Understanding arguments: an introduction to informal logic
Gespeichert in:
| Beteiligte Personen: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Stamford, CT
Cengage Learning
2015
|
| Ausgabe: | 9. ed., concise, student ed. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Cencage Advantage books
|
| Schlagwörter: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027755901&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Umfang: | XIV, 362 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 1285197399 9781285197395 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Understanding arguments |b an introduction to informal logic |c Walter Sinnot-Armstrong ; Robert J. Fogelin |
| 250 | |a 9. ed., concise, student ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Stamford, CT |b Cengage Learning |c 2015 | |
| 300 | |a XIV, 362 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. |c 24 cm | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819375258932609024 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | CONTENTS
PREFACE XV
Part I How to Analyze Arguments 1
CHAPTER i
Uses of Arguments 3
What Arguments Are 3
Justifications 4
Explanations 7
Combinations: An Example 10
CHAPTER a
the Web of Language 17
Language and Convention 17
Linguistic Acts 19
Speech Acts 22
Performatives 23
Kinds of Speech Acts 26
Conversational Acts 28
Conversational Rules 31
Conversational Implication 33
Rhetorical Devices 36
Summary 38
Chapter 3
The Language of argument 41
Argument Markers 41
If..., then ... 43
Arguments in Standard Form 45
A Problem and Some Solutions 47
Assuring 48
Contents
v 111
Guarding 49
Discounting 51
Evaluative Language 54
Chapter 4
The Art of Close Analysis 59
An Extended Example 59
Clerk Hire Allowance, House of Representatives 59
Chapter 5
deep Analysis 79
Getting Down to Basics 79
Clarifying Crucial Terms 83
Dissecting the Argument 83
Arranging Subarguments 85
Some Standards for Evaluating Arguments 90
Validity 91
Truth 93
Soundness 94
Suppressed Premises 96
Contingent Facts 97
Linguistic Principles 99
Evaluative Suppressed Premises 100
Uses and Abuses of Suppressed Premises 100
The Method of Reconstruction 102
An Example of Reconstruction: Capital Punishment 105
Part II How to Evaluate Arguments: Deductive
Standards 111
CHAPTER 6
Propositional Logic 113
The Formal Analysis of Arguments 113
Basic Propositional Connectives 114
Conjunction 114
Disjunction 122
Negation 122
Process of Elimination 125
How Truth-Functional Connectives Work 126
CONTENTS
I X
Testing for Validity 128
Some Further Connectives 132
Conditionals 134
Truth Tables for Conditionals 136
Logical Language and Everyday Language 142
Other Conditionals in Ordinary Language 145
CHAPTER 7
CATEGORICAL LOGIC 151
Beyond Propositional Logic 151
Categorical Propositions 152
The Four Basic Categorical Forms 154
Translation into the Basic Categorical Forms 156
Contradictories 159
Existential Commitment 161
Validity for Categorical Arguments 162
Categorical Immediate Inferences 164
The Theory of the Syllogism 166
part ill How to Evaluate Arguments: inductive
STANDARDS 177
CHAPTER a
ARGUMENTS TO AND FROM GENERALIZATIONS 179
Induction versus Deduction 179
Statistical Generalizations 183
Should We Accept the Premises? 184
Is the Sample Large Enough? 185
Is the Sample Biased? 186
Is the Sampling Procedure Biased? 187
Statistical Applications 189
Chapter ©
Inference to the Best Explanation and from
Analogy 195
Inferences to the Best Explanation 195
Which Explanation Is Best? 198
Context Is Crucial 200
Arguments from Analogy 204
Are Analogies Explanations? 207
Contents
x
CHAPTER 1 0
Causal Reasoning 215
Reasoning About Causes 215
Sufficient Conditions and Necessary Conditions 217
The Sufficient Condition Test 220
The Necessary Condition Test 221
The Joint Test 222
Rigorous Testing 225
Reaching Positive Conclusions 226
Applying These Methods to Find Causes 228
Normality 228
Background Assumptions 229
A Detailed Example 230
Concomitant Variation 234
Chapter i i
chances 239
Some Fallacies of Probability 239
The Gambler s Fallacy 239
Heuristics 241
The Language of Probability 243
