................529
Aneks 1. Czasopisma żydowskie na Lubelszczyźnie 1894-1945 ............535
Aneks 2. Zakłady graficzne drukujące prasę żydowską na Lubelszczyźnie ... .547
Aneks 3. Przekłady wybranych artykułów żydowskiej prasy z Lubelszczyzny-549
Bibliografia..........................................................559
Wykaz skrótów.........................................................581
Summary............................................................. 583
Indeks osób...........................................................589
Indeks nazw geograficznych i toponimów lubelskich ....................607
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Kopciowski, Adam |
| author_facet | Kopciowski, Adam |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Kopciowski, Adam |
| author_variant | a k ak |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV042556314 |
| classification_rvk | NR 8648 NY 4770 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)910512252 (DE-599)BVBBV042556314 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1894-1945 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1894-1945 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Lublin Region (DE-588)4036419-7 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Lublin Region |
| id | DE-604.BV042556314 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T17:14:17Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788377845929 837784592X |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027990105 |
| oclc_num | 910512252 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 DE-739 |
| owner_facet | DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 DE-739 |
| physical | 613 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst. 25 cm |
| publishDate | 2015 |
| publishDateSearch | 2015 |
| publishDateSort | 2015 |
| publisher | Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curii-Skłodowskiej |
| record_format | marc |
| spellingShingle | Kopciowski, Adam Wos hert zich in der prowinc? prasa żydowska na Lubelszczyźnie i jej największy dziennik "Lubliner Tugblat" Lubliner Togblat (czasopismo ; Polska ; 1918-1939) jhpk Prasa żydowska / Polska / Lublin (region) / 1900-1945 jhpk Presse (DE-588)4047150-0 gnd Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4047150-0 (DE-588)4028808-0 (DE-588)4036419-7 |
| title | Wos hert zich in der prowinc? prasa żydowska na Lubelszczyźnie i jej największy dziennik "Lubliner Tugblat" |
| title_auth | Wos hert zich in der prowinc? prasa żydowska na Lubelszczyźnie i jej największy dziennik "Lubliner Tugblat" |
| title_exact_search | Wos hert zich in der prowinc? prasa żydowska na Lubelszczyźnie i jej największy dziennik "Lubliner Tugblat" |
| title_full | Wos hert zich in der prowinc? prasa żydowska na Lubelszczyźnie i jej największy dziennik "Lubliner Tugblat" Adam Kopciowski |
| title_fullStr | Wos hert zich in der prowinc? prasa żydowska na Lubelszczyźnie i jej największy dziennik "Lubliner Tugblat" Adam Kopciowski |
| title_full_unstemmed | Wos hert zich in der prowinc? prasa żydowska na Lubelszczyźnie i jej największy dziennik "Lubliner Tugblat" Adam Kopciowski |
| title_short | Wos hert zich in der prowinc? |
| title_sort | wos hert zich in der prowinc prasa zydowska na lubelszczyznie i jej najwiekszy dziennik lubliner tugblat |
| title_sub | prasa żydowska na Lubelszczyźnie i jej największy dziennik "Lubliner Tugblat" |
| topic | Lubliner Togblat (czasopismo ; Polska ; 1918-1939) jhpk Prasa żydowska / Polska / Lublin (region) / 1900-1945 jhpk Presse (DE-588)4047150-0 gnd Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Lubliner Togblat (czasopismo ; Polska ; 1918-1939) Prasa żydowska / Polska / Lublin (region) / 1900-1945 Presse Juden Lublin Region |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027990105&sequence=000005&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027990105&sequence=000006&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kopciowskiadam woshertzichinderprowincprasazydowskanalubelszczyznieijejnajwiekszydzienniklublinertugblat |