Silʹsʹke hospodarstvo na slovʹjano-chozarsʹkomu porubižži:
Gespeichert in:
| Beteiligte Personen: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Ukrainisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Kyïv
Inst. Archeolohiï
2013
|
| Schlagwörter: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027554963&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027554963&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Beschreibung: | In kyrill. Schr., ukrain. - Zsfassung in engl. und russ. Sparche |
| Umfang: | 235 pages Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. 27 cm |
Internformat
MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Horbanenko, Serhij Anatolijovyč |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Silʹsʹke hospodarstvo na slovʹjano-chozarsʹkomu porubižži |c S. A. Horbanenko ; V. V. Koloda |
| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a Farming sector at slavonic-khazar boundary |
| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a Selʹskoe chozjajstvo na slavjansko-chazarskom pograničʹe |
| 264 | 1 | |a Kyïv |b Inst. Archeolohiï |c 2013 | |
| 300 | |a 235 pages |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |c 27 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a In kyrill. Schr., ukrain. - Zsfassung in engl. und russ. Sparche | ||
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Agriculture (General) | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Archaeology | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Ukraine | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Archäologie | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Archäologie |0 (DE-588)4002827-6 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Landwirtschaft |0 (DE-588)4034402-2 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Landwirtschaft |0 (DE-588)4034402-2 |D s |
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| 689 | 0 | 3 | |a Geschichte |A z |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Koloda, Vladimir Vasilʹevič |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
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| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027554963&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Abstract |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819328070928039936 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Вступ
....................................
З
Розділі
Історія археологічного вивчення пам яток
11
1.1.
Територія дослідження і її загальна етно¬
культурна характеристика
.................. 11
1.2.
Історія дослідження регіону
............. 13
1.2.1.
Салтівські пам ятки
.................. 19
1.2.2.
Волинцевсько-роменські пам ятки
...... 26
Розділ
2
Методи інтерпретації сільськогосподарсь-
кого матеріалу
........................... 31
Розділ з
Природні умови та зони розселення
...... 49
3.1.
Природні умови
....................... 49
3.1.1.
Природно-кліматична хронокорекція іс¬
торичної епохи
............................ 49
3-1.2.
Природна зона
....................... 51
3.1.3·
Породи та рельєф
.................... 52
3.1.4·
Клімат
............................. 53
3.1.5·
Водність
............................ 56
3.1.6.
Рослинність
......................... 57
3.1.7·
Ґрунти
.............................. 59
3.2.
Поселенські пам ятки
.................. 61
3.2.1.
Пам ятки салтівської культури
......... 61
3.2.2.
Волинцевсько-роменські пам ятки
...... 69
Розділ
4
Сільське господарство носіїв салтівської
культури
................................ 75
4-і-
Приселищні території
.................. 75
4·2.
Землеробство
......................... 76
4·3·
Тваринництво
........................101
4·4·
Підсумки
.............................114
Розділ
β
Сільське господарство носіїв волинцевсько-
роменських традицій
....................117
5.1.
Приселищні території
..................117
5«2. Землеробство
.........................119
5·3·
Тваринництво
.........................145
5·4·
Підсумки
.............................158
Розділ
6
Порівняльний аналіз (замість висновків)
161
Додаток
Археозоологічні комплекси із салтівських
і роменських пам яток басейну Сіверського
Дінця (Р.В. Кройтпор)
......................181
і. Матеріал і методи досліджень
.............181
2.
Систематичний огляд археозоологічних ком¬
плексів
...................................182
З· Обговорення
............................193
Резюме
..................................201
Summary
.................................207
Список літератури
.........................213
Архівні матеріали
.........................227
Список скорочень
.........................231
Словник латинських назв
..................233
[235]
Summary
s.a. gokbanenko,
v.v. koloda
FARMING SECTOR
AT SLAVONIC-KHAZAR
BOUNDARY
Introduction
(207)
Chapter i.The History of archaeological sites studies
(207)
Chapter
2.
Interpretative methods for agriculture
materials
(208)
Chapter
3.
Natural environment and settled zones
(208)
Chapter
4.
Farming ofSaltov culture bearers
(209)
Chapters. Farming ofVolyntsevo-Romny
tradition bearers
(210)
Chapter
6.
Comparative analysis (instead
of conclusions)
(210)
INTRODUCTION
For many thousand years the southern part of
East Europe had been the zone of frequent migrations
and permanent contacts of numerous cultural groups
of ancient people in the territory of Ukraine. Their
lives were based upon different household molds. It
was connected chiefly with the fact that there was a
boundary between two big climatic zones: steppe and
forest-steppe. It made possible for conducting any
type of household works and existing a man in whole.
The boundary line between steppe and forest-steppe
attracted sedentary husbandry people by soft climate,
and vast area that was vacant of forest and, as a rule,
more fertile. The nomads engaged in cattle-breeding
tried to escape southern heat, came here in search of
rich pasture heat kept fresh herbage of long duration.
More branched waterways and possibility of contacts
with sedentary husbandry dwellers drew them.
One of the zones like this was Dnieper and Don
interfluvial
area, where tribes of the Slavs contacted
with polyethnic population of Khazar kaganate. One
of the busiest zones of those contacts was upper steam
of the Siverskyi Donee. There were such Slavonic ar¬
chaeological cultures as Volyncevo
(VII
—
VIII C
AD)
and Ronmy (the middle
VIII—
X C
AD). And Khazar
population presented forest steppe variant of Saltov
culture (the middle
VIII —
the middle
X C
AD) (fig.
1).
Traditional theory about confrontation between these
peoples is changing. There arises much more argu¬
ments about their mainly peaceful coexistence, multi¬
farious influence in cultural and household spheres.
According to the aforesaid, it is highly actual to ana¬
lyse the data on farming sector of mentioned tribes.
The basis of introduced research serves the data
which have been received for
20
years while archaeo¬
logical excavating such settlements as Verhnij Saltov,
Vodyane, Korobovy Khutora, Mokhnach, Pyatnitske-
I,Chuhuiv. There are also used the materials from
early-researched sites
—
Bititsa
1
and Nototroitske
(fig.
2).
The aim of the research is, firstly, introducing
new data on farming sector of the population resid¬
ing in Siverskyi Donee zone and, secondly, advanced
analysis involving large quantity of data from natural
sciences. Palaeoethnobotanic analysis was realized
by G.A. Pashkevich and
S.A.
Gorbanenko,
pedologie
and palaeoclimatic ones
—
Yu.G. Chendev, archaeo-
zoological one
—
R.V. Kroitor.
Chapter
1
THE HISTORY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL
SITES STUDIES
The region examined in the work has been studied
irregularly. The major part of exinined sites of Saltov
culture is situated in Kharkiv
oblast
and the sites of
the Slavs
—
in Sumy one (Ukraine). Researching the
Saltov sites of the Early Middle Ages in the contact
zone started at the turn of XXth century. Lots of sci¬
entists studied both Slavonic and Saltov settlements.
That s why it is necessary to name the researchers go-
[207]
Summary
ing by chronological principle. The start-up of studying
is connected with N.Y.
Makarenko
and V.A. Babenko.
The middle of the XXth century
—
M.I. Artamonov,
S.A.
Semenov-Zuser, B.A. Shramko. In the latter
half of the XXth century there were several scholars
who contributed to the studying the region sites.
The specialists in Khazar studies are
S.A.
Pletn ova,
V.K. Mikheiev and the scholars in Slavonic studies
—
D.V. Sukhobokov, S.P. Yurchenko,
A.N.
Moskalenko,
A.Z.
Vinníkov.
We deem it necessary to mention the
following scholars: K.I. Krasilnikov, N.V. Chernigova,
V.V. Koloda, V.V. Pryimak, V.V. Yenukov.
Analyzed sites have been studied not equally.
Two sites (Mokhnach and Korobovy Khutora) have
deposits of Romny archaeological culture and Saltov
one. At Mokhnach hillfort there have been examined
=6400
m2
(95%— 1999
onwards). And there have
been excavated
20 %
of the hillfort area and
=1 % —
at the settlement (fig.
7, 8).
Saltov sites. More than
2000
m2 of the settlement
and about
1000
m2 (fig.
3)
of the hillfort have been
excavated and studied at early middle-ages Verhnij
Satov. Mokhnach hillfort is surrounded by numeral
settlements,
14
of which belong to Saltov culture. One
of the most researched one is Mokhnach-II settlement
(fig.
5) — -3500
m2. Large Pyatnitske-I settlement
has been examined with the help of
9
pits, where total
area of excavated zone amounts to
«1100
m2 (fig.
4).
Volyntsevo-Romny sites. Novotroitske hillfort
has been excavated completely (fig.
11).
The main
pat
(=5000
m2) of Bititsa-1 hillfort has been studied
(fig.
10).
At Vodyane site
=2500
m2 has been exam¬
ined. This amount is about two-thirds of its early
middle-ages square (fig.
9).
The artifacts of Romny
culture have been found out and studied at Mokhnach
and Korobovy Khutora hillfort.
Chapter
2
INTERPRETATIVE METHODS
FOR AGRICULTURE MATERIALS
The aim of the chapter is selection and exposition
of the data which have been accumulated in scientifi-
cal literature and which enable to interpret agricul¬
ture materials fully.
General analysis of agriculture (fig.
12).
In general
scheme of agriculture the least section of analysis is a
settled site. In this regard all possible pieces of infor¬
mation are important: data on palaeoecology, movable
and immovable archaeological context, definitions of
natural science. Obligatory constituents of agriculture
are natural and anthropogenous ones and their cor¬
relation. As palaeoecological studies show us enough
data for their reconstruction, the most important thing
is analyzing soil and terrain around the site. Next im¬
portant type of analysis is different instruments for
agricultural activities. The correlation appears while
growing crop plants and cattle-breeding.
Climatic changes of global level are accessible to
analyze using available studies; and local levels are
specifying. For studying potential resource zones of
settlements the radius of
5
km is accepted as an «ope¬
rating tool». The reasons for this fact are well-known
in scholarly literature. This measure is used for re¬
lief and soils that are limited to four principal types
(according to the manner of fertility regeneration and
according to usage):
1)
soils formed under woodlands;
2)
black soils;
3)
fertile soils influenced by close wa¬
ter;
4)
useless for agriculture soils.
The tools for primary soil cultivation are illustrat¬
ed with figures and schemes (fig.
13—17).
Different
types of tools and the result of potential zone analy¬
sis make an opportunity for concrete interpretations.
The tools for secondary soil cultivation are less effec¬
tive for interpretation due to studied components and
their correlations. Each cultivated or weed plant is
characterized by specified advantageous conditions.
The result of palaeobotanic spectrum is caryopsis
re-count taking into account mass ratio: millet
— 1;
chaffy
barly
— 5.5;
emmer
wheat
— 6.2;
naked grain
wheat
— 5.7;
rye
— 4.8;
oat
— 3.4.
The tools for harvesting (fig.
19—22)
and proces¬
sing (fig.
23, 24)
(their quantity, qualify and variety)
are not informative enough for interpretation. How-
.ever the allow to identify the difference in husbandry
traditions.
Examination of osteological materials allow us to
judge stock-breeding (panels of herds, age distribu-
.tion of a herd etc.). Meat-type reconstruction gives us
an opportunity to qualify different animals in herds.
Their correlation in herds and palaeobotanic spec¬
trum helps to define subordination or equal share of
agriculture and cattle-breeding.
Therefore, present scheme contains all possible
data in spite of their fragmentary. For further detali-
zation and improvement of interpretative capability
of the materials it is necessary for archaeologists to
work closely with scholars on natural sciences.
Chapter
3
NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
AND SETTLED ZONES
As agriculture depended on environmental condi¬
tions pretty much, it is important to study nature to un¬
derstand the process. Fig.
25
demonstrates natural and
climatic chronological correction of historical eras that
is essential for accurate comparison of different school
spheres. The considered historical period conforms with
the second phase of Holocenic subatlantic period (SA-2;
1600—800
years ago). It consists of two
substages:
SA¬
IA
(1600—1200
years ago) and SA-2A
(1200—800
years
ago). The era of interest corresponds to SA-2A substag-
es. It coincides with Minor climatic optimum.
The natural zone of the territory is forest-steppe
area in the center of East Europe. The sites located in
[208]
Summary
different provinces of the named zone (fig.
26), —
in
broadleaved woodland mainly.
Geographically this territory matches the central
part of Russian platform. Against the
flatland
the ter¬
ritory characterized by unevenness with valley and
clough system. Three types of relief prevail: water¬
shed table lands, flat inclined and ascents of rivers
and clough, valley bottoms at rivers. The relief of the
territory influences area microclimate to wide extent.
The climate of the Holocene changed more than once.
It was more humid at the beginning of that time;
then rainfall was down (here and elsewhere: in com¬
parison with nowadays) by
50 — 70
mm. In that case
average annual temperature was up not more than
0.5 °С
(fig.
28).
The coefficient of channel density for
this territory
(0.13
km/km2) is deemed to be enough
for longtime agriculture usage. It is possible that the
coefficient was a bit higher before. And it was
0.17 —
0.18
km/km2. Also bogginess of the territory was in a
low level.
The vegetation of Central-Russian forest-steppe
geobotanic province (the examined region belongs to
it) was presented with forest and steppe districts. In
the past the vegetation contained about
40 %
from
plowed meadow steppes. Broad-leaved patterns pre¬
vailed in sylva. They were common at that time.
The soils of the contact zone have been divided into
four types (fig.
29).
The most widespread one is black
soils of different nature. About a fourth part contains
various soils that have been formed under woodlands.
The areas that are useless for agriculture are absent.
The nearest position to ancient settled sites is typical
for minor soil areas; their fertility depended on flood.
There are main settled Saltov sites: Verhnij Salt-
ov, Pyatnytke-I, Mokhnach hillfort,
Mokhnach
-П,
Korobovy Khutor a (fig.
30—37).
Having analyzed the
adjacent territory it is necessary to notice that flood-
plain soil is found out everywhere and there are other
types of relief and soils.
On all occasions there has been discovered siz¬
able territory for ploughing. On the whole as the sites
are located in similar environmental conditions, they
demonstrate much similarity of the territory that is
adjacent to the settlement. The sites combine field ar¬
eas and areas for cattle-grazing.
Volyntsevo-Romny sites: Mokhnach, Vodyane,
Bititsa, Novotroitske (fig.
34, 35, 38—43).
Their set¬
tlement-adjacent territories have the following pecu¬
liarities. The first two sites contain the combinations
of flat land such as upland and bottom-land in the
potential zone. The potential zone of Bititsa consists
of bottom-land wholly; vice versa Novotoitske hillfort
has mainly upland territories at the valley waterside.
Though in all cases it is possible to find the areas
that are suitable for cattle-breeding and agriculture.
In this case it is worth saying about adaptiveness of
the inhabitants to environmental conditions and not
about choosing inhabitations with special conditions.
The general analysis of environmental factors
shows excellent conditions for high farming.
Chapter
4
FARMING OF SALTOV
CULTURE BEARERS
Studying the settlement-adjacent territories al¬
lows to confirm that choosing the places for settle¬
ments depended on the fact if there were areas for
agriculture and cattle-breeding. In all the sites there
have been identified preserved tools and their details
in good quality. They provide insight into all agri-
colous processes. Among these are instruments for
soil cultivation: several types of tusks and
goûters
(fig.
44) —
ploughable tools (for primary process),
hoes and maybe iron tips for spades (fig.
45, 46)
for
secondary process. Harvesting instruments are repre¬
sented with hooks and scythes. There are three types
of hooks, one of which
—
telescoping one
—
is known
only in Saltov culture (fig.
20, 1, 2, 5; 55).
There are
two types of scythes (fig.
21, 22, 56).
The specific fea¬
ture of Saltov farming is a considerable amount of ro¬
tating grinding plates; some of them were capable to
control size of fractions (fig.
66).
Millet prevails over other cultivated plants (as
judged by the marks on the potters. Then there is
chaffy barley, naked grain wheat, rye, chaffy wheat
and oat in decreasing order (fig.
47).
There are few
peas. However according to the size of effective corn
mass the superiority belongs to chaffy barley. Then
there are ordered naked grain wheat, rye, chaffy
wheat, millet and oat in decrease (fig.
54).
For crop keeping corn lofts (fig.
57)
as special
places were used. Corn might be kept in big vessels
(fig.
58),
leather or cloth sacks there. The major part
of corn was kept in ground pits or vaults which might
be single constructions or form a set of household out¬
buildings (fig.
59—65).
Speaking about cattle-breeding of the contact zone
for Saltov sites, it should be noticed that the leader
was beef-cattle which remains dominated accord¬
ing to cattle number (fig.
74)
and according to meat
quantity (fig.
121).
Depending on the site the second
and the third place belong to swine and horses. Heap
of times small cattle didn t play a great role in meat
production. Cattle-grazing in summer-spring periods
took place in the contact zones of the sites. In cold
seasons warm stables were used (fig.
78).
The general analysis of the farming sector at the
contact zones of Saltov sites have shown that the ma¬
jority of them were founded in woodland territory. A
part of it was cleared for fields. A set of details for
soil dressing indicates an advanced level of plough¬
ing technique. A huge amount of chaffy barley doesn t
contradict this fact, and it is likely due to cattle-breed¬
ing needs. Other data of settlement palaeobotanic
spectrum (large percentage of naked grain wheat and
rye) confirm the high quality of soil cultivation. The
proportion of hooks has progressive characteristics in
spite of their primitive forms. It is coherent with gen¬
eral high level of agriculture.
[209]
Summary
The additional agreement for this situation is a
big number of rotary mill stones. They predominate
grain bruisers. The bulk of corns followed different
storage methods and indicated the specialization of
certain families at the places of production within
community farming.
The important role of cattle-breeding in econom¬
ic complex is proved by the paucity of wild game in
bone remains at the sites and by age correlation of
butchered animals. The cattle-breeding was based
on natural food (pastures and haying), that could be
enriched with agriculture production (corns of barley
and oat, barley and rye chaff). Cattle-breeding had a
positive effect of agriculture (animal draught power,
organics).
Thus, agriculture had different stages of develop¬
ment from essential soil invasion to their constant
and lasting usage for fields. Saltov people knew pro¬
gressive forms of soil farming (deep ploughing, frag¬
mentary overturning).
Written data and palaeobotanic ones allow us
to mark the practice of two- or three-field system of
farming. High quality of cattle-breeding lets people
refuse hunting as a way for meat supply. The agricul¬
ture of Saltov forest-steppe people seems to be seam¬
less; its enterprises complemented each other. The
enterprises (agriculture and cattle-breeding) reached
enough level for fully support the advanced, socially
and pecuniary scales population of Khazar kaganate.
Chapters
FARMING OF VOLYNTSEVO-ROMNY
TRADITION BEARERS
The study of the settlement-adjacent territories
has shown certain variability for choosing settled plac¬
es without definite combinations of landscape compo¬
nents. Nevertheless, in all the cases it is possible to
indicate the zones which are suitable for agriculture
and cattle-breeding. At the researched sites there
have found out sets for progressive farming. They are
details of tools for soil preparation (fig.
79—81),
reap¬
ing (fig.
91, 92)
and processing (fig.
100—102).
The
whole kit is rather
unitized.
Slavonic peculiarity is
the usage of socketed
goûters
(fig.
80, 7, 8).
Chaffy barley prevails among grain varieties.
The second and the third place belong to the naked
grained wheat and rye (the most yielding corns);
em¬
mer
wheat comes short of amount. The last position
belongs to millet and oat (fig.
88).
The cluster analysis
demonstrated a high degree of commonality in grain-
farming of the Slavs. Vodyane and Mokhnach palaeo¬
botanic
spectrums
have shown minimal similarities..
It may be due to insignificant data from these sites.
Crop storage was carried out in many ways. The
widely spread one is keeping in special places or pits;
less often
—
in half dugout or presumably in cloth
containers in any types of accommodation (fig.
92—
98).
It was also possible to store in package vessels
(fig-
99).
According to archaeozoological data the Slavs cat¬
tle-breeding had the character of being adjacent to
settlements. The domination of adults (table
21)
de¬
notes various fodder resources. The great number of
cattle in the herd shows the harmony and cross-usage
of cattle-breeding and agriculture.
The general conclusion of the northerners far¬
ming comes to a number of theses. The materials of
Bititsa demonstrate certain isolation in the inhabit¬
ants farming. The data from Volyntsevo-Romny sites
reason that their people could use cleared land for
the development of settlement-adjacent territories in
parvo.
Probably, what is meant is only clearing tim-
berland a bit. A set of details for soil cultivation and
palaeobotanic data indicates high quality of agricul¬
ture. The particular long-standing type of agriculture
that is specific for all the northerners is expressed in
typical (for all the sites) sets of tools.
The place of cattle-breeding was significant. The
large percentage of adults indicates developed fodder
resources and mutually-beneficial usage of farming
achievements. Nevertheless, hunting played a great
role as a helping hand in getting meat and materials
for different industries.
Chapter
6
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
(instead of conclusions)
The analysis of farming materials pertaining to
the inhabitants of the late Ist millennium AD who re¬
sided in Siverskyi Donee contact zone and adjacent
territories has been conducted. It has enabled to in¬
dicate a range of tendencies on the basis of which cor¬
responding conclusions have been made. The inhabit¬
ants of Saltov and Romny culture had many common
factors in a formative stage and in farming develop¬
ment. The reason for this was similar environmental
conditions in the forest-steppe of East Europe. How¬
ever, their types of farming were set up by different
ethnocultural bases. It was embodied in some differ¬
enced of particular branches of farming. Neverthe¬
less, constant and mainly peaceful neighborhood of
two big ethnic groups in the contact areas resulted in
cross-technique interaction.
Among synchronous cultures of the southern part
of East Europe Saltov artifacts are presented with a
great number of different ploughing tools and their
fragments (fig.
113—115).
The habitancy of Khazar
forest-steppe zone had a great number of the second-
tillage tools
—
hoes and spades. There were not any
iron tips of spades. Hoes with vertical free cups ap¬
peared in Saltov culture because of the Khazars. It
is not improbable that hoes with horizontal cups ap¬
peared in Slavonic infiltration zone because of influ¬
ence of Saltov culture. It is not improbable, that the
[210]
Summary
hoes with horizontal cups appeared in the life of the
Slavs of infiltration zone under the influence of Salt¬
ov culture too. The population of Saltov culture had
a large variety of harvesting tools. They used three
types of reaping hooks and two forms of scythes, while
the Slavs had only one type of hooks and scythes.
Grain bruisers and rotary mill-stones were wide¬
spread among the Slavs and the Saltovs, but grating
bruisers were used more often among the Slavs. It
should be mentioned that massive rotary mill-stones
appeared in Slavonic boundary zones under the influ¬
ence of the Khazars.
The majority of agriculture tools were famous for
both groups of the contact zone (fig.
116).
Only some
of them were well-known for one of this group. For
example, an
ard,
the working part of which was set
at an angle with a guide line and fixed with a sten-
olobate tusk, was known only for Saltov culture. More
multifarious sets of tools for secondary soil cultivation
(hoes and spade) may suggest advanced vegeculture.
Palaeobotanic
spectrums
of archaeological cul¬
tures for the last quarter of the Ist millennium AD are
similar in many items (fig.
117).
The small amount of
millet indicates the high-level technique of agricul¬
ture and the fact that cleared land didn t matter at
all. The percent of oats is also not sizable. Advanced
soil cultivation is proved with the fact that rye and
naked grain wheat made either a third or a half of the
total amount of crops. The high percent of barley in
all the crops among in Saltov culture was due to the
fact that the Khazars farming was connected with
the needs of cattle-breeding (horse-breeding).
There are many common ways of crop keeping.
However it should be noticed the leadership of Saltov
tribes in quantity and size of specialized graineries
and distinct large vessels
—
pithoi (large pots). It cor¬
relates with higher level of Khazar agriculture.
Substantial similarity is observed in farming sys¬
tem. Layland predominated (two- or three-field crop
rotation). For Saltov culture it was possible to use
tripping-over method.
The level of cattle-breeding in the contact zone was
higher among the Saltovs. The percentage of wild ani¬
mals bones is up to
10 %
here, while the Slavs index
is
30—60 %.
The
märkess,
related to species, is rather
different. The horse played a greater role in Saltov cul¬
ture; it is supported with either bone remains or more
complex elements of horse harness. The percentage
of small cattle at Khazar sites was higher at average
than at Saltov ones. It is possible to compare cattle and
swine bones in Saltov culture and among forest-steppe
population of Khazar kaganate (fig.
120).
In general, more stable herd is observed in Volynt-
sevo-Romny and Raikovetska culture with some dif¬
ferences. The herds of Borshevo and Saltov cultures
were not so stable. The factor of instability is the
amount of swine for Borshevo people and the amount
of swine and small cattle
—
for Saltov culture. It cor¬
responds with different natural and climatic condi¬
tions in Khazar kaganate. The cattle-breeding of
Saltov culture in forest-steppe area (in the contact
zone directly) had similar features with the norther¬
ners tribes (Volyntsevo and Romny cultures).
The materials indicate mainly independent devel¬
opment of farming among the Slavs and Khazar people
of different ethnic groups in the contact zone. However,
there are some data that show a certain influence of Salt¬
ov people on the Slavs in farming techniques and meth¬
ods (tools of soil cultivation and crop-processing). The cat¬
tle-breeding of each group made progress independently.
Переклад Д.В. КОЛОДИ
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Horbanenko, Serhij Anatolijovyč Koloda, Vladimir Vasilʹevič |
| author_facet | Horbanenko, Serhij Anatolijovyč Koloda, Vladimir Vasilʹevič |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Horbanenko, Serhij Anatolijovyč |
| author_variant | s a h sa sah v v k vv vvk |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV042114597 |
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| era | Geschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Ukraine (DE-588)4061496-7 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Ukraine |
| id | DE-604.BV042114597 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T17:02:40Z |
| institution | BVB |
| language | Ukrainian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027554963 |
| oclc_num | 894783329 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 235 pages Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. 27 cm |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publishDateSearch | 2013 |
| publishDateSort | 2013 |
| publisher | Inst. Archeolohiï |
| record_format | marc |
| spellingShingle | Horbanenko, Serhij Anatolijovyč Koloda, Vladimir Vasilʹevič Silʹsʹke hospodarstvo na slovʹjano-chozarsʹkomu porubižži Agriculture (General) Archaeology Ukraine Archäologie Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd Landwirtschaft (DE-588)4034402-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4002827-6 (DE-588)4034402-2 (DE-588)4061496-7 |
| title | Silʹsʹke hospodarstvo na slovʹjano-chozarsʹkomu porubižži |
| title_alt | Farming sector at slavonic-khazar boundary Selʹskoe chozjajstvo na slavjansko-chazarskom pograničʹe |
| title_auth | Silʹsʹke hospodarstvo na slovʹjano-chozarsʹkomu porubižži |
| title_exact_search | Silʹsʹke hospodarstvo na slovʹjano-chozarsʹkomu porubižži |
| title_full | Silʹsʹke hospodarstvo na slovʹjano-chozarsʹkomu porubižži S. A. Horbanenko ; V. V. Koloda |
| title_fullStr | Silʹsʹke hospodarstvo na slovʹjano-chozarsʹkomu porubižži S. A. Horbanenko ; V. V. Koloda |
| title_full_unstemmed | Silʹsʹke hospodarstvo na slovʹjano-chozarsʹkomu porubižži S. A. Horbanenko ; V. V. Koloda |
| title_short | Silʹsʹke hospodarstvo na slovʹjano-chozarsʹkomu porubižži |
| title_sort | silʹsʹke hospodarstvo na slovʹjano chozarsʹkomu porubizzi |
| topic | Agriculture (General) Archaeology Ukraine Archäologie Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd Landwirtschaft (DE-588)4034402-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Agriculture (General) Archaeology Ukraine Archäologie Landwirtschaft |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027554963&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027554963&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT horbanenkoserhijanatolijovyc silʹsʹkehospodarstvonaslovʹjanochozarsʹkomuporubizzi AT kolodavladimirvasilʹevic silʹsʹkehospodarstvonaslovʹjanochozarsʹkomuporubizzi AT horbanenkoserhijanatolijovyc farmingsectoratslavonickhazarboundary AT kolodavladimirvasilʹevic farmingsectoratslavonickhazarboundary AT horbanenkoserhijanatolijovyc selʹskoechozjajstvonaslavjanskochazarskompogranicʹe AT kolodavladimirvasilʹevic selʹskoechozjajstvonaslavjanskochazarskompogranicʹe |