A Priori Probability 244
Some Rules of Probability 246
Probabilities of Negations 246
Probabilities of Conjunctions 247
Probabilities of Disjunctions 248
Probabilities in a Series 249
Permutations and Combinations 250
Bayes s Theorem 253
CHAPTER
Choices 263
Expected Monetary Value 263
Expected Overall Value 266
Decisions Under Ignorance 268
CONTENTS
X (
Part IV Fallacies 273
CHAPTER 13
FALLACIES OF VAGUENESS 275
Uses of Unclarity 275
Vagueness 276
Heaps 278
Slippery Slopes 280
Conceptual Slippery-Slope Arguments 280
Fairness Slippery-Slope Arguments 282
Causal Slippery-Slope Arguments 285
FALLACIES OF AMBIGUITY 291
Ambiguity 291
Equivocation 295
Definitions 299
FALLACIES OF RELEVANCE 307
Relevance 307
Ad Hominem Arguments 308
Inconsistency 311
Genetic Fallacies 311
Appeals to Authority 314
More Fallacies of Relevance 318
Appeals to Popular Opinion 318
Appeals to Emotion 319
GliAP i fcCre is
Fallacies of Vacuity 323
Circularity 323
Begging the Question 324
Self-Sealers 328
CONTENTS
X 1 I
CHAPTER 1 7
Refutation 333
What Is Refutation ? 333
Counterexamples 334
Reductio Ad Absurdum 337
Straw Men and False Dichotomies 341
Refutation by Parallel Reasoning 343
Index 35t
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Sinnott-Armstrong, Walter 1955- Fogelin, Robert J. 1932- |
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| author_role | aut aut |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV042318931 |
| classification_rvk | CC 2400 MR 1050 QC 010 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)864087144 (DE-599)BSZ401669556 |
| dewey-full | 160 |
| dewey-hundreds | 100 - Philosophy & psychology |
| dewey-ones | 160 - Philosophical logic |
| dewey-raw | 160 |
| dewey-search | 160 |
| dewey-sort | 3160 |
| dewey-tens | 160 - Philosophical logic |
| discipline | Soziologie Philosophie Wirtschaftswissenschaften |
| edition | 9. ed., concise, student ed. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV042318931 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T17:07:53Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 1285197399 9781285197395 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027755901 |
| oclc_num | 864087144 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-739 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG |
| owner_facet | DE-739 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG |
| physical | XIV, 362 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 24 cm |
| publishDate | 2015 |
| publishDateSearch | 2015 |
| publishDateSort | 2015 |
| publisher | Cengage Learning |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Cencage Advantage books |
| spellingShingle | Sinnott-Armstrong, Walter 1955- Fogelin, Robert J. 1932- Understanding arguments an introduction to informal logic Logik (DE-588)4036202-4 gnd Argumentationstheorie (DE-588)4112589-7 gnd Argumentation (DE-588)4002899-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4036202-4 (DE-588)4112589-7 (DE-588)4002899-9 |
| title | Understanding arguments an introduction to informal logic |
| title_auth | Understanding arguments an introduction to informal logic |
| title_exact_search | Understanding arguments an introduction to informal logic |
| title_full | Understanding arguments an introduction to informal logic Walter Sinnot-Armstrong ; Robert J. Fogelin |
| title_fullStr | Understanding arguments an introduction to informal logic Walter Sinnot-Armstrong ; Robert J. Fogelin |
| title_full_unstemmed | Understanding arguments an introduction to informal logic Walter Sinnot-Armstrong ; Robert J. Fogelin |
| title_short | Understanding arguments |
| title_sort | understanding arguments an introduction to informal logic |
| title_sub | an introduction to informal logic |
| topic | Logik (DE-588)4036202-4 gnd Argumentationstheorie (DE-588)4112589-7 gnd Argumentation (DE-588)4002899-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Logik Argumentationstheorie Argumentation |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027755901&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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