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Extragalactic astronomy and cosmology: an introduction

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Schneider, Peter 1958- (Author)
Format:	Book
Language:	English
Published:	Berlin [u.a.] Springer 2015
Edition:	2. ed.
Subjects:	Kosmologie Galaxie Astronomie Extragalaktisches Objekt Lehrbuch
Links:	http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=4555717&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027440691&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
Physical Description:	XVIII, 626 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst. 235 mm x 155 mm
ISBN:	9783642540820 9783642540837 9783662500606

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adam_text	Contents Introduction and overview .............................................. 1 1.1 Introduction ...................................................... 1 1.2 Overview ........................................................ 5 1.2.1 Our Milky Way as a galaxy ................................. 5 1.2.2 The world of galaxies ...................................... 8 1.2.3 The Hubble expansion of the Universe ........................ 9 1.2.4 Active galaxies and starburst galaxies ......................... 10 1.2.5 Voids, clusters of galaxies, and dark matter .................... 11 1.2.6 World models and the thermal history of the Universe ........... 15 1.2.7 Structure formation and galaxy evolution ...................... 17 1.2.8 Cosmology as a triumph of the human mind ................... 18 1.2.9 Astrophysics & Physics ..................................... 18 1.3 The tools of extragalactic astronomy ................................. 19 1.3.1 Radio telescopes .......................................... 20 1.3.2 Infrared telescopes ......................................... 24 1.3.3 Optical telescopes ......................................... 28 1.3.4 UV telescopes ............................................ 34 1.3.5 X-ray telescopes ........................................... 35 1.3.6 Gamma-ray telescopes ..................................... 37 1.4 Surveys ......................................................... 40 1.5 Problems ........................................................ 42 The Milky Way as a galaxy ............................................. 45 2.1 Galactic coordinates ............................................... 45 2.2 Determination of distances within our Galaxy ......................... 46 2.2.1 Trigonometric parallax ..................................... 47 2.2.2 Proper motions ............................................ 48 2.2.3 Moving cluster parallax ..................................... 48 2.2.4 Photometric distance; extinction and reddening ................. 49 2.2.5 Spectroscopie distance ..................................... 52 2.2.6 Distances of visual binary stars .............................. 53 2.2.7 Distances of pulsating stars ................................. 53 2.3 The structure of the Galaxy ......................................... 54 2.3.1 The Galactic disk: Distribution of stars ........................ 55 2.3.2 The Galactic disk: chemical composition and age; supernovae .... 56 2.3.3 The Galactic disk: dust and gas .............................. 59 2.3.4 Cosmic rays .............................................. 61 2.3.5 The Galactic bulge ......................................... 64 2.3.6 The stellar halo ............................................ 66 2.3.7 The gaseous halo .......................................... 67 2.3.8 The distance to the Galactic center ........................... 69 xi Contents 2.4 Kinematics of the Galaxy ........................................... 70 2.4.1 Determination of the velocity of the Sun ....................... 71 2.4.2 The rotation curve of the Galaxy ............................. 73 2.4.3 The gravitational potential of the Galaxy ....................... 77 2.5 The Galactic microlensing effect: The quest for compact dark matter ...... 77 2.5.1 The gravitational lensing effect I ............................. 78 2.5.2 Galactic microlensing effect ................................. 81 2.5.3 Surveys and results ......................................... 84 2.5.4 Variations and extensions ................................... 87 2.6 The Galactic center ................................................ 89 2.6.1 Where is the Galactic center? ................................ 89 2.6.2 The central star cluster ...................................... 91 2.6.3 A black hole in the center of the Milky Way .................... 92 2.6.4 The proper motion of Sgr A* ................................ 93 2.6.5 Flares from the Galactic center ............................... 95 2.6.6 Hypervelocity stars in the Galaxy ............................. 97 2.7 Problems ........................................................ 100 3 The world of galaxies ................................................... 101 3.1 Classification ..................................................... 102 3.1.1 Morphological classification: The Hubble sequence ............. 103 3.1.2 Other types of galaxies ..................................... 103 3.1.3 The bimodal color distribution of galaxies ..................... 105 3.2 Elliptical Galaxies ................................................. 108 3.2.1 Classification ............................................. 108 3.2.2 Brightness profile .......................................... 108 3.2.3 Composition of elliptical galaxies ............................ 110 3.2.4 Dynamics of elliptical galaxies ............................... Ill 3.2.5 Indicators of a complex evolution ............................. 114 3.3 Spiral galaxies .................................................... 116 3.3.1 Trends in the sequence of spirals ............................. 116 3.3.2 Brightness profile .......................................... 117 3.3.3 The Schmidt-Kenmcutt law of star formation .................. 120 3.3.4 Rotation curves and dark matter .............................. 122 3.3.5 Stellar populations and gas fraction ........................... 124 3.3.6 Spiral structure ............................................ 125 3.3.7 Halo gas in spirals ......................................... 126 3.4 Scaling relations .................................................. 127 3.4.1 The Tully-Fisher relation ................................... 128 3.4.2 The Faber-Jackson relation .................................. 130 3.4.3 The fundamental plane ...................................... 130 3.4.4 Dn -σ relation ............................................. 132 3.4.5 Summary: Properties of galaxies on the Hubble sequence ......... 132 3.5 Population synthesis ............................................... 133 3.5.1 Model assumptions ........................................ 133 3.5.2 Evolutionary tracks in the HRD; integrated spectrum ............ 134 3.5.3 Color evolution ............................................ 135 3.5.4 Star formation history and galaxy colors ....................... 135 3.5.5 Metallicity, dust, and Hll regions ............................. 136 3.5.6 The spectra of galaxies ..................................... 137 3.5.7 Summary ................................................. 138 3.6 The population of luminous galaxies ................................. 139 Contents xiii 3 .7 Chemical evolution of galaxies ...................................... 142 3.8 Black holes in the centers of galaxies ................................. 144 3.8.1 The search for supennassive black holes ....................... 144 3.8.2 Examples for SMBHs in galaxies ............................ 145 3.8.3 Correlation between SMBH mass and galaxy properties ......... 146 3.9 Extragalactic distance determination .................................. 148 3.9.1 Distance of the LMC ....................................... 150 3.9.2 The Cepheid distance ...................................... 151 3.9.3 Tip of the Red Giant Branch ................................. 152 3.9.4 Supernovae Type la ........................................ 152 3.9.5 Secondary distance indicators ............................... 153 3.9.6 The Hubble Constant ....................................... 154 3.10 Luminosity function of galaxies ..................................... 155 3.10.1 The Schechter luminosity function ........................... 155 3.10.2 More accurate luminosity and mass functions .................. 157 3.11 Galaxies as gravitational lenses ...................................... 158 3.11.1 The gravitational lens effect—Part II .......................... 158 3.11.2 Simple models ............................................ 160 3.11.3 Examplesfor gravitational lenses ............................ 162 3.11.4 Applications of the lens effect ............................... 166 3.12 Problems ........................................................ 170 4 Cosmology I: Homogeneous isotropie world models ........................ 173 4.1 Introduction and fundamental observations ............................ 173 4.1.1 Fundamental cosmological observations ....................... 174 4.1.2 Simple conclusions ........................................ 174 4.2 An expanding universe ............................................. 177 4.2.1 Newtonian cosmology ...................................... 177 4.2.2 Kinematics of the Universe .................................. 177 4.2.3 Dynamics of the expansion .................................. 178 4.2.4 Modifications due to General Relativity ....................... 179 4.2.5 The components of matter in the Universe ..................... 180 4.2.6 Derivation of the expansion equation ........................ 181 4.2.7 Discussion of the expansion equations ........................ 182 4.3 Consequences of the Friedmann expansion ............................ 183 4.3.1 The necessity of a Big Bang ................................. 184 4.3.2 Redshift .................................................. 186 4.3.3 Distances in cosmology .................................... 188 4.3.4 Special case: The Einstem-de Sitter model .................... 190 4.3.5 Summary ................................................ 191 4.4 Thermal history of the Universe ..................................... 192 4.4.1 The Standard Model of particle physics ....................... 193 4.4.2 Expansion in the radiation-dominated phase ................... 194 4.4.3 Decoupling of neutrinos .................................... 194 4.4.4 Pair annihilation ........................................... 195 4.4.5 Primordial nucleosynthesis .................................. 196 4.4.6 WTMPs as dark matter particles .............................. 199 4.4.7 Recombination ............................................ 201 4.4.8 Summary ................................................ 204 Contents 4.5 Achievements and problems of the standard model ..................... 204 4.5.1 Achievements ............................................. 204 4.5.2 Problems of the standard model .............................. 205 4.5.3 Extension of the standard model: inflation ..................... 207 4.6 Problems ........................................................ 209 5 Active galactic nuclei ................................................... 211 5.1 Introduction ...................................................... 212 5.1.1 Brief history of AGNs ...................................... 212 5.1.2 Fundamental properties of quasars ............................ 215 5.1.3 AGNs as radio sources: synchrotron radiation .................. 215 5.1.4 Broad emission lines ....................................... 218 5.1.5 Quasar demographics ....................................... 218 5.2 AGN zoology ..................................................... 219 5.2.1 QSOs .................................................... 221 5.2.2 Seyfert galanes ........................................... 222 5.2.3 LINERs .................................................. 222 5.2.4 Radio galaxies ............................................. 222 5.2.5 OVVs .................................................... 222 5.2.6 BL Lac objects ............................................ 222 5.3 The central engine: a black hole ..................................... 224 5.3.1 Why a black hole? ......................................... 224 5.3.2 Accretion ................................................. 225 5.3.3 Superluminal motion ....................................... 227 5.3.4 Further arguments for SMBHs ............................... 229 5.3.5 A first mass estimate for the SMBH: the Eddmgton luminosity .... 230 5.4 Components of an AGN ............................................ 233 5.4.1 The IR, optical, and UV-continuum ........................... 233 5.4.2 The broad emission lines .................................... 238 5.4.3 Narrow emission lines ...................................... 243 5.4.4 X-ray emission ............................................ 244 5.4.5 The host galaxy ............................................ 247 5.4.6 The black hole mass in AGNs ................................ 248 5.5 Family relations of AGNs .......................................... 252 5.5.1 Unified models ............................................ 252 5.5.2 Beaming ................................................. 255 5.5.3 Beaming on large scales .................................... 256 5.5.4 Jets at higher frequencies .................................... 256 5.5.5 Unified models — summary .................................. 261 5.5.6 Tidal disruption events ...................................... 262 5.6 Properties of the AGN population .................................... 263 5.6.1 The K-correction .......................................... 263 5.6.2 The luminosity function of QSOs ............................. 264 5.7 Quasar absorption lines ............................................ 268 5.8 Problems ........................................................ 271 6 Clusters and groups of galaxies .......................................... 273 6.1 The Local Group .................................................. 275 6.1.1 Phenomenology ........................................... 275 6.1.2 Mass estimate ............................................. 276 6.1.3 Other components of the Local Group ......................... 278 Contents xv 6.2 Optical cluster searches ............................................ 279 6.2.1 The Abell catalog .......................................... 279 6.2.2 Morphological classification of clusters ....................... 282 6.2.3 Galaxy groups ............................................ 282 6.2.4 Modern optical cluster catalogs .............................. 283 6.3 Light distribution and cluster dynamics ............................... 286 6.3.1 Spatial distribution of galaxies ............................... 286 6.3.2 Dynamical mass of clusters ................................. 289 6.3.3 Additional remarks on cluster dynamics ....................... 290 6.3.4 Intergalactic stars in clusters of galaxies ....................... 291 6.4 Hot gas in galaxy clusters .......................................... 293 6.4.1 General properties of the X-ray radiation ...................... 293 6.4.2 Models of the X-ray emission ............................... 296 6.4.3 Cooling flows ........................................... 300 6.4.4 The Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect ............................... 306 6.4.5 X-ray and SZ catalogs of clusters ............................ 309 6.4.6 Radio relics ............................................... 310 6.5 Scaling relations for clusters of galaxies .............................. 311 6.5.1 Mass-temperature relation .................................. 312 6.5.2 Mass-velocity dispersion relation ............................. 313 6.5.3 Mass-luminosity relation ................................... 313 6.5.4 The Γ -parameter .......................................... 314 6.5.5 Redshift dependence of scaling relations ...................... 315 6.5.6 Near-infrared luminosity as mass indicator ..................... 316 6.6 Clusters of galaxies as gravitational lenses ............................ 317 6.6.1 Luminous arcs ............................................ 317 6.6.2 The weak gravitational lens effect ............................ 322 6.7 The galaxy population in clusters .................................... 329 6.7.1 Luminosity function of cluster galaxies ....................... 329 6.7.2 The morphology-density relation ............................. 330 6.8 Evolutionary effects ............................................... 335 6.9 Problems ........................................................ 339 7 Cosmology II: Inhomogeneities in the Universe ............................ 341 7.1 Introduction ...................................................... 341 7.2 Gravitational instability ............................................ 342 7.2.1 Overview ................................................ 342 7.2.2 Linear perturbation theory .................................. 343 7.2.3 Peculiar velocities ......................................... 346 7.3 Description of density fluctuations ................................... 347 7.3.1 Correlation functions ....................................... 348 7.3.2 The power spectrum ....................................... 350 7.4 Evolution of density fluctuations .................................... 350 7.4.1 The initial power spectrum .................................. 350 7.4.2 Growth of density perturbations and the transfer function ........ 351 7.4.3 The baryonic density fluctuations ............................ 354 7.5 Non-linear structure evolution ....................................... 357 7.5.1 Model of spherical collapse ................................. 357 7.5.2 Number density of dark matter halos .......................... 359 7.5.3 Numerical simulations of structure formation .................. 361 xvi Contents 7.6 Properties of dark matter halos ...................................... 366 7.6.1 Profile of dark matter halos .................................. 367 7.6.2 The shape and spin of halos ................................. 372 7.6.3 The bias of dark matter halos ................................ 374 7.7 Weak gravitational lensing studies of dark matter halos .................. 375 7.7.1 Massive clusters ........................................... 376 7.7.2 Galaxy-galaxy lensing ...................................... 376 7.7.3 Interpretation: The halo model ............................... 378 7.7.4 Masses of groups and clusters ................................ 380 7.8 The substructure of halos ........................................... 381 7.9 Origin of the density fluctuations .................................... 387 7.10 Problems ........................................................ 388 8 Cosmology III: The cosmologica] parameters .............................. 391 8.1 Redshift surveys of galaxies ......................................... 392 8.1.1 Introduction ............................................... 392 8.1.2 Redshift surveys ........................................... 392 8.1.3 Determination of the power spectrum ......................... 394 8.1.4 Baryonic acoustic oscillations ................................ 397 8.1.5 Effect of peculiar velocities .................................. 399 8.1.6 Projected correlation function ................................ 401 8.1.7 Angular correlations of galaxies .............................. 405 8.1.8 Cosmic peculiar velocities ................................... 406 8.2 Cosmological parameters from clusters of galaxies ..................... 408 8.2.1 Cluster abundance ......................................... 408 8.2.2 Mass-to-light ratio ......................................... 412 8.2.3 Baryon content ............................................ 413 8.2.4 TheLSS of clusters of galaxies ............................... 413 8.3 High-redshift supernovae and the cosmological constant ................. 414 8.3.1 Observing SNela at high redshifts ............................ 414 8.3.2 Results ................................................... 415 8.3.3 Discussion ................................................ 417 8.4 Cosmic shear ..................................................... 419 8.5 Origin of the Lyman-a forest ........................................ 423 8.5.1 The homogeneous intergalactic medium ....................... 423 8.5.2 Phenomenology of the Lya forest ............................ 424 8.5.3 Models of the Lyman-a forest ................................ 425 8.5.4 The Lya forest as cosmological tool .......................... 427 8.6 Angular fluctuations of the CMB .................................... 429 8.6.1 Origin of the anisotropy : Overview ........................... 429 8.6.2 Description of the CMB anisotropy ........................... 431 8.6.3 The fluctuation spectrum .................................... 431 8.6.4 Observations of the CMB anisotropy .......................... 434 8.6.5 WMAP: Precision measurements of the CMB anisotropy ......... 438 8.6.6 From WMAP to Planck ..................................... 441 8.7 Cosmologica] parameters ........................................... 445 8.7.1 The standard cosmological model from CMB measurements ...... 445 8.7.2 Consistency and discrepancies with other measurements ......... 448 8.7.3 Extensions of the standard model ............................. 450 8.7.4 Cosmic harmony ........................................... 453 8.8 Dark energy: Cosmological constant, or something else? ................. 455 8.9 Problems ........................................................ 458 Contents 9 The Universe at high redshift ............................................ 459 9.1 Galaxies at high redshift ........................................... 460 9.1.1 Lyman-break galaxies (LBGs) ............................... 461 9.1.2 Photometric redshift ....................................... 466 9.1.3 Other few-band selection techniques .......................... 468 9.2 Deep views of the Universe ......................................... 470 9.2.1 Hubble Deep Fields ........................................ 470 9.2.2 Deep fields in other wavebands .............................. 473 9.2.3 Natural telescopes ......................................... 475 9.2.4 Towards the dark ages ...................................... 477 9.3 New types of galaxies ............................................. 481 9.3.1 Starburst galaxies .......................................... 481 9.3.2 Extremely Red Objects (EROs) .............................. 484 9.3.3 Dusty star-forming galaxies ................................. 486 9.3.4 Damped Lyman-alpha systems ............................... 493 9.3.5 Lyman-alpha blobs ........................................ 495 9.4 Properties of galaxies at high redshift ................................ 496 9.4.1 Demography of high-redshift galaxies ........................ 496 9.4.2 The color-magnitude distribution ............................. 499 9.4.3 The size and shape of high-redshift galaxies ................... 499 9.4.4 The interstellar medium .................................... 503 9.5 Background radiation at smaller wavelengths .......................... 504 9.5.1 The IR background ........................................ 505 9.5.2 Limits on the extragalactic background light from y-ray blazars .. . 506 9.5.3 The X-ray background ..................................... 508 9.6 The cosmic star-formation history ................................... 510 9.6.1 Indicators of star formation ................................. 511 9.6.2 Redshift dependence of the star formation: The Madau diagram ... 512 9.6.3 Summary: High-redshift galaxies ............................. 515 9.7 Gamma-ray bursts ................................................ 516 10 Galaxy evolution ....................................................... 521 10.1 Introduction and overview .......................................... 522 10.2 Gas in dark matter halos ........................................... 525 10.2.1 The infall of gas during halo collapse ......................... 525 10.2.2 Cooling of gas ............................................ 526 10.3 Reionization of the Universe ........................................ 528 10.3.1 The first stars ............................................. 529 10.3.2 The reionization process .................................... 531 10.3.3 Observational probes of reionization .......................... 534 10.4 The formation of disk galaxies ...................................... 536 10.4.1 The contraction of gas in halos ............................... 536 10.4.2 The formation of galactic disks .............................. 537 10.4.3 Dynamical effects in disks .................................. 538 10.4.4 Feedback processes ........................................ 539 10.4.5 The formation and evolution of supermassive black holes ........ 540 10.4.6 Cosmic downsizing ........................................ 541 10.5 Formation of elliptical galaxies ...................................... 541 10.5.1 Merging of halos and their galaxies ........................... 542 10.5.2 Black hole binaries ........................................ 547 10.5.3 Environmental effects on galaxy properties .................... 551 xviii Contents 10.6 Evolution of the galaxy population: Numerical simulations ............... 552 10.6.1 Numerical methods ........................................ 553 10.6.2 Results ................................................... 556 10.7 Evolution of the galaxy population: Semi-analytic models ............... 562 10.7.1 Method for semi-analytic modeling ........................... 562 10.7.2 Results from semi-analytic models ............................ 566 11 Outlook ............................................................... 573 11.1 Continuous progress ............................................... 573 11.2 New facilities ..................................................... 575 11.3 Challenges ....................................................... 579 A The electromagnetic radiation field ....................................... 583 A.I Parameters of the radiation field ..................................... 583 A. 2 Radiative transfer ................................................. 583 A.3 Blackbody radiation ............................................... 584 A. 4 The magnitude scale ............................................... 586 A. 4.1 Apparent magnitude ........................................ 586 A.4.2 Filters and colors .......................................... 586 A. 4.3 Absolute magnitude ........................................ 587 A.4.4 Bolometric parameters ...................................... 588 В Properties of stars ...................................................... 589 B.I The parameters of stars ............................................. 589 B.2 Spectral class, luminosity class, and the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram ..... 589 B.3 Structure and evolution of stars ...................................... 591 С Units and constants ..................................................... 595 D Recommended literature ................................................ 597 D.I General textbooks ................................................. 597 D.2 More specific literature ............................................. 597 D.3 Review articles, current literature, and journals ......................... 598 E Acronyms used ........................................................ 599 F Solutions to problems ................................................... 603 Index ..................................................................... 615
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isbn	9783642540820 9783642540837 9783662500606
language	English
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spellingShingle	Schneider, Peter 1958- Extragalactic astronomy and cosmology an introduction Kosmologie (DE-588)4114294-9 gnd Galaxie (DE-588)4057375-8 gnd Astronomie (DE-588)4003311-9 gnd Extragalaktisches Objekt (DE-588)4483815-3 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4114294-9 (DE-588)4057375-8 (DE-588)4003311-9 (DE-588)4483815-3 (DE-588)4123623-3
title	Extragalactic astronomy and cosmology an introduction
title_auth	Extragalactic astronomy and cosmology an introduction
title_exact_search	Extragalactic astronomy and cosmology an introduction
title_full	Extragalactic astronomy and cosmology an introduction Peter Schneider
title_fullStr	Extragalactic astronomy and cosmology an introduction Peter Schneider
title_full_unstemmed	Extragalactic astronomy and cosmology an introduction Peter Schneider
title_short	Extragalactic astronomy and cosmology
title_sort	extragalactic astronomy and cosmology an introduction
title_sub	an introduction
topic	Kosmologie (DE-588)4114294-9 gnd Galaxie (DE-588)4057375-8 gnd Astronomie (DE-588)4003311-9 gnd Extragalaktisches Objekt (DE-588)4483815-3 gnd
topic_facet	Kosmologie Galaxie Astronomie Extragalaktisches Objekt Lehrbuch
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work_keys_str_mv	AT schneiderpeter extragalacticastronomyandcosmologyanintroduction

